Available now! Telegram Research 2025 — the year's key insights 
Hakim
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📈 Analytical overview of Telegram channel Hakim
Channel Hakim (@hakimethio) in the Amharic language segment is an active participant. Currently, the community unites 61 040 subscribers, ranking 234 in the Medicine category and 519 in the Ethiopia region.
📊 Audience metrics and dynamics
Since its creation on невідомо, the project has demonstrated rapid growth, gathering an audience of 61 040 subscribers.
According to the latest data from 21 June, 2026, the channel demonstrates stable activity. Although there has been a change in the number of participants by 1 017 over the last 30 days and by 194 over the last 24 hours, overall reach remains high.
- Verification status: Not verified
- Engagement rate (ER): The average audience engagement rate is 11.42%. Within the first 24 hours after publication, content typically collects 8.30% reactions from the total number of subscribers.
- Post reach: On average, each post receives 6 971 views. Within the first day, a publication typically gains 5 067 views.
- Reactions and interaction: The audience actively supports content: the average number of reactions per post is 42.
- Thematic interests: Content is focused on key topics such as patient, ethiopia, disease, ነው።, medicine.
📝 Description and content policy
The author describes the resource as a platform for expressing subjective opinions:
“Ethiopian blend of Medicine, History and Humor.”
Thanks to the high frequency of updates (latest data received on 22 June, 2026), the channel maintains relevance and a high level of publication reach. Analytics show that the audience actively interacts with content, making it an important point of influence in the Medicine category.
61 040
Subscribers
+19424 hours
+3387 days
+1 01730 days
Data loading in progress...
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| Date | Subscriber Growth | Mentions | Channels | |
| 21 June | +194 | |||
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| 04 June | +96 | |||
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| 02 June | +22 | |||
| 01 June | +5 |
Channel Posts
+1
2 pictures, 11 years apart
Picture 1: 2007 E.C.
"When were in grade 9, the three of us were top scorers and got the chance to stay at the Debre Tabor University campus. We took the picture with the t-shirts we got as gifts. The vision of the university was to answer Atse Tewodros's quest for knowledge.
Picture 2: 2018 E.C.
From Gafat to Science Amba & Chechela: Medicine graduates.
Pictured
- Dn Dr. Nibretu Chekole
- Dr. Addisu Ewunetu
- Dr. Agmas Mesfin
@HakimEthio
| 2 | However, PLLR emphasizes balancing fetal risk against the potentially catastrophic consequences of uncontrolled maternal seizures—including maternal trauma, fetal hypoxia, miscarriage, and maternal death. In many cases, continuing treatment with careful risk assessment, dose optimization, and close monitoring is safer than abrupt discontinuation.
📚Key takeaway for clinicians:
🚦Stop asking, "What pregnancy category is this drug?" ↪️Start asking, "What does the evidence in the PLLR tell me about the benefits and risks for this patient?"
CONSULTED REFERENCES
1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR): Final Rule. Published December 3, 2014; effective June 30, 2015.
2. Kennedy et al. Drug safety in pregnancy. Aust Prescr. 2025 Feb 18;48(1):5–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2025.008
3. Byrne JJ, Saucedo AM, Spong CY. Evaluation of Drug Labels Following the 2015 Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule. 2020;3(8):JAMA Network Open.
4. Briggs GG, et al. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2021.
5. Lexicomp® Drug Information Database.
Pregnancy and Lactation monographs.
Mesud Mohammed, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, MWU-CMHS-GRH
@HakimEthio | 3 733 |
| 3 | The FDA Pregnancy Drug Categories Are Gone: Why Every Clinician Should Start Using PLLR
For decades, medication safety during pregnancy was assessed using the FDA letter categories A, B, C, D, and X. Although simple, this system often oversimplified complex evidence and sometimes led to inappropriate prescribing decisions.
To overcome these limitations, the Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR) replaced the letter categories for prescription drugs approved from June 30, 2015 onward.
Despite this important change, many clinicians, educators, and researchers—including in Ethiopia—still rely on the outdated letter classification, which may result in misinterpretation of fetal risk and less evidence-based decision-making.
Why Were the FDA Letter Categories Replaced?🤱
The A, B, C, D, and X categories appeared straightforward but had several important shortcomings:
↪️They implied a simple ranking of safety, whereas fetal risk is rarely that straightforward.
↪️Drugs within the same category often had completely different levels and quality of evidence.
↪️The categories failed to distinguish between evidence from human studies and animal studies.
↪️They did not describe the type, timing, severity, or frequency of fetal risks.
↪️They ignored the maternal benefits of treatment and the consequences of untreated disease.
↪️They provided little practical guidance for individualized clinical decision-making.
👉As a result, many clinicians mistakenly assumed that Category B was always "safe" and Category C was always "unsafe," even though many Category C medications are appropriate when maternal benefits outweigh potential fetal risks.
What Is PLLR?
➡️Rather than assigning a single letter, the Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR) provides a detailed, evidence-based description that helps clinicians make informed decisions.
