JUMBO Study group

🇮🇳India’s RAW is One of the DEADLIEST Intelligence Agencies in the World as per New success rate. More Than 15 Terrorist Masterminds and Leaders Killed by Unknowns in the Last 5 Years 🇵🇰 Hamza Burhan (Al-Badr, Pulwama) – May 2026 🇵🇰 Sheikh Yusuf Afridi (LeT) – Apr 2026 🇵🇰 Razaullah Nizamani (LeT) – May 2025 🇵🇰 Mudassar Khadian Khas (LeT) – May 2025 🇵🇰 Hafiz Muhammed Jameel (JeM) – May 2025 🇵🇰 Mohammad Yusuf Azhar (JeM) – May 2025 🇵🇰 Khalid (Abu Akasha) (LeT) – May 2025 🇵🇰 Mohammad Hassan Khan (JeM) – May 2025 🇵🇰 Shahid Latif (JeM, Pathankot) – Oct 2023 🇵🇰 Riyaz Ahmad (Abu Qasim) (LeT) – Sep 2023 🇵🇰 Bashir Ahmad Peer (HM) – Feb 2023 🇵🇰 Paramjit Singh Panjwar (KCF) – 2023/24 🇵🇰 Zahid Akhund (IC-814) – Karachi 🇵🇰 Saleem Rehmani – 2022/23 🇮🇳 Mