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Channel Posts
+2
Abbaa Seeraa Kamaal Ismaa'eliin haa deeggarru! 👉Abbaan seeraa kun pireezdantii MMA ta'uudhaanis Godina Arsii Lixaatti nama tajaajilaa turedha. 👉Yeroo ammaa kanatti immoo dhibee Tiruu cimaa ta'een qabamee yaalamaa akka jirutu himamaa jira. 👉Lakk.herreegaa CBE 1000795181125 maqaa Jemal Husen, Ayele Abe and Genemo Babso jedhuun baname irratti haa deeggarru. Osoo namni lubbuun jiru wal gargaaruu haa aadeffannu!! Waan hanga humna keessanii deeggartaniif galatoomaa! 🙏🙏🙏
| 2 | 'Anecdotal Fallacy' Jechuun Maal Jechuudhaa?
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✅Jechi 'Fallacy' jedhu hir'ina ykn dogoggora adeemsa yaada ofii sababeessuu keessatti argamu ta'uun isaa ni beekama. Bu'uura seera loojikiitiin 'fallacy'n yaa'insa yaadaa dogoggora ta'e ykn dogoggorsiisaa ta'edha. Irra keessa yaada walitti hidhatiinsa qabuufi amansiisaa kan fakkaatu ta'ullee dogoggora dhokataa yaadicha fudhatama dhabsiisu ykn dadhabaa taasisu of keessaa qaba. Namoonni siyaasaa ta'e jedhanii uummata amansiisuuf fayyadamuu ni danda'u.
✅Gosoota 'fallacy' keessaa tokko 'Anecdotal Evidence Fallacy' kan jedhamu yemmuu ta'u, gosti 'fallacy' kun qorannoo saayinsawaa ykn odeeffannoo waliigalaa dhiisanii taatee akka tasaa yeroo takko dhuunfaadhaan argan akka ragaa muummeetti dhiyeessuu ilaallata. Hima biraatiin, gudunfaa guddaa tokko irra gahuuf odeeffannoo amanamaa fayyadamuu dhiisanii seenaa dhuunfaa ofii qofa fayyadamuun dogoggora uumuudha. Dhimmi nama dhuunfaa tokko akka waan garee bakka bu'uutti dhiyeessuus ta'uu danda'a.
👌Fakkeenyaaf, "waggoottan digdama ani mana hojii kana keessa hojjedhe keessatti abbaa dhimmaa sobaan hojjetaa himatu argee hin beeku. Kanaaf, abbaan dhimmaa sobaan hojjetaa himatu biyya keenya keessa hin jiru" kan jedhu ilaaluun ni danda'ama.
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Desalegn B. | 678 |
| 3 | Taaksii Waliin Dhahuu (Tax Fraud) fi Taaksii Miliksuu (Tax Evasion)
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✅Labsiin Bulchiinsa Taaksii Federaalaa, Lakk.1434/2018 (Labsii Lakk.983/2008 kan fooyyessee) kwt 2(48) jalatti "Taaksii Waliin Dhahuu" jechuun maal jechuu akka ta'e haala bal'ina qabuun ibseera. Haala kanaan, "Taaksii Waliin Dhahuu" (Tax Fraud) jechuun taaksii dhoksuuf ykn faayidaa taaksii seeraan ala ta'e argachuuf jecha gochoota armaan gadii raawwachuu jechuudha.
A) Galmeewwan herregaa, sanadoota, nagaheewwan ykn sanadoota sobaa biroo dhiyeessuu;
B) Galii, gurgurtaa ykn sochii taaksiin itti kaffalamu dhoksuu;
C) Nagaheewwan sobaa qopheessuu ykn fayyadamuu;
D) Beeksisa taaksii sobaa dhiyeessuu;
E) Sanadoota balleessuu, Jijjiiruu ykn dhoksuu;
F) Galmeewwan herregaa ykn sanadoota tokkoo ol ykn walfakkaataa ta'e wal biratti qopheessuufi qabachuu, akkasumas abbaa taayitaa galiifi qaama biroodhaaf dhiyeessuu;
G) Baasiiwwan hir'ifaman kan sobaa ta'an, mirga taaksii irraa bilisaa sobaafi gaaffii naaf haa deebi'uu ykn wal naaf haa danda'uu sobaa dhiyeessuu;
H) Dirqama taaksii karaa seeraan ala ta'een hir'isuuf gochoota kan biroo kamiyyuu raawwachuu ykn wanta seerri akka raawwataniif dirqisiisu raawwachuu dhabuudha.
✅Labsiin Bulchiinsa Taaksii Federaalaa, Lakk.983/2008 (kan labsii lakk.1434/2018 ta'een fooyya'e) kwt 125(1) jalatti "Taaksii Miliksuu" (Tax Evasion) jedhamuuf ulaagaan guutamuu qabu maal maal akka ta'e tarreesseera.
👉Haala kanaan, namni tokko taaksii milikseera jedhamuuf itti yaadee galii dhoksuu; beeksisa taaksii dhiyeessuu dhabuu ykn taaksii kaffaluu dhabuu qaba jechuudha. Gama birootiin, gochoonni kun muraasni gocha taaksii waliin dhahuu jedhamee olitti tarreeffame waliin walfakkaata.
👉Gochi Taaksii Waliin Dhahuufi Taaksii Miliksuu jedhaman kan walitti dhiyaatan ta'ullee, "Taaksii Waliin Dhahuu" kan jedhu taaksii miliksuu caalaa bal'ina kan qabudha.