↪️PLLR consists of three major sections🫄
1. Pregnancy
√ Pregnancy exposure registry information (if available)
√ Risk summary based on available human and animal data
√ Clinical considerations (disease-associated risk, dose adjustments, maternal and fetal monitoring, labor and delivery)
√ Supporting evidence and data
2. Lactation
√ Drug transfer into breast milk
√ Potential effects on the breastfed infant
√ Effects on milk production
√ Practical recommendations to minimize infant exposure
3. Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
√ Pregnancy testing recommendations
√ Contraception guidance
√ Fertility-related information
Why Is PLLR Better?🤱
PLLR moves beyond a single letter and provides clinically meaningful information by:
✓ Explaining what evidence actually exists.
✓[Distinguishing between human and animal data.
✓ Describing the nature and magnitude of fetal risk.
✓ Considering gestational age and timing of exposure.
✓ Balancing maternal benefits against fetal risks.
✓ Supporting individualized, patient-centered clinical decisions.
Instead of asking, "What pregnancy category is this drug?", clinicians should ask:
"What does the available evidence tell me about the risks and benefits for this specific patient at this stage of pregnancy?"
📚How Should Clinicians Use PLLR?🫄
When prescribing for a pregnant patient:
1. Confirm whether treatment is truly indicated.
2. Read the Pregnancy section of the drug label.
3. Evaluate the quality of available human and animal evidence.
4. Consider gestational age, dose, duration, and maternal disease severity.
5. Balance the risks of medication exposure against the risks of untreated maternal illness.
6. Engage the patient in shared decision-making and document the discussion.
Clinical Alert🤱
A pregnant woman with epilepsy may be taking an antiseizure medication that carries known fetal risks. Under the old letter system, seeing a high-risk category might tempt clinicians to stop the medication immediately. | 1 |
| 4 |  +2No text... | 3 310 |
| 5 |  +3The 2026 Internal Medicine graduates of Addis Ababa University have honored their seniors & units with the following awards
1. Best Senior Award: Professor Wondwossen Amogne, Infectious disease subspecialist
2. Best Young Physician Award: Dr. Beki Abdissa, Rheumatologist
3. Best Unit: Hematology
@HakimEthio | 4 726 |
| 6 |  Internal Medicine graduates of Addis Ababa University, 2026.
@HakimEthio | 1 |
| 7 |  Internal Medicine graduates of Addis Ababa University, 2026.
@HakimEthio | 5 414 |
| 8 |  +311 years ago, I had just registered for General Surgery residency at Hawasa Univerisity and was about to start my classes. It was then that I learned of my mother's diagnosis... she had been diagnosed with esophageal cancer.
I was shocked, it was a disease of dismal prognosis. I consulted a general surgeon who was working with me and he advised me to take her to Dr. Seyoum Kassa. By then my mother had undergone a chest CT, barium swallow, upper GI endoscopy and biopsy... all suggesting squamous cell carcinoma of the mid esophagus.
As I had now started my residency, I sat in prayer, took a month off to tend to my mother and traveled to Addis Ababa.
Once in the capital, I met Dr. Seyoum and told him everything. He listened and sent my mother to Menelik II hospital where he performed a transhiatal esophagectomy. We assumed that it would be a palliative procedure, a surgery to buy her more time & comfort.
Following the procedure she recovered well. But cause I assumed that the surgery was a palliative procedure, I was anxious... anxious waiting for my mother to die.
But life had other plans & time went by. Fast forward 11 years and my mother is still alive.
Thank you Dr. Seyoum Kassa, next to God you have cured my mother.
Dr. Bereket Loriso: General Surgeon, Wolaita Sodo University
@HakimEthio | 5 933 |
| 9 | The Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, is proud of each one of you. You represent the future of healthcare in Ethiopia and beyond. Carry forward the values of professionalism, compassion, ethical practice, and service to humanity that this profession demands.
I wish you confidence, clarity of thought, success in your examinations, and fulfillment in your future careers.
May you continue to learn, serve, and excel.
Thank you, and best wishes to all of you.
Dr. Kedir Negesso Tukeni, MD, FACC
Dean, Faculty of Medical Sciences
Jimma University
@HakimEthio | 5 812 |
| 10 | Message to Final-Year Medical Students of Jimma University who are preparing for External Qualification Examination
Dear Final-Year Medical Students,
Good morning.
Tomorrow, you will sit for your External Qualification Examination, one of the most important milestones in your medical journey. As your Dean, I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate you for reaching this stage and to share a few reflections before this significant event.
Medicine is one of the oldest and most respected professions in human history. Since ancient times, societies have entrusted physicians with the responsibility of preserving life, relieving suffering, and promoting health. Unlike many other fields of study, medicine is not merely about acquiring knowledge; it is about applying that knowledge with wisdom, compassion, professionalism, and integrity to serve humanity.
