Upsc prelims
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Upsc prelims (@studytoday1) Ingliz til segmentidagi kanali faol ishtirokchi. Hozirda hamjamiyat 45 643 obunachidan iborat bo'lib, Taʼlim toifasida 3 877-o'rinni va Hindiston mintaqasida 8 085-o'rinni egallagan.
📊 Auditoriya ko‘rsatkichlari va dinamika
невідомо sanasidan buyon loyiha tez o‘sib, 45 643 obunachiga ega bo‘ldi.
05 Sentabr, 2026 dagi oxirgi ma’lumotlarga ko‘ra kanal barqaror faollikka ega. Oxirgi 30 kunda obunachilar soni -661 ga, so‘nggi 24 soatda esa -15 ga o‘zgardi va umumiy qamrov yuqori darajada qolmoqda.
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Kanal postlari
Repost from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
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| 2 |  🔆 Girmitiyas
📍 Context:
India’s External Affairs Minister is visiting Jamaica, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago, highlighting India’s deep historical and cultural ties through the Girmitiya communities.
📍 About Girmitiyas
▪ Meaning:
Girmitiyas were Indian indentured labourers who migrated to British colonies during the mid-to-late 19th century for plantation work.
▪ Timeline:
◦ Large-scale migration began after the British Slavery Abolition Act, 1833, which created labour shortages in colonies.
▪ Origin of the Term “Girmit”:
◦ Derived from the mispronunciation of the English word “Agreement”, referring to labour contracts signed by workers.
▪ Other Names:
◦ Also called Jahazis/Jahajis, symbolising their shared ship journey to foreign lands.
📍 Source Regions in India
▪ Most migrants came from:
◦ Eastern United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh)
◦ Bihar
▪ Main reasons for migration:
◦ Poverty
◦ Unemployment
◦ Agrarian distress and poor agricultural conditions
📍 Major Destinations
▪ Caribbean:
◦ Trinidad & Tobago
◦ Guyana
◦ Suriname
◦ Jamaica
▪ Other Regions:
◦ Mauritius
◦ Fiji
◦ South Africa
📍 Key Features of Girmitiya Migration
▪ Migration Conditions:
◦ Though migration promised employment, workers often faced low wages, poor living conditions, and exploitation.
▪ Cultural Continuity:
◦ Preserved Indian traditions through festivals like:
▪ Diwali
▪ Ramleela
▪ Hosay
◦ Maintained folk music traditions using instruments like dholak and harmonium.
▪ Language and Identity:
◦ Languages such as Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi continue to influence cultural identity in countries like Mauritius, Fiji, and Suriname.
📍 Significance
▪ Girmitiya communities form a strong cultural bridge between India and the Indian diaspora across the Caribbean, Africa, and the Pacific.
▪ They symbolize resilience, cultural preservation, and the global spread of Indian heritage.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history | 81 |
| 3 |  🔆 SEA OF AZOV
📍 Why in News?
✅ Ukraine has reportedly struck five ships allegedly carrying illegal cargo in the Sea of Azov, highlighting its strategic importance in the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
📍 Location
✅ Located in Eastern Europe
✅ Bordered by Russia (east) and Ukraine (north and west)
✅ Crimean Peninsula lies to its west
✅ Connected to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait
📍 Connectivity
✅ Linked to the Atlantic Ocean via:
Black Sea → Sea of Marmara → Aegean Sea → Mediterranean Sea → Atlantic Ocean
📍 Key Features
✅ Shallowest sea in the world
✅ Average depth: 7 metres (23 feet)
✅ Characterised by low salinity due to heavy freshwater inflow
📍 Major Rivers
✅ Don River
✅ Kuban River
➡️ These rivers significantly reduce the sea’s salinity.