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Desalegn B. | 1 208 |
| 4 | Haala Gurmaa'insa Dhaddachaalee Manneen Murtii Federaalaa Zoonii Dinagdee Addaa (Special Economic Zone) Keessatti
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Haala Gurmaa'insa Dhaddachaa Manneen Murtii Federaalaa
1) Adeemsa Heera Mootummaa Federaalaa keessatti ibsame hordofuun Dhaddachi Dhaabbii ykn naanna'aa tokko ykn tokkoo ol, kan aangoo abbaa seerummaa federaalaa qabu, waldiddaawwan zoonii dinagdee addaa keessatti hariiroo hojii, hariiroo hawaasaa, daldalaafi dhimmoota yakkaa ilaalchisee uumaman ilaaluuf akka hundeeffamu ni taasifama.
2) Manni Murtii Waliigalaa Federaalaa dhaddachichi zoonii dinagdee addaa keessatti akka gurmaa'u ni taasisa.
(Labsii Zoonii Dinagdee Addaa Lakk.1322/2016 kwt 87)
የፌዴራል ዳኝነት ችሎች አደረጃጀት
1) በፌዴራል ሕገ መንግስት ላይ የተመለከተውን ስነ ስርአት በመከተል በልዩ ኢኮኖሚ ዞን ውስጥ በሚነሱ የስራ፣ የፍትሐብሄር እና- የንግድ አለመግባባቶች እና- የወንጀል ጉዳዮች ላይ የፌዴራል ዳኝነት ስልጣን የሚኖረው አንድ ወይም ከአንድ በላይ ቋሚ ወይም ተዘዋዋሪ ችሎት እንዲቋቋም ይደረጋል።
2) የፌዴራል ጠቅላይ ፍርድ ቤት ችሎቱ በልዩ ኢኮኖሚ ዞን ውስጥ እንዲደራጅ ያደርጋል::
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Desalegn B. | 1 176 |
| 5 | SEERA KAAMPAANII KEESSATTI MAALLAQA HAADHOO (CAPITAL) JECHUUN MAAL JECHUUDHAA? JECHICHI OGEEYYII HERREGAA YKN DINAGDEE BIRATTI HOO AKKAMITTI HUBATAMAA? MAALLAQNI KUN WABUMMAA GAAFATTOOTA MAALLAQAATIIF QOFA OOLAMOO ITTIIN HOJJECHUUN NI DANDA'AMA?
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የዋና ገንዘብ (ካፒታል) ምንነት
✅በአክሲዮን ኩባንያ ውስጥ ዋና ገንዘብ (Capital) እና አክሲዮን ተነጣጥለው የማይታዩ ፅንሰ ሐሳቦች ናቸው:: ምክንየቱም ከሕግ አንፃር ዋና ገንዘቡ አክሲዮን በመሸጥ የሚገኝ ነውና:: በንግድ ሕግ ቁጥር 80 ላይ ያለው የዋና ገንዘብ ትርጓሜ ይህንኑ በዋና ገንዘብ እና በአክሲዮን መካከል ያለውን ግንኙነት የሚያሳይ ነው:: በዚህ ድንጋጌ አተረጓጎም ዋና ገንዘብ ማለት 'ከባለቤቱ ወይም ከማህበርተኞቹ በየድርሻቸው በገንዘብ ወይም በዓይነት ለጥቅም ማስገኛ የንግድ ቤቱ የተሰጠው መሠረታዊ ሀብቱ ነው:: ስለዚህ በአክሲዮን ኩባንያ ውስጥ ከባለአክሲዮናቹ የሚሰበሰበው ገንዘብ ነው ዋና ገንዘብ ወይም ካፒታል ሊባል የሚችለው፡፡
✅ከላይ በቁጥር 80 የተሰጠው የካፒታል ትርጓሜ በሂሳብ አያያዝ ወይም በምጣኔ ሀብት ሞያ ካለው የካፒታል ፅንሰ ሐሳብ የተለየ ነው:: በኋለኞቹ ሙያዎች ካፒታል ማለት ነጋዴው ከኪሱ ያወጣው ገንዘብ ወይም በዓይነት ንግዱን ሲጀምር ያወጣው መዋጮ ብቻ ሳይሆን በብድርም የተገኘውን ለስራ መነሻ የሆነውን ሀብት በሙሉ የሚጨምር ነው፡፡ በኩባንያ ሕግ ግን ዋና ገንዘብ ከኩባንያው አባላት የተውጣጣው ሀብት ድምር ውጤት ብቻ ነው::
✅ከዚህ ጋር ተያይዞ የሚነሳው በባለአክሲሆኖች እና ባለገንዘቦች መካከል ያለው የጥቅም ግጭት ነው:: ይህም የጥቅም ግጭት በአንድ በኩል በባለአክሲሆኖች በኩል ያለው የኩባንያቸው ዋና ገንዘብ በስራ ላይ ውሎ የተገኘው ትርፍ ከተቻለ ሙሉ በሙሉ ለእነርሱ እንዲከፈል ካላቸው ፍላጎት እና በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ የኩባንያ ባለገንዘቦች ካላቸው የኩባንየው ሀብት ተጠብቆ እነዲቆይ አሊያም ትርፍ ከተገኘ ዕዳው በቅድምያ መከፈል አለበት ከሚል እሳቤ ነው::የኩባንያ ሕግ ይህን ግጭት እንኳን ባይሆን መቀነስ እና ሚዛናዊ በሆነ መንገድ የማስተናገድ ዓላማ ነው ያለው::
(Kitaaba Fiqaaduu Peexiroos mata duree "የኢትዮጺያ የኩባንያ ሕግ" jedhuun bara 2008 marsaa 2ffaaf maxxansiise keessaa kan fudhatame)
Hubachiisa:
👉Maallaqni haadhoon wabummaa maallaqa gaafattootaatiif qofa kuufamee kan taa'u miti.