Your journey through medical school has not been easy. The pre-clinical years tested your determination and endurance. You spent countless hours mastering anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, and other foundational sciences. There were sleepless nights, challenging examinations, and moments when the road ahead seemed difficult. Yet those experiences built the scientific foundation that every competent physician must possess.
The clinical years brought a different challenge. You moved from classrooms and laboratories to hospital wards, outpatient clinics, emergency rooms, and operating theaters. You learned that medicine is not only a science but also an art. You encountered real patients, real suffering, real uncertainty, and real responsibility. You learned that every diagnosis represents a human life and every clinical decision carries consequences.
After all these ups and downs, one of the most rewarding moments awaits you—the transition to Medical Internship. Becoming an intern is a proud achievement. It signifies that you are ready to move from being primarily learners to becoming active participants in patient care. It is a moment of accomplishment that reflects years of sacrifice, commitment, and perseverance.
However, internship also marks the beginning of greater responsibility. For the first time, your decisions, assessments, and actions will directly influence patient care. This responsibility can be challenging and sometimes intimidating. You will encounter situations that test not only your knowledge but also your judgment, professionalism, communication skills, and resilience.
Remember that good doctors are not those who know everything. Good doctors are those who continuously learn, seek guidance, when necessary, work collaboratively, and place patient welfare above all else. Never be afraid to ask questions, consult seniors, or learn from your colleagues. Medicine is a lifelong journey of learning.
As you look beyond graduation, the future is filled with opportunities and hope. Some of you will serve as general practitioners, providing essential healthcare to communities that need you most. Others will pursue specialty training in Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Psychiatry, Anesthesiology, Radiology, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, Dermatology, and many other disciplines.
Beyond specialty training, opportunities for sub specialization continue to expand. You may become cardiologists, nephrologists, gastroenterologists, oncologists, neurologists, endocrinologists, critical care specialists, pediatric subspecialists, surgical subspecialists, and leaders in medical research, education, public health, and healthcare administration. The possibilities are limitless for those who remain committed to excellence and lifelong learning.
Tomorrow's examination is not merely a test of knowledge. It is a reflection of the journey you have undertaken and the competence you have developed over the years. Trust your preparation. Trust your training. Trust the resilience that has brought you this far. | 1 |
| 11 |  No text... | 5 531 |
| 12 |  +4A sample from Bundles of Care
Bundles of care are sets of evidence-based practices tailored for specific patient populations and care settings.
22 Bundles of care are included in the book
1. Acute upper GI bleed care bundle
Components
· Recognition: Hematemesis, melena, or coffee ground vomiting
· Resuscitation: IV crystalloid, transfuse if Hb <7
· Risk assessment: Calculate Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS), consider discharge if GBS 0 or 1
· Treatment: If a variceal bleed occurs, give antibiotics, and continue low-dose aspirin for secondary prevention if the bleeding stabilizes
· Refer: Endoscopy within 24 hours of presentation.
· Review: Endoscopy result, PPI if high-risk ulcer post endoscopy
2. Acute Kidney Injury Bundle (The STOP-AKI Bundle)
· Stop/Review Medications: Review and stop nephrotoxic drugs, such as NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs.
· Treatment of Underlying Cause: Identify and address the cause, such as dehydration, sepsis, or obstruction.
· Optimize Volume Status: Correct dehydration and manage fluid balance to maintain euvolemia.
· Plan/Prognosis: Develop a management plan, monitor kidney function (creatinine/urine output), and involve specialists if necessary
My book, LIFELINE, is now available on Amazon, published by ELIVA Press. If you're outside Ethiopia, you can easily purchase it through the Amazon app by searching for “LIFELINE, a quick reference.” Or you can use the link
If you're in Ethiopia, the hard copy is available locally. Please contact me directly: Dr. Ephrem Basazinew (BSc, MD, EMCC, and Author) at +251913301867.