📍 Important Geographical Feature
✅ Arabat Spit – a 113 km-long sandbar, one of the longest in Europe
📍 Major Ports
✅ Ukraine: Mariupol, Berdyansk
✅ Russia: Yeysk, Taganrog
📍 Strategic Importance
✅ Acts as a crucial maritime route for trade and energy transport
✅ Supports fisheries and regional commerce
✅ Holds significant geopolitical and military importance due to its connection with the Black Sea and proximity to conflict zones
🎯 UPSC Prelims Fact: The Sea of Azov is the world’s shallowest sea and is connected to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait.
#places_in_news | 131 |
| 4 | +2 MODERN HISTORY MAINS SHORT NOTES (Anmol Vachan)
Ditch the 500-page bulky books! Conquer Modern History with high-yield, examiner-mapped blueprints.
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✅ 46 Crisp Pages: Complete chronological breakdown of modern events and freedom struggles.
✅ Theme-Based Layout: Structured segregation of major historical milestones.
✅ Visual Assets: timelines, and integrated rough facts for rapid retention.
✅ Revision Friendly: Visual layouts built to memorize keywords in minutes.
✅ Secure Delivery: High-quality PNG Images sent directly on Telegram (No PDF/Save option).
🎯 Decode Modern History with laser-sharp precision!
💸 Price: ₹199 ₹99 Only (First 100 students)
📩 Contact: https://t.me/Mains_Short_notes_bot
⚡ Save 100+ hours of exhausting reading with a single click! | 12 |
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| 10 |  🔆 BIO-NIVESH: Bridging the Funding Gap in India’s Biotechnology Ecosystem
📍 Why in News?
🟢 The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) launched BIO-NIVESH on 3 September 2026 to bring biotechnology innovators and private investors together and mobilise capital for biotech scale-up.
🟢 The inaugural edition saw 20 biotech/deep-tech startups interact with around 50 curated investors.
📍 What is BIO-NIVESH?
🟢 A recurring investor–innovator engagement platform, not a separate fund or scheme.
🟢 Organised by BIRAC (Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council) under the DBT.
🟢 Covers biotech and deep-tech startups in health, agriculture, environment and industrial biotechnology.
🟢 Startups are selected based on innovation, development stage, market potential, scalability and regulatory readiness.
📍 The Core Problem: ‘Valley of Death’
🟢 Many innovations fail to move from laboratory proof-of-concept to commercial-scale production due to lack of adequate capital.
🟢 Biotechnology requires long development cycles (10–15 years), high regulatory compliance and substantial investment.
🟢 These characteristics make it less attractive for conventional short-cycle venture capital.
📍 How Will BIO-NIVESH Help?
🟢 Creates structured interaction between vetted startups and curated investors.
🟢 Helps investors understand biotechnology’s scientific, regulatory and commercial risks.
🟢 Helps innovators understand investors’ due-diligence and investment requirements.
🟢 The government acts as a risk-reducer and catalyst, rather than replacing private investment.
📍 India’s Growing Bioeconomy
🟢 India’s bioeconomy grew from around ₹0.1 lakh crore in 2014 to ₹4 lakh crore (~$50 billion) in 2024.
🟢 India aims to build a ₹20 lakh crore (~$250 billion) bioeconomy by 2030.
🟢 India has over 6,900 registered biotech startups and is the third-largest biotechnology destination in the Asia-Pacific.
🟢 Serum Institute of India produces around 60% of global vaccine doses by volume.
📍 Policy Linkages
🟢 Aligns with the National Biopharma Mission and BioE3 Policy — Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment.
🟢 BIRAC has been designated a Second-Level Fund Manager for the ₹1 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Fund.
🟢 The model draws inspiration from private-sector participation in the space ecosystem through IN-SPACe and NSIL.
📍 Challenges
🟢 A networking platform alone may not solve the funding gap without patient capital and long-term investment incentives.
🟢 Regulatory delays involving bodies such as CDSCO and GEAC remain a major bottleneck.
🟢 Startups require safeguards for intellectual property and confidential data during investor engagement.
🟢 Building a few large “anchor biotech companies” could risk crowding out smaller innovators.
📍 Way Forward
🟢 Develop a deeper ecosystem of long-term domestic patient capital.