👉Ogeeyyiin herregaafi dingadee bifa seerri kaampaanii jechichatti hiikkoo kenneen hin hubatan.
Join:@desberofMM
Desalegn B. | 1 309 |
| 6 | Burdens_of_Pleading_and_Proof_in_Discrimination_Cases_Toward_a_T.pdf | 1 542 |
| 7 |  🧐 | 1 183 |
| 8 | PIIS2405844020319691.pdf | 1 090 |
| 9 | 👉Abbaan seeraa, seera ykn maddeen seeraa biroo irratti hundaa'ee dhimma harkaa isaa jiruuf furmaata kennuu kan dadhabe yoo ta'e, (barreeffama olii irraa kan itti fufedha👆👆👆 ) maddeen seenaa seerichaa ibsan ykn barreeffamoota seeraa (the writings of our jurists) rogummaa qaban caqasuun ykn aangoo seera hiikuu bal'aa qaban (freedom of interpretation) giddu galeessa taasifachuun murtiiwwan manneen murtii ol'aanuun kennamanii turan, kan sababoonni isaa amansiisaa ta'e fayyadamuun murteessuunis akka rakkootti kan ilaalamu hin ta'u.
👉Akka Naannoo keenyaattis yoo ilaalle, bu'uura Labsii lakk.216/2011 kwt 23(2)(a)tiin Manni Murtii Waliigalaa tajaajilli abbaa seerummaa Naannicha keessatti walfakkaatummaa fi tilmaamamummaa akka
qabaatuuf kan hojjatu ta'uun tumameera. Kun ergama guddaa mana murtichaaf kenname yemmuu ta'u, dhaddachoota MMWO keessaa Dhaddachi Ijibbaataa adda dureedhaan kaayyoo kana milkeessuu kan qabu ta'uun immoo marii qaboo yaa'ii heeraa mootummaa RFDI irratti taasifame irraa ni hubatama. Kunis, gama tokkoon akkuma aangeffamee jirutti hiikkoo seeraa dirqisiisaa kennuudhaan ykn immoo murtiiwwan barsiisaa kennuudhaan ta'uu danda'a jechuudha.
👉Murtiiwwan barsiisaan kun bara baraan kan maxxanfamaa jiraniifi jildeeffamanii manneen murtii jalaatiif kan raabsaman yemmuu ta'u, kunis manneen murtii jalaa irraa baratanii yoo sababoota dhaddachichaan tarreeffaman irratti kan waliif galan ta'e (dhimma walfakkaataa irratti) ulfaatina sababoota tarreeffamanii madaalanii akka fudhachuu dandaniifidha. Bu'aa maxxansi sun fides ija kanaan yoo ilaalame beekama. Haala kanaan, walfakkattummaan murtii ni mirkanaa'a; mirgi wal qixxummaas murtii mana murtiitiin hin sarbamu jechuudha. Kana gaafan jedhu, murtiiwwan barsiisadha jedhamanii filatamanii maxxanfaman hundi dhugumatti barsiisaadha gudunfaa jedhu irraa ka'ee miti; inni kun qorannoo mataa isaa barbaaduu danda'a. Dhimmi murtii manneen murtii ol'aanuun kennamus (dhaddacha idilee Mana Murtii Waliigalaas haa ta'u MMO) bifa kanaan yoo ilaalame, hojii ogummaatu hojjetame waan ta'eef sababaan deeggaramee yoo fudhatame ykn fudhatama dhabe gaarii natti fakkaata. Kun hubannoo dhuunfaa kiyyaati. Mee isin akkamitti hubattan? (Mariidhaan ogummaa keenya haa guddisnu! Kallattii ittiin ilaaltan nuuf qoodaa; ) 🥂
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Desalegn B. | 1 135 |
| 10 | Biyyoota Sirna Seeraa 'Civil Law' Hordofan Keessatti, Murtiiwwan Manneen Murtii Sadarkaa Ol'aanuun Kennaman Manneen Murtii Jalaa Irratti Dirqisiisummaa Ni Qabaatuu?
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👉Bu'aa seeraa murtiiwwan dursee mana murtii ol'aanuun kennaman manneen murtii jalaa irratti qabu ilaalchisee Biyyoota sirnoota seeraa 'Civil Law' (kana booda 'CL') fi 'Common Law' hordofan gidduutti garaagarummaan bu'uuraa akka jiru ni beekama. Byyoota sirnoota seeraa 'Common Law' hordofan keessatti murtiin manneen murtii ol'aanuun kennaman akka madda seeraatti manneen murtii jalaa kan fayyadaniifi dirqisiisummaa kan qaban (Stare decisis) yemmuu ta'u, biyyoota sirna seeraa 'Civil Law' hordofan keessatti immoo akka qajeeltootti, murtiin dursee manneen murtii ol'aanuun kenname manneen murtii jalaa irratti dirqisiisummaa hin qabaatan. Biyyoota kanatti, seerri abbootiin seeraa fayyadamuun ykn hiikuun murtii kennan koodii seera baastuudhaan (qaama ol'aanaadhaan) bahe waan ta'eef, murtii akka seeraatti lammii hunda dirqisiisu danda'u kennuufis aangoo waan hin qabneef sirnoonni seeraa kun murtiin akka madda seeraa tokkootti tajaajiluu danda'uufi dhabuu ilaalchisee garaagarummaa ni qabu jechuudha.