Amazon link: https://www.amazon.com/dp/9999346324
Eliva Bookstore: https://elivabooks.com/en/book/book-1744461148
@HakimEthio | 5 155 |
| 13 |  +219 ዓመት ዕድሜ ያላት ወጣት ለ6 ዓመታት የቆየ መጥፎ ሽታ ያለው የሴት ብልት ፈሳሽ አጋጥሟት ወደ ሕክምና ተቋማት በተደጋጋሚ ቀርባ ነበር። ብዙ ጊዜ ለኢንፌክሽን እየተባለ መድሀኒት እንደወሰደች የተናገረች ቢሆንም ምንም መሻሻል አላየችም ነበር።
[በእውነተኛ ታሪክ ላይ የተመሰረተ]
ታካሚዋ ለ1 ዓመት ያህል በትዳር ውስጥ ነበረች። ከመጥፎ ሽታ ያለው ፈሳሽ በተጨማሪ በግብረ ሥጋ ግንኙነት ጊዜ ህመም (Dyspareunia) አጋጥሟት ነበር።
በታሪኳ ላይ በጥልቀት ሲጠየቅ፣ የወር አበባዋ ለ15 ቀናት የሚቆይ ቢሆንም መጠኑ በጣም ትንሽ እንደነበር ታወቀ።
በምርመራ ጊዜ የሴት ብልቷ አጭር ሲሆን የማህፀን ጫፍ (Cervix) ሊዳሰስ አልቻለም። በSpeculum ምርመራ ደግሞ የሚታየው ነጥብ የሆነች ትንሽ ቀዳዳ ብቻ ሲሆን ከዚያም መግል የመሰለ መጥፎ ሽታ ያለው ፈሳሽ ይወጣ ነበር።
ይህ ግኝት የIncomplete Transverse Vaginal septum የሚጠቁም ሲሆን። በአልትራሳውንድና በMRI ምርመራ መደበኛ ማህፀንና የእንቁላል ማምረቻ ያለ ሲሆን በመካከለኛው የሴት ብልት ክፍል 2 ሚሜ ውፍረት ያለው የተዘጋ የTransverse Vaginal Septum እና Hematocolpos ተገኘ።
ከዚያም የTransverse Vaginal Septum ቀዶ ህክምና Transverse vaginal septum excision ሰራንላት።
እንዲሁም በክትትል ማረጋገጥ እንደተቻለው
✅ ከቀዶ ጥገናው በኋላ መጥፎ ሽታ ያለው ፈሳሽ ጠፋ
✅ በግብረ ሥጋ ግንኙነት ጊዜ የነበረው ህመም ተሻሻለ
✅ የወር አበባዋም የሚፈሰው ጊዜም ከ15 ቀናት ወደ 4–5 ቀናት ተመለሰ
ሁሉም የሴት ብልት ፈሳሽ የአባለዘር በሽታ (STI) አይደለም!
ተመሳሳይ ቅሬታ ያላቸው ታካሚዎች ሲያጋጥሙን በጥልቀት አካላዊ ምርመራ ማድረግ የመራቢያ አካላት እክሎች (Congenital Anomalies) ሲኖሩ በቀላሉ ለማወቅ ይጠቅመናል ።
ዶ/ር ፍኖት ጋሹ: የማህፀንና ፅንስ ስፔሻሊስት
የሴቶች ሽንት ፊኛና ዳሌወለል ቀዶህክምና ሰብስፔሻሊስት
@HakimEthio | 6 308 |
| 14 |  ከሌሊቱ 10:00 ሰዓት 😴
ከተማዋ በሰላም ስታንኮራፋ፣ እርሱ ግን ከአልጋው ጋር የ"ፍቺ" ስነ-ስርዓት እያከናወነ ነው። መስታወቱ ላይ የሚታየው ሰውዬ ሐኪም ሳይሆን የThe Walking Dead ተዋናይ ይመስላል።
Residency መጀመሪያ ዓመት ማለት—ሕይወትህን ለሆስፒታሉ በሊዝ ሰጥተህ፣ በምላሹ "ጥቁር ቡና" የምትቀበልበት ውል ነው።
📍 የጠዋቱ ትርኢት
አንዱ ታካሚ ጋር ቆሞ ፋይል ሲያገላብጥ፣ ድንገት ታካሚዉ ቀና ብሎ፦
"ዶክተር፣ ትናንት ማታ በህልሜ ሰማያዊ መልአክ አየሁ..." አለው።
እርሱም በውስጡ፦ "እኔ ነኝ... ግን ሰማያዊ Scrub ለብሼ ስለነበር ነው" ብሎ ፈገግ አለ። በሬዚደንትነት ዘመን "መልአክ" እና "በእንቅልፍ እጦት ያበደ ሰው" መሃል ያለው ልዩነት በጣም ጠባብ ነው።
📍 የኦፕሬሽን ክፍሉ "ዳንስ" 💃🕺
ረፋዱ ላይ ወደ OR (ቀዶ ጥገና ክፍል) አመራ። እጆቹን የታጠበው የቆሸሸ ይመስል ሳይሆን፣ ከቫይረስ ጋር የዓለም ጦርነት የከፈተ ይመስል ለ20 ደቂቃ ነው። ውስጥ ያለው ቅዝቃዜ ግን—አላስካ ነው የሚመስለው። ታካሚው ተኝቷል፣ ሐኪሙ ግን መንቀጥቀጥ ጀምሯል።
Scalpel!
Forceps!
በመሃል ግን ሆዱ "ጉር... ጉር..." ብሎ ድምፅ አወጣ።
በክፍሉ ውስጥ ያለው ጸጥታ ከፍተኛ ስለነበር፣ ነርሷ ቀና ብላ አየችው። እርሱም በቁምነገር፦ "ይሄ የሞኒተሩ ድምፅ ነው" ብሎ ዋሸ። ሆዱ ግን "ምሳ የት አለ?" እያለ አሁንም ይጮሃል።
📍 የከሰዓቱ ትርምስ 🏃♂️💨
ምሳ? ምን ማለት ነው?