🟢 Streamline regulatory pathways for biotech innovation.
🟢 Strengthen IP protection and confidential investor engagement mechanisms.
🟢 Scale BIO-NIVESH beyond Delhi to build a nationwide biotech investment network.
✎ MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
India’s biotechnology sector has grown rapidly but continues to struggle with the ‘valley of death’ between scientific innovation and commercial scale. Evaluate the role of government-led platforms like BIO-NIVESH in bridging this gap and discuss the structural reforms necessary to build a self-sustaining private investment ecosystem for deep-science startups.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
#goverment_schemes
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| 11 |  🔆 LiDAR Survey of Lakkundi’s Hidden Monuments
📍 Why in News?
🟢 Karnataka’s Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage (DAMH) has signed an MoU with the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bengaluru for a LiDAR survey of Lakkundi in Gadag district.
📍 Objective
🟢 Locate hidden monuments, wells and temples dating from the 10th–12th centuries CE, many of which are obscured by vegetation.
📍 Technologies Used
🟢 LiDAR, GIS mapping, remote sensing, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), drones and photogrammetry.
🟢 NIAS will study historical photographs, scan the area and identify potential sites for excavation.
📍 Historical Significance of Lakkundi
🟢 Known as Lokki-Gundi in inscriptions.
🟢 An important centre of Indian architectural history, with conserved monuments belonging to the Kalyana-Chalukya period.
🟢 Its temples display the Vesara style, a hybrid blending Nagara, Dravida and Bhumija architectural traditions.
📍 Significance of the Survey
🟢 Supports scientific documentation and sustainable conservation of heritage.
🟢 May reveal previously unknown archaeological remains.
🟢 Strengthens Lakkundi’s case for a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site nomination.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
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| 15 | 🔆 RBSK 2.0 Guidelines Released (Child Health Initiative)
📍 About RBSK (Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram)
✅ Launched under: National Health Mission (NHM)
✅ Objective: Early screening + intervention for children (0–18 years)
✅ Covers 4Ds:
• Defects at birth
• Diseases
• Deficiencies
• Developmental delays
📍 Key Highlights of RBSK 2.0
✅ Expanded 4Ds Framework: Now includes NCDs, mental health, behavioural issues
✅ Lifecycle Approach: Continuous care across all growth stages (not one-time screening)
✅ Digital Health Cards: Better tracking of child health records
✅ Stronger Referral Linkages: Ensures continuity of care
✅ Multi-sectoral Convergence: Integration across health, nutrition, education sectors
📍 National Health Mission (NHM)
✅ Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
✅ Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
✅ Aim: Universal, affordable & quality healthcare
✅ Sub-Missions:
• National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
• National Urban Health Mission (NUHM)
🔆 Related Update: Childhood Diabetes Guidelines
📍 Key Points
✅ India’s first national framework for childhood diabetes management
✅ Focus on standardized treatment + long-term care
📍 About Diabetes Mellitus
✅ Definition: Metabolic disease with high blood glucose levels
✅ Main Types:
• Type 1: Lack of insulin → requires daily insulin
• Type 2: Body cannot use insulin properly
✅ Other Types:
• Gestational diabetes (during pregnancy)
• Neonatal diabetes
📍 Significance
✅ Addresses rising NCD burden in children
✅ Strengthens preventive + early detection healthcare
✅ Aligns with holistic child development approach
#goverment_schemes
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| 16 | 🔆 Lucknow Pact, 1916
📍 What was the Lucknow Pact?
🟢 The Lucknow Pact (1916) was an agreement that brought together the Congress and the Muslim League on a common set of political demands.
🟢 Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant played leading roles in bringing the Pact into existence.
🟢 It also marked the reunion of the Moderates and Extremists within the Congress.
📍 Importance & Significance
🟢 Extremists readmitted: The Extremists were readmitted into the Congress under the presidency of Ambika Charan Majumdar.