👉Kana jechuun, biyyoota sirna seeraa 'CL' hordofan keessatti murtiiwwan mana murtii isa ol'aanuun kennaman manneen murtii jalaatiin akka agarsiistuu kallattiitti (guidance) ykn akka maddaa dhimmi seeraa irraa hubannaatti (reference) itti fayyadamuu hin danda'an jechuu miti. Keessattuu, murtiin mana murtii isa ol'aanuun kennamu dhiibbaa uumuudhaan bu'aa amansiisummaa (Pursuasive effect) qabaachuu danda'a. Manni Murtii jalaa sababoonni mana Murtii isa ol'aanuun kennaman kan isa hin amansiisne yoo ta'e, fudhachuu dhiisuus ni danda'a jechuudha. Gama birootiin, yeroo amma kanatti, biyyoonni sirna seera 'CL' hordofan, biyya keenya dabalatee, manneen murtii ol'aanoo keessaa isa tokkoof, keessattuu Mana Murtii Waliigalaatiif aangoon hiikkoo seeraa dirqisiisaa kennuu seeraan akka kennamuuf taasisaa jiru. Kunis, dhimma sirnoota seeraa kana lamaan walitti fidaa jirudha jedhamee barreeffamoota garaagaraatiin ibsama.
👉Akkuma olitti kaasne, murtiiwwan manneen murtii ol'aanuun kennaman bu'aa dirqisiisummaa qabaachuu baatanillee, manneen murtii tilmaamummaafi walfakkaattummaa murtii mirkaneessuuf dirqama waan qabaniif, kana ta'uu baannaan mirgi walqixxxummaa lammileen heeraan qaban sarbamuu waan danda'uuf, murtiin mana murtii ol'aanuun kennamus ulfaatina ol'aanaa (sababoota cimaa) qaba jedhamee waan yaadamuuf, dubbifamee sababa irratti hundaa'amee fudhatamuufi fudhatamuu dhabuun galma gahiinsa kaayyoo olitti ibsineetiif waan jajjabeeffamudha.
👉Sababoota maaliif manneen murtii jalaa kan isa oliitiif abboomamuu qabu ykn naamusni oleen (vertical discipline) jiraachuu qabaata kan jedhu ilaalchisee barreessaan tokko akka kaa'etti:
"..the justifications … are fairly obvious. Just as children are expected to obey their parents even when they disagree, as privates are expected to follow even those orders from sergeants they believe wrong, as Catholics are expected to follow the dictates of the pope even if they think those dictates mistaken, and as employees are expected to follow the instructions of their supervisors, lower courts judges are expected to follow the “instructions” of those courts above them in what the military calls the “chain of command” jedha. Yaadni kun qajeelfamoota kallattiidhaan kennaman qofa osoo hin taane murtiiwwan manneen murtii jalaa diiganis kan ilaallatanidha jechuudha.
.....itti fufa....
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Desalegn B. | 1 116 |
| 11 | Himatamaan Shakkii Dhama Qabeessa (Reasonable Doubt) Uumuudhaan Bilisa Kan Jedhamu Yeroo Akkamiiti?, Sadarkaa (Gita) Mirkaneessa Ragaa Dhimma Hariiroo Hawaasaatiin Mirkaneessuuf Kan Dirqama Qabaatu hoo Yoomidhaa?
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Dirqama Mirkaneessuu Himatamaa
1) Himatamaan ittisa dhiyeeffateen himannaa isa irratti dhiyaate ofirraa ittisee yakkicha irraa bilisa jedhamuuf, himannaa ittiin himatameefi firiiwwan dubbii yakkicha hundeessan kan abbaan alangaa mirkaneesse ykn ragoota irratti shakkii sababa qabeessa uumuu qaba.
2) Himatamichi yakka ittiin himatame raawwachuu isaa amanee, waa'ee haala raawwii isaa ilaalchisee mirga isaa eeggatee ykn seeraan tumamuu isaafi yakkaan kan hin gaafachiisne ta'uu isaa ibsee falmuun ittisa dhiyeesse hubachiisuuf, firiiwwan dubbii falmiiwwan inni dhiyeesseef bu'uura ta'an sadarkaa (gita) mirkaneessa dhimma hariiroo hawaasaatiin mirkaneessuu qaba.
3) Firiin dubbii akka ijootti qabame ykn firiiwwan dubbii kanneen akka ijootti qabamaniif rogummaa qaban himatamaadhaan fashalaa'eera (fudhatama dhabsiifameera) kan jedhamu, himatamaan raawwatamuu ykn raawwatamuu dhabuu firii dubbichaa sadarkaa (gita) mirkaneessa ragaa keewwata kana jalatti tumameen mirkaneessuu isaa manni murtichaa yoo amanedha.