ምሳ ማለት፦ በግራ እጁ በሽተኛ እየመረመረ፣ በቀኝ እጁ ሳምቡሳ በሁለት ጉርሻ መዋጥ ማለት ነው። ድንገተኛ ክፍል (ER) ሲደርስ ደግሞ ሁኔታው የኦሊምፒክ ሩጫ ነው።
አንድ ታካሚኛ በጩቤ ተወግቶ መጥቶ "ዶክተር እሞታለሁ?" ይለዋል። እርሱም እየሰፋው፦ "እኔ እያለሁማ ሞት አይፈቀድም" ብሎ ያሾፍበታል። ቀልዱ ህመሙን ባያጠፋውም፣ ፍርሃቱን ግን ሰርቆታል።
📍 የሌሊቱ ፍጻሜ
ከሌሊቱ 7:00 ሰዓት። በመጨረሻ አሮጌው ሶፋ ላይ ጋደም አለ። ጫማውን ለማውለቅ ጉልበት የለውም። ልክ አይኑ ሲከደን፣ ስልኩ እንደገና አቃጨለች።
"ዶክተር... አዲስ Appendicitis መጥቷል!" እንደገና ተነሳ። ፊቱን በበረዶ ውሃ ተረጨ። ደክሞታል? አዎ። ተርቧል? በጣም። ነገር ግን ወደ ኮሪደሩ ሲወጣ፣ ያ ሰማያዊውን ልብስ ለብሶ ሰውን ለመርዳት የሚሮጠው "መልአክ" እርሱ መሆኑን ሲያስበው፣ ድካሙ ሁሉ በኩራት ይተካል።
"Residency ማለት ሰብአዊነት በጥበብ የሚቀረጽበት፣ በሰው ልጅ ስቃይና በተስፋ መሃል ቆሞ ሞትን በቢላዋ የመገዳደር ታላቅ የክብር መንገድ ነው።"
ይሁን እንጂ፣ እነዚህ የነገው ተስፋ የሆኑ ባለሙያዎች አቅማቸውን በሙሉ ለታካሚ አገልግሎት እንዲያውሉ፤ መንግስት የሬዚደንቶችን የሥራ ጫና፣ የሥራ አካባቢ እና ጥቅማጥቅም በማሻሻል ለኢትዮጵያ የሕክምና ትምህርት ሥርዓት ልዩ ትኩረት ሊሰጠው ይገባል።
ዶ/ር ፃዲቁ ተፈራ: General Surgery ሬዚደንት
@HakimEthio | 6 412 |
| 15 |  +3ጠባሳ ይታከማል?
➢ጠባሳ ሰውነታችን ተፈጥሮአዊ በሆነ መልኩ የተጎዳን ቆዳ የሚተካበት ዘዴ ነው።
➢ ጠባሳ በተለያየ ምክንያት የሚፈጠር ሲሆን ከእነዚህም መሀል፦ ከአደጋ ፣ ከቃጠሎ ፣ከቀዶ ህክምና በኋላ እንዲሁም የቆዳ ኢንፌክሽንን ተከትሎ ሊከሰት ይችላል።
➢ጠባሳ የተለያየ አይነት ገጽታ ሊኖራቸው ይችላል ከእነዚህም ውስጥ፦ አበጥ ያለ ፣ ጎድጎድ ያለ ፣ ለጥ ያለ (flat) ሊሆን ይችላል።
◇የተለያየ የጠባሳ አይነት አለ፦
1, keloid scar : ክብ የመሰለ፣የተለያየ ቅርጽ ያለው ሲሆን አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ደረት ላይ፣ጆሮ ላይ የ ጆሮ ጌጥ የሚንጠለጠልበት (ear lobe) እንዲሁም ጀርባ ላይ ይከሰታል።
2, Hypertrophic Scar: አበጥ እና ቀላ ያለ ጠባሳ ሲሆን አደጋ በደረሰበት የቆዳችን ክፍል ተወስኖ የሚቀር ነው ፣ ቆዳችን ላይ አደጋ በደረሰ በሳምንታት ውስጥ ሊከሰት ይችላል። ይሔ ጠባሳ ቀስ እያለ በራሱ (ተፈጥሮአዊ ) በሆነ መንገድ እየተሻሻለ ሊመጣ ይችላል።
◇ጠባሳ (scar) እንዴት ይታከማል?