🟢 End of the Surat Split: Moderates and Extremists realised the damaging consequences of the 1907 Surat Split, which had contributed to political inactivity.
🟢 Congress–League unity: For the first time, the Congress and the Muslim League came together for common constitutional demands.
🟢 Minority concerns: It reflected the Congress’s sincere attempt to address minority fears regarding majority domination.
🟢 Change within the League: The Pact reflected a shift in the Muslim League’s position under younger nationalists with a more anti-imperialist orientation.
📍 Main Features
🟢 Self-government: There should be self-government in India.
🟢 India Council: The India Council should be abolished.
🟢 Secretary of State: His salary should be paid by the British Government and not from Indian revenues.
🟢 Separation of powers: The executive should be separated from the judiciary.
🟢 Central representation: Muslims should receive one-third representation in the Central Government.
🟢 Separate electorates: Separate electorates for all communities should continue until the communities themselves demanded joint electorates.
🟢 Weightage: Minority communities should receive political representation greater than their proportional share of the population.
🟢 Central Legislative Council: Its membership should be increased to 150.
🟢 Term: The Legislative Council should have a five-year term.
🟢 President: Members of the Legislative Council should elect their own president.
🟢 Indian representation: Half the members of the Imperial Legislative Council should be Indians.
📍 Provincial Legislative Councils
🟢 Four-fifths of members should be elected and one-fifth nominated.
🟢 Muslim representation in provincial legislatures should be determined province by province.
🟢 All members, except nominated members, should be elected directly on the basis of adult franchise.
📍 Prelims Quick Revision
🟢 Year: 1916
🟢 Key leaders: Tilak and Annie Besant
🟢 Congress President: Ambika Charan Majumdar
🟢 Major outcomes: Congress–League cooperation + reunion of Moderates and Extremists
🟢 Political principle: Separate electorates and weightage for minorities
#history #prelims #mains
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| 18 |  🔆 Dravida Style of Temple Architecture
📍 Basic Features
🟢 The Dravida temple is generally enclosed within a compound wall.
🟢 The entrance gateway in the front wall is known as a gopuram.
🟢 The main temple tower, known as the vimana, is shaped like a stepped pyramid rising geometrically.
🟢 In Tamil Nadu, the term shikhara refers only to the crowning element at the top of the temple, unlike the broader use of the term in North Indian temples.
🟢 This crowning element is usually shaped like a small stupika or an octagonal cupola, equivalent to the amalaka and kalasha of North Indian temples.
🟢 A large water reservoir or temple tank is commonly found within the temple complex.
🟢 Subsidiary shrines may be incorporated within the main temple tower or located as separate small shrines beside the main temple.
📍 Five Basic Shapes of Dravida Architecture
🟢 Square: Known as Kuta or Caturasra.
🟢 Rectangular: Known as Shala or Ayatasra.
🟢 Elliptical: Known as Gaja-prishta or Vrittayata, meaning elephant-backed. Derived from wagon-vaulted forms of apsidal chaityas and usually associated with a horseshoe-shaped entrance façade called a Nasi.
🟢 Circular: Known as Vritta.
🟢 Octagonal: Known as Ashtasra.
📍 Prelims Quick Revision
🟢 Entrance gateway → Gopuram
🟢 Main temple tower → Vimana
🟢 Top crowning element → Shikhara
🟢 Temple water reservoir → Temple tank
🟢 Kuta/Caturasra → Square
🟢 Shala/Ayatasra → Rectangular
🟢 Gaja-prishta/Vrittayata → Elliptical
🟢 Vritta → Circular
🟢 Ashtasra → Octagonal
📍 Key Takeaway
🟢 The Dravida style is characterised by its walled temple complex, monumental entrance gateway, stepped pyramidal vimana, temple tank and varied geometric forms of subsidiary shrines.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
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https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture | 206 |
| 19 | Economic Terminology - Prelims 2027.pdf | 79 |
| 20 |  250+ Key Economic Terminology | By Arvind Kayande (MBA - Finance)
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