(Seera Deemsa Falmii Yakkaa fi Ragaa Haarayaa isa dhumaa jedhamee bifa koodiitiin qophaa'ee kan Miidiyaa hawaasaa irratti raabsamaa jiru kwt 285 ilaali)
Hubachiisa:
✅Akka seericha irraa hubatamutti, abbaan alangaa himannaa yakkaa isaa haala shakkii sababa qabeessaa ol (Beyond Reasonable Doubt) ta'een hubachiisuuf dirqama kan qabu yemmuu ta'u, sadarkaa sanaa gadii ta'uun, jechuunis "shakkiin sababa qabeessa" ta'e uumamuun himatamaan bilisa akka jedhamu taasisa jechuudha. Waan ta'eefis, himatamaan firiiwwan dubbii murteessoo ta'an kan walitti bu'an ta'uu ykn qaawwaa jechoota ragaa abbaa alangaa agarsiisuun shakkiin akka uumamu taasisuun ykn akka manni murtii balleessummaa isaa irratti amantaa guutuu horatee hin murteessine taasisuun akkaataa kwt xiqqaa 1tiin bilisa jedhamuu ni danda'a jechuudha.
✅Himatamaan yakkicha kan hin raawwanne ta'uu isaa (innocent) hubachiisuufis dirqama hin qabu. Heerri, guutummaa adeemsa dhagaha dhimma yakkaa keessatti ykn hanga balleessummaan isaa mana murtiitiin mirkanaa'utti, tilmaamni seeraa 'innocent' dha jedhu akka fudhatamuuf tumeera.
✅Himatamaan, Ittisa kanneen akka "ofirraa ittisuuttan gochicha raawwadhe" (Self defence) jedhu yoo kaase garuu firiiwwan dubbii ittisa kanaaf bu'uura ta'an kan mirkaneessu sadarkaa mirkaneessa ragaa dhimma hariiroo Hawaasaatiin (Preponderance) ta'a jechuudha. (Keewwata xiqqaan (2) dhimmoota himatamaan akka 'Affirmative defence'tti kaasu ilaallata)
✅Seerri adeemsaa kun isa dhumaa jedhamee miidiyaa hawaasaa irratti raabsamuun ala gaazexaa irratti maxxanfamuu isaa ilaalchisee wanti mirkanaa'e hin jiru.
❓Isin Akkamitti Hubattan? (Ani akkan olitti ibsettan hubadhe)
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Desalegn B. | 18 395 |
| 12 | Garaagarummaa 'Commercial Travelers', 'Commercial Representatives', 'Commercial Agent', 'Broker', 'Commision Agent' fi 'Stock Brockers' Gidduu Jiru (Akka Abrahaam Yoohaannis barreessetti)
👉Fuula Fb Aberham Yohanes (barsiisaa seeraa kiyya kan ture) jedhu irraa kan fudhatame)
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፧📋 የንግድ ተላላኪዎች እና እንደራሴዎች፣ የንግድ ወኪሎች፣ ደላሎች፣ የኮሚሽን ወኪሎች እና የአክሲዮን ደላሎች ንጽጽር እና ትርጓሜ
Aberham Yohanes
💼 የንግድ ተላላኪዎች እና እንደራሴዎች 🏪 የንግድ ወኪሎች 🤝 ደላሎች 📊 የኮሚሽን ወኪሎች እና የአክሲዮን ደላሎች
🚶 1. የንግድ ተላላኪዎች (Commercial Travelers)
• 📌 አንቀጽ 36፡ የንግድ ተላላኪዎች
• 🏠 መኖሪያ ቦታ፡ መኖሪያቸው የንግዱ መደብር ዋና መሥሪያ ቤት ባለበት ቦታ የሆነ።
• 📝 የሥራ ሁኔታ፡ ከነጋዴው ጋር በተዋዋሉት የሥራ ውል መሠረት የሚሠሩ።
• 🔄 ተግባር፡ ነጋዴው እያዘዛቸው ደንበኞች በሚገኙበት ቦታ እየተዘዋወሩ በነጋዴው ስምና ምትክ ዕቃ የሚያቀርቡ ወይም አገልግሎት የሚሰጡ።
• ⚖️ የሕግ ደረጃ፡ ነጋዴ አይደሉም (በቅጥር የሚሠሩ ናቸው)።
🌍 2. የንግድ እንደራሴዎች (Commercial Representatives)
• 📌 አንቀጽ 37፡ የንግድ እንደራሴዎች
• 📍 መኖሪያ ቦታ፡ መኖሪያቸው የወካዩ ነጋዴ ዋና መሥሪያ ቤት ባለበት ሥፍራ ያልሆነ።