➢ጠቅለል አድርጎ ለመግለጽ የጠባሳ ህክምና ለእይታ የሚያስቀይመውን ጠበሳ (unsightly scar) የተሻለ እይታ እንዲኖረው ማድረግ ሲሆን ነገርግን ሙሉ በ ሙሉ ማጥፋት አይቻልም።
➢ጠባሳ በተለያዩ ነገሮች የሚታከም ሲሆን ከእነዚህ ዉስጥ:
- silcone gel (ጠባሳ ላይ የሚለጠፍ)
- pressure therapy (ጠባሳ ያለበት ቦታ በሚለበስ ልብስ)
- steroid injection (ስቴሮይድ ጠባሳ ያለበት ቦታ በመውጋት)
- laser (የጨረር ህክምና)
- surgery (ቀዶ ህክምና)
በዶ/ር አቤል ወንደሰን ፤ ፕላስቲክ ሰርጅን
ለበለጠ መረጃ በዚህ ስልክ ይደውሉ 0974264774
@HakimEthio | 6 534 |
| 16 |  +3በአካል ህመም ውስጥ የተሸሸገው የአእምሮ ስቃይ ፡ Somatic Symptom Disorder
ለረጅም ጊዜ የሚዘልቅ የራስ ምታት፣ የሆድ መጮህ ወይም የጡንቻ ቁርጠት አጋጥሞዎት፣ ወደ ተለያዩ ታዋቂ ሆስፒታሎች እየተመላለሱ፣ ስፍር ቁጥር የሌላቸው የደም፣ የራጅ እና የኤም.አር.አይ (MRI) ምርመራዎችን አድርገው ውጤቱ ግን “ምንም የለብህም፣ ሙሉ በሙሉ ጤነኛ ነህ” ተብለው ያውቃሉ?
ይህ በሚሆንበት ጊዜ “ዶክተሮቹ በሽታዬን ሊያገኙልኝ አልቻሉም” በሚል ስጋት ሌላ የተሻለ ሀኪም ፍለጋ መባዘንዎን ይቀጥላሉ። በህክምናው ዓለም ይህ አይነቱ እውነተኛ የአካል ስቃይ እየታየ ነገር ግን ምንም አይነት መዋቅራዊ የሰውነት መታወክ የማይገኝበት ክስተት Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) በመባል ይታወቃል።
ይህ ህመም በሳይኪያትሪው ዘርፍ እጅግ ውስብስብ ከሚባሉት ወጥመዶች አንዱ ሲሆን፣ ታካሚው የሚያሳየው የህመም ስሜት በፈጠራ ወይም በቅዠት የሚመጣ ሳይሆን በገሃድ የሚሰማው እውነተኛ ስቃይ መሆኑ ደግሞ ነገሩን ይበልጥ አሳሳቢ ያደርገዋል።
ይህንን ስውር ቀውስ በክሊኒካዊ መነፅር ለመለየት የምንጠቀምባቸው መስፈርቶች ከተለመደው የበሽታ አወሳሰን የተለዩ ናቸው። አንድ ሰው በዚህ ህመም ተጠቂ ነው ለማለት በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ቢያንስ ለአምስት እና ስድስት ወራት ያህል የዘለቀ፣ የዕለት ተዕለት ህይወትን ሙሉ በሙሉ የሚያስተጓጉል አንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ የአካል ህመም ምልክት ሊኖረው ይገባል።
ከዚህ በተጨማሪም ግለሰቡ ለሚሰማው የአካል ህመም የሚሰጠው የስነ-ልቦና ምላሽ እጅግ የተጋነነ መሆን አለበት፤ ይህም ማለት ስለ ህመሙ አደገኛነትና ለሕይወት አስጊነት ሌሊትና ቀን ያለማቋረጥ ማሰብ፣ ስለ ጤናው ሁኔታ የሚለቅቅ ከፍተኛና የማይረግብ የጭንቀት ስሜት ውስጥ መዘፈቅ፣ እንዲሁም መፍትሄ ለመፈለግ ከመጠን ያለፈ ጊዜና ጉልበትን ማጥፋት ዋነኞቹ መገለጫዎች ናቸው።
በአዲሱ የሕክምና መመሪያ መሠረት ታካሚው ሌላ የታወቀ የሰውነት በሽታ (ለምሳሌ የልብ ወይም የካንሰር ህመም) ቢኖርበት እንኳ፣ ለዚያ ህመም የሚያሳየው ስጋትና ጭንቀት ከተጨባጩ አደጋ በላይ እጅግ የተጋነነ ከሆነ በዚህ የስነ-አእምሮ ቀውስ መመደብ ይችላል።
የዚህ ህመም መነሻ ምክንያት የአእምሮ እና የአካልን ጥብቅ ቁርኝት የሚያሳይ ህያው ማረጋገጫ ነው። አእምሯችን የሚያጋጥሙትን ከባድ የስነ-ልቦና ውጥረቶች፣ የልጅነት የአእምሮ ጠባሳዎችን፣ ፍርሃቶችንና በቃላት መግለጽ ያቃታቸውን ስሜታዊ ስቃዮች ወደ አካላዊ ህመም ምልክቶች ይቀይራቸዋል።