• 🎯 ተግባር፡
◦ በተወሰኑ ቦታዎች የነጋዴውን ምርቶች እና አገልግሎቶች ማስተዋወቅ።
◦ የገበያ ጥናት ማካሄድ።
◦ ለነጋዴው ሥራ መስፋፋት የሚረዱ ተመሳሳይ ሥራዎችን ማከናወን።
• ⚖️ የሕግ ደረጃ፡ ነጋዴ አይደሉም።
✍️ 3. የንግድ ወኪል (Commercial Agent)
• 📌 አንቀጽ 42 - 52፡ የንግድ ወኪል
• 📖 ትርጓሜ፡ ከነጋዴው ጋር በሥራ ውል የተቀጠረ ሳይሆን ራሱን ችሎ የሚሠራ ሰው ወይም የንግድ ማኅበር።
• 🌐 የሥራ ወሰን፡ በተወሰነ ስፍራ ወይም ለተወሰኑ ደንበኞች ሁልጊዜ በነጋዴው ስምና ምትክ የሚሠራ ወይም ውል የሚዋዋል።
• ➕ ተጓዳኝ ሥራ፡ የውክልና ሥራውን እያከናወነ በተጓዳኝ የደላላነትም ሥራ መሥራት ይችላል።
• ⚖️ የሕግ ደረጃ፡ በሕጉ መሠረት በማንኛውም ሁኔታ ነጋዴ ተብሎ ይቆጠራል።
🔍 4. ደላላ (Broker)
• 📌 አንቀጽ 54 - 57፡ ደላላ
• 🤝 ትርጓሜ፡ ውል የሚዋዋሉ ሰዎችን (ሽያጭ፣ ኪራይ፣ ኢንሹራንስ፣ ማመላለሻ) ፈልገው የሚያገናኙና የሚያዋውሉ ሰዎች ወይም የንግድ ማኅበር።
• ⚙️ አሠራር፡ ራሱን የቻለ የሙያ ተግባር አድርገው ጥቅም ለማግኘት የሚሠሩ።
• ⚖️ የሕግ ደረጃ (አንቀጽ 54 ንዑስ 2)፡ የሚያስፈጽሟቸው ውሎች ዓይነት ወይም የሚያገናኟቸው ሰዎች ማንነት ሳይታይ በሕግ ረገድ ነጋዴዎች ተብለው ይጠራሉ።
💼 5. የኮሚሽን ወኪል (Commission Agent)
• 📌 አንቀጽ 58 - 60፡ የኮሚሽን ወኪል
• 📋 ትርጓሜ፡ ራሱን ችሎ፣ የሙያ ተግባሩ አድርጎ ስለ ወካይ ሆኖ በራሱ ስም ሸቀጦችን/ንብረቶችን የሚገዛ፣ የሚሸጥ ወይም የመጓጓዣ ውል የሚዋዋል ሰው ወይም የንግድ ማኅበር።
• 🔀 ዋና ልዩነት (ከንግድ ወኪል ጋር)፡
◦ ተራ የንግድ ወኪል፡ በወካዩ ስም ስለሚዋዋል በራሱ ላይ መብትና ግዴታ አይፈጥርም።
◦ የኮሚሽን ወኪል፡ ውሉን የሚያስረው በራሱ ስም (In his own name) በመሆኑ ለሦስተኛ ወገኖች እንደ ዋና ተዋዋይ ሆኖ ይቀርባል።
• 📈 የኢኮኖሚ ውጤት፡ ጥቅምና ኪሳራዎች በሙሉ በቀጥታ ወደ ወካዩ ይተላለፋሉ።
📉 6. የአክሲዮን ደላሎች (Stock Brokers)
• 🏦 የሕግ ማዕቀፍ፡ በአንቀጽ 60 ንዑስ አንቀጽ (1) መሠረት።
• 🏢 የሥራ ቦታ፡ በአክሲዮን ገበያ (Stock Market) ውስጥ የሚንቀሳቀሱ።
• ⭐ ልዩ ደረጃ፡ በሕግ ረገድ ተራ ደላላ ሳይሆኑ የኮሚሽን ወኪሎች ናቸው።
📊 ማጠቃለያ (ንጽጽር)የሕግ አካላቱ አጭር ንጽጽር
• 🛑 የቅጥር ሰራተኞች (ነጋዴ ያልሆኑ)፡ የንግድ ተላላኪዎች እና የንግድ እንደራሴዎች።
• ✅ ራሳቸውን ችለው የሚሠሩ (ነጋዴ የሆኑ)፡ የንግድ ወኪል፣ ደላላ እና የኮሚሽን ወኪል.
• 👤 በወካይ ስም የሚሠሩ፡ የንግድ ተላላኪ፣ የንግድ እንደራሴ እና የንግድ ወኪል.
• ✍️ በራሳቸው ስም የሚሠሩ፡ የኮሚሽን ወኪል (የአክሲዮን ደላሎችን ጨምሮ).
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Desalegn B. | 3 720 |
| 13 |  We need 2 have z guts 2 do that! | 1 396 |
| 14 |  We need to have the guts to do that! | 1 |
| 15 | Bu'uura Seera Deemsa Falmii Yakkaafi Ragaa Haarayaatiin Dhimma Yakkaa Federaalaafi Dhimma Yakkaa Naannoo Agarsiistuu Akkamiitiin Adda Baafanna? Gochi Yakkaa Qoricha Sammuu Namaa Adoochu Oomishuu ykn Seeraan Ala Naannessuutiin Walqabatu hoo Aangoo Mana Murtii Federaalaamoo Naannooti?
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✅Seerri Deemsa Falmii Yakkaafi Ragaa Haarayaan kwt 26 (1) mata duree 'የወንጀል የዳኝነት ሥልጣን ድልደላ' jedhu jalatti dhimmoota manneen murtii federaalaa aangoo waloo irratti qaban tarreesseera. Keewwatuma kana kwt xiqqaa (2) mata duree 'የክልል ፍርድ ቤቶች' jedhu jalatti immoo yakkoonni akkaataa raawwii isaaniitiin mootummaa naannoo irratti ykn daangaa bulchiinsaa naannoo tokkoo ol hin taane ilaalchisee raawwataman, fi dhimmoota manneen murtii federaalaatiif hin kennamne irratti manneen murtii naannolee aangoo abbaa seerummaa kan qaban ta'uu tumeera.
✅Seerri Adeemsaa kun bifuma qooddii aangoo mootummaa federaalaafi naannoo gidduutti taasifameen (akkuma Heerri kwt 51fi 52 jalatti qoode) walfakkaatuun (horizontally), aangoon abbaa seerummaa kan federaalaati jedhamee hin tarreeffamne kan Naannoo ta'uu haala agarsiisuun aangoo haftee (Residual Judicial Power) kan Naannoo taasiseera.
✅Seerichi kwt 25(4) jalatti immoo aangoon abbaa seerummaa seerota addaatiin addatti manneen murtiitiif kennaman akkuma jirutti ta'ee, aangoon abbaa seerummaa seera kana keessatti ibsame gabatee qaama seera kanaa ta'een qoodameera jedha. Ta'us, naannoleen haala qabatamaa isaanii irratti hundaa'uun aangoo abbaa seerummaa gabatee kanaan tarreeffamee qoodame gabatee ofiif baafataniin murteessuu kan danda'an akka ta'es ibseera. 🔛As irratti, dhimmi gabaticha keessatti ibsame akkuma seeraatti ilaalamee kan kabajamuu qabu ta'uu agarsiiseera.
✅Gama birootiin, Labsiin Manneen Murtii Federaalaa, Lakk.1234/2013 kwt 4(7) jalatti, dhimmi yakkoota qorichoota adagamoofi sammuu namaa adoochan seeraan ala naannessuun walqabatu, aangoo waloo manneen murtii federaalaa jalatti kan kufu ta'uu ifatti tumee ture. Haa ta'u malee, Seerri Deemsaa Falmii Yakkaa inni haarayaan, akka gabatee keessatti ibsuuf yaaletti, dhimmi qorichoota kana naannessuu akkuma haala isaatti dhimma federaalaa ykn dhimma naannoo akka ta'uu danda'u haala akeekuun tumeera. Haala kanaan, dhimma federaalaa yoo ta'e, Mana Murtii Sadarkaa Duraa Federaalaatiin, dhimma naannoo yoo ta'e immoo Mana Murtii Aanaa Naannootiin kan ilaalamuu danda'u akka ta'etti tumeera. Kunis, akkaataa raawwii yakkichaa ykn naannoo tokkoo ol waliin tuttuqaa qabaachuu irratti hundaa'ee kan ilaalamu ta'uu agarsiisa.
Hubachiisa:
👉Manni Maree Bakka Bu'oota Uummataa (HPR), yaada ka'umsaa dhimma Yakkaa ilaalchisee, seera adeemsaa (Criminal Procedure) isaas ta'e dhimma aangoo abbaa seerummaa isaa murteessuuf aangoo dhuunfaan qaba jedhu irraa ka'ee seera adeemsaa kana kan baase ta'uu isaa qabiyyee seerichaa ilaaluun hubachuun ni danda'ama.
👉Seerri adeemsaa kun isa dhumaa jedhamee miidiyaa hawaasaa irratti raabsamuun ala gaazexaa irratti maxxanfamuu isaa ilaalchisee wanti mirkanaa'e hin jiru.
❓❓Isin akkamitti hubattan? Mee waliin haa bilcheessinu.
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| 16 | "Arkitektichi (Diizayinerichi) haala addaatiin waliigaltee isaaniitiin bu'aa nan fida jedhee dirqama yoo seene malee bu'aa fiduu dhabuu isaatiin itti hin gaafatamu. Hariiroon kun hariiroo abukaatoofi maamila, akkasumas ogeessa yaalaafi dhukkubsataa gidduu jiru waliin walfakkaataadha. Gama birootiin, akkaataa waliigaltee ijaarsaatti itti gaafatamummaan kontiraakteraa bu'aa fiduudha. Kontiraakterri, sanadoota garaagaraa ijaarsa gaggeeffamu ibsan sirriitti hordofuun, akkasumas seerota rogummaa qaban kan waliigaltee ijaarsaa abbooman kabajuun ijaarsicha xumuree harkaan gahuuf dirqama qaba. Hojjechiisaan hojiin diizayiniidhaan ibsame dhugumatti lafa bu'ee kan hojjechuu danda'u ta'uu kontiraakteraaf mirkaneessuuf (wabummaa kennuuf) dirqama hin qabu. Kontiraakterri diizayinoota qorachuufi dogoggoroota ogeessaan adda bahuu danda'an hojjechiisaa isaatiif ykn injinera gorsaadhaaf beekisuu qaba. Dirqamni kun yeroo ammaa kanatti Labsii Gamoo Lakk.624/2001 kwt 53(1)(b) jalatti ifatti tumamee argama"
(Barreeffama Gabaabaa Mata Duree "አርክቴክቶቹ፣ስቪል መሐንዲሶቹ እና የሕግ ባለሙያዎቹ" Jedhuun Ogeessi 'ፋሲል ታደሰ' Jedhamu Barreesseefi olitti (👆👆👆) dhoobame keessaa kan fudhatame)
Hubachiisa:
👉Labsiin Lakk.624/2001 Labsii Lakk.1356/2017 fooyya'ee jira.
👉Sirnoota (Caaseffamoota) Piroojektiin Ijaarsaa Ittiin Raawwataman (Project Delivery Systems), kanneen akka Design-bid-build (DBB) fi Design-Build (DB) ilaalchisee ogeeyyiin garaagaraa bifa garaagaraatiin kan ibsan ta'ullee barreeffamni kun seenaa isaaniis dabalatee kan ibsuufi caalmaatti ifadha.