ይህ ሂደት የአጠቃላይ የነርቭ ሥርዓትን በማነቃቃት የህመም ስሜትን የመቀበል አቅምን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ይጨምረዋል። በዚህም ምክንያት ታካሚው ትናንሽ የሰውነት ለውጦችን (ለምሳሌ ተራ የልብ ትርታ መጨመርን ወይም መጠነኛ የሆድ መነፋትን) እንደ ትልቅና ለሕይወት አስጊ በሽታ አድርጎ እንዲተረጉማቸው ያደርገዋል።
በዚህ አዙሪት ውስጥ የሚገቡ ታካሚዎች ከተለያዩ ሀኪሞች ዘንድ በመመላለስ (“Doctor Shopping” በማድረግ) አላስፈላጊ ለሆኑ የላብራቶሪ ወጪዎች እና ለተደጋጋሚ የቀዶ ጥገና አደጋዎች ይጋለጣሉ።
እንደ አንድ የህክምና ባለሙያ በዚህ ህመም ለሚሰቃዩ ወገኖቻችን የምንሰጠው ምላሽ ጥንቃቄ የተሞላበት ሊሆን ይገባል። ህመምተኛውን “ህመምህ የአእምሮህ ፈጠራ ነው፣ ምንም የለብህም” ብሎ ማሰናበት ስቃዩን ከማባባስ ባለፈ በህክምናው ሥርዓት ላይ ያለውን እምነት ያጠፋዋል።
ዋናው መፍትሄ የታካሚው ህመም በሰውነቱ ላይ የሚሰማው እውነተኛ ስሜት መሆኑን በማረጋገጥ፣ ከዋናው ሀኪማቸው ጋር የጠበቀ ትስስር መፍጠር እና በ አዕምሮ ሀኪም አስፈለጊዉን የመድሀኒት ወይም የስነ-ባህሪ ህክምና (CBT) እንዲያገኙ ማድረግ ነው።
በዚህ መንገድ አእምሯቸው ስሜታዊ ውጥረቶችን በአካል ህመም መልክ የመግለጽ ልማዱን እንዲቀንስ በማስተማር፣ ታካሚዎቻችንን ካልተገባ እንግልት እና የህይወት መስተጓጎል መታደግ እንችላለን።
References
1. American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425763
2. Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2017). Kaplan and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
3. Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2021). Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
ዶ/ር አበባየሁ ሳህሌ: የአዕምሮ ህክምና ስፔሻሊስት
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| 17 |  “በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ ያለምንም መጉላላት ብድሬን ወስጃለው”
ዶ/ር ዳንዲ ጃራ እባላለሁ። ቀደም ሲል ድሮጋን በፋርማሲ አገልግሎቱ ብቻ ነበር የማውቀው። ነገር ግን በሶሻል ሚዲያ ስለ ጤና ሳኮው (SACCO) መረጃ አግኝቼ የቁጠባ ጉዞዬን ጀመርኩ።
በሂደቱም የሚፈለገውን 50% ቁጠባ ካጠናቀቅኩ በኋላ፣ ያቀድኩትንና ያስፈለገኝን የገንዘብ ብድር በ1 ወር ጊዜ ውስጥ ያለምንም እንግልት፣ እንድወስድ አድርገውኛል።
በተለይ የሰራተኞቻቸው ተግባቢነት፣ ሞቅ ያለ አቀባበላቸው እና ለእያንዳንዱ ዝርዝር ነገር የሚሰጡት ትኩረትና ግልጽነት በጣም አስደናቂ ነው፤ ለዚህም ነው አሁን ለወደፊቱ በማንኛውም ሰዓት ብድር ሲያስፈልገኝ መጀመሪያ ወደ አእምሮዬ የሚመጣው ድሮጋ የጤና ሳኮ ብቻ የሆነው።
የጤና ባለሙያዎች በሙሉ፣ ለእኛ ልዩ ትኩረት ሰጥቶ የተዘጋጀውን ይህንን ፈጣን፣ አስተማማኝና ትልቅ ራዕይ ሰንቆ የሚጓዝ ተቋም እንድትቀላቀሉና ዕድሉን እንድትጠቀሙበት በታላቅ አክብሮት እመክራለሁ!
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| 18 |  +3ወላጆች እባካቹ አትዘናጉ!
በእርግጥ 24 ሰአት ሙሉ ልጅን መቆጣጠር ወይም መከተታተል ከባድ ነው ነገርግን በተቻላቹ መጠን ቢያንስ ልጆቻችሁ የሚጫወቱበትን እቃዎች እና አካባቢ ምቹ የሆነ እና ለጉዳት የማያጋልጥ ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል።
ይህ የ3 አመት ህፃን ድንገት በሚስማር ሲጫወት እንዴት እንደሆነ በማይታወቅ ሁኔታ ሚስማሩን ውጦት የቀኝ ዋና የሳንባ መተንፈሻ ቱቦ ውስጥ ገብቶ እንደተቀረቀረ የደረት ራጁ ምርመራ ያሳያል።
እንደ እድል ሆኖ የሳንባው ክፍል ላይ ፣ የልብ ክፍል እንዲሁም በዙሪያው ያሉ ትላልቅ የደም ስሮች ላይ ምንም ጉዳት ሳይደርስበት በቀላል ማደንዘዣ ሚስማሩ ሊወጣለት ችሏል።
ሌላው ከዚሁ ጋር በተያያዘ በጣም ጥንቃቄ የሚያስፈልገው የተለያዩ የኤሌክትሮኒክስ እቃዎች ዲስክ መሳዩ ባትሪ በምንም አይነቱ ሁኔታ ለትናንሽም ሆነ ትላልቅ ህፃናት እንዲጫወቱበት መፍቀድ በፍፁም አይመከርም።
ምክንያቱም ይህ በአድ ነገር በድንገት ከተዋጠ ፣ በተቻለ መጠን በ2 ሰአት ውስጥ ወደ ጤና ተቋም ሄደው በተገቢው ጤና ባለሞያው እንዲወጣ ካልተደረገ በሚፈጥረው የኤሌትሪክ ሞገድ እና በሚለቀው ኬሚካል የምግብ መውረጃ ቱቦ ላይ ከፍተኛ ጉዳትን በማድረስ የምግብ መስመር ቱቦ መጥበብን እንዲሁም ከከፋ ግድግዳውን በመብሳት ሕይወትን አደጋ ላይ ለሚጥል የጤና እክል ይዳርጋል።
ስለዚህ ወላጆች ልጆቻችሁ ላይ በኋላ ተያይዞ በሚከሰተው የጤና እክል ከመፀፀት አስቀድሞ መጠንቀቅ ያስፈልጋቹሀል።
ማጣቀሻ
1. Coran Pediatric Surgery 7th Edition
2. American pediatric surgical Association Guideline
ዶ/ር ዮናታን ከተማ
በቅዱስ ጳውሎስ ስፔሻላይዝድ ሪፈራል ሆስፒታል
የህፃናት ቀዶ ህክምና ሬዚደንት ሀኪም
ለበለጠ ማብራሪያ 👇👇👇 መጎብኘት ይችላሉ።
YouTube - https://youtube.com/@kedmialetenawo?si=4k6s0RROG_lVCA3u
ሰላምና ጤና በያላችሁበት ይሁን!
@HakimEthio | 7 030 |
| 19 |  The system doesn’t just break medical students and health workers all at once. It breaks them as a quiet scream that lasts years.
High pressure isn’t just a buzzword, it started being a daily reality. Expectations from attendings, program directors, exams, families, society, ourselves, all screaming “do more, be more, prove you belong.”
Life realities: attendings not satisfied, exams not where they should be, debt that never sleeps, relocation stress, isolation in new cities, watching colleagues crack and pretending we’re fine, the guilt of “if I complain, I’m WEAK.”
We call it burnout like it’s a personal character flaw. It’s NOT.
It’s a machine that runs on human fuel and never checks the tank. We’re trained to save lives but not to save ourselves. We’re told resilience is the answer, but resilience has limits, and we’re hitting them.
If you’re reading this and feeling like you’re drowning in the same cycle, you’re not failing. The system is failing you.
So stop pretending you’re invincible. Say “I’m not okay” out loud when it’s true. Demand space to breathe without apology. Don't turn your back on your self. The world needs doctors who survive, not martyrs who don’t.
And if you’ve found something that actually helps (not just “self-care” platitudes), share it. We’re in this mess together.
Dr. Yared Hailu
@HakimEthio | 5 398 |
| 20 |  +1At Tazma Medical and Surgical Specialized Center, we turn critical moments into second chances at life.
For two years, a 13 year old boy lived with the heavy burden of Chronic Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease. Bound to a daily routine of cardiac medications, his childhood was cut short by constant exhaustion and a shortness of breath that prevented him to run and play like other children.
Two months ago, things took a dangerous turn. His condition rapidly worsened.
By the time he reached Tazma for an emergency evaluation, he presented in cardiogenic shock, with anticipated progression to multi-organ failure.
Our rapid diagnostics revealed a catastrophic emergency. His left atrium was heavily dilated and filled with a massive thrombus that had expanded so aggressively it was obstructing his pulmonary veins. His mitral valve was severely stenosed and calcified to a tiny, rigid orifice.
On the right side, his heart was hugely dilated, burdened by severe tricuspid regurgitation and clots in the right atrial appendage.
He was essentially running out of time. His heart was completely choked by clots and failing valves.
At that moment, the decision was clear. Despite the profound, extreme risk of operating on a young patient in active cardiogenic shock, our Heart Team refused to give up on him.
Our Heart team led by renowned cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Sisay Bekele, carefully performed a complex thrombectomy to clear the clots from the left atrium and pulmonary veins.
Simultaneously, the team successfully replaced his damaged mitral valve, repaired his leaking tricuspid valve, and isolated the left atrial appendage to prevent future clots from ever forming again.
Thanks to the precision of our surgical team and the resilience of a brave young patient, the highly complex operation was a success.
Today, we are proud to share that this 13 year old boy is recovering well. His recovery is a powerful reminder of why we do what we do proving that even in the most complex cardiac cases, immediate, expert intervention saves lives.
Tazma A Sign of a Healthy Heart 🫀
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For More Information contact Tazma Medical and Surgical Specialized Center
☎️ Phone: 0954886225 / 9893
📍 Location: Gotera Condominium, Addis Ababa
@HakimEthio | 6 399 |