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| 17 | አርክቴክቶቹ 88919.pdf | 3 766 |
| 18 | Fasil on KText-13715-1-10-20230411.pdf | 4 249 |
| 19 | Seerri Maatii Oromiyaa, Labsiin Lakk.65/95fi 83/96 Duubatti Deebi'uun Gochoota Seerichi Bahuun Dura Bu'uura Seera Duraaniitiin Ulaagaa Guuttanii Raawwataman Irratti Raawwatiinsa Ni Qabaataa? Bu'aawwan Seera Qabeessa Argamanii Turan hoo Jijjiiruu Ni Danda'aa? Haala Kamiin?
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Waa'ee Mirgoota Bu'uura Seera Duraatiin Argamanii Turanii
1) Tumaan ifatti faallaa ta'e yoo jiraate malee, seerri kun raggaa'un dura haalawwan seera qabeessa turan argamsiisuudhaaf ulaagaalee seerri inni haaraan gaafatu isa duraa irraa otoo adda ta'anillee, haalawwan seera qabeessa ta'an kan bu'uura seera duraatiin argamanii turan akkuma ragga'anitti itti fufu.
2) Tumaan ifaan faallaa ta'e yoo jiraate malee, seerri kun raggaa'uun dura bu'ura seera duraatiin bu'aawwan seera qabeesssa ta'uudhaan argamanii turan seerri kun hin jijjiiru.
(Seera Maatii Oromiyaa, Labsii Lakk.65/95fi 83/96 kwt 337)
Hubachiisa:
👉Bu'uura seera kanaatiin Seerri Maatii duubatti deebi'ee 'retroactively' hojjechuuf seerumti mataan isaa nu qajeelchuu qaba.
👉Kana malees, seerichi mirgoota dursanii argaman, waliigalteewwan dursanii raawwatamaniif beekamtii kennuun tasgabbiin uumamuu ol'antummaan seeraa akka jiraatuuf gumaacha taasiseera. Wixineessi isaas hawwataadha.
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| 20 | Hiikkoowwan Seeraa Dhaddacha Ijibbaataa MMWFtiin Dhimma Yakka Ilaalchisee Kennaman Guyyaa Kamirraa Eegalanii Dirqisiisummaa Qabaatuu?
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Bu'aa Murtii Ijibbaataa
1) Hiikkoo Seeraa Dhaddachi Ijibbaataa MMWF dogoggorri bu'uuraa seeraa raawwatameera jechuun kennu, murtii dhaddachichaa ykn seera birootiin yoo jijjiirameen ala, manneen murtii sadarkaa kamirrayyuu jiran irratti dirqisiisummaa ni qabaata.
2) Dhaddachi Ijibbaataa kun hiikkoo seeraa dirqisiisaadha jechuun kenne adda baasee murtii isaa keessatti ifatti teechisuu qaba; dirqisiisaa kan ta'us guyyaa murtichi maxxanfame irraa eegalee ta'a.
(Seera Deemsa Falmii Yakkaa fi Ragaa Haarayaa isa dhumaa jedhamee bifa koodiitiin qophaa'ee kan Miidiyaa hawaasaa irratti raabsamaa jiru kwt 345 ilaali)
Hubachiisa:
✅Yaadni seera Adeemsa Falmii Yakkaafi Ragaa kana keessatti eerame qajeeltoo "Uummanni seeraan dirqisiifamuun dura seerichi maal akka ta'e beekuu danda'uu qaba" jedhuun kan wal simudha.
✅Labsiin Lakk.1234/2013 kwt 10(2) jalatti, hiikkoon seeraa dhaddachi Ijibbaataa MMWF abbootii seeraa shanii gadi hin taane irratti moggaafamuun kennan guyyaa murtichi kenname irraa kaasee manneen murtii naannoos ta’e federaalaa kan dirqisiisu ta'uun ibsameera. (Labsicha kwt 26(3)s ilaali)
✅Labsiin Manneen Murtii Naannoo keenyaa, Lakk.216/2011 kwt 29(3) jalatti, hiikkoon seeraa dirqisiisaan dhaddacha Ijibbaataa MMWOtiin kennamu dirqisiisummaa kan qabaatu yommuu karaa adda addaatiin Manneen Murtiitiif beeksifamu yookiin waliigaltee maxxanfamu dha jedha.
✅Hiikkoowwan Seeraa Dhaddacha Ijibbaataa MMWFtiin kennaman guyyaa kennaman irraa eegalee dirqisiisaadha haa jedhamaniyyuu malee yeroo ammaa kanatti, hiikkoowwan seeraa sirnaan hin maxxanfamin kun, manneen murtiitiif ykn qaamolee dhimma seeraa irratti qorannoo gaggeessaniifi leenjii kennaniif dhaqqabamummaa hin qaban. (Haalafi sababa hin beekamneen abukaattoota dhuunfaatiin walitti qabamanii baasii nama baasisuun kan argamanidha) Kanaan walqabatee waan ajaa'ibsiisaafi yaaddessaatu jira!
✅Seerri adeemsaa kun isa dhumaa jedhamee miidiyaa hawaasaa irratti raabsamuun ala gaazexaa irratti maxxanfamuu isaa ilaalchisee wanti mirkanaa'e hin jiru.
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Desalegn B. | 4 632 |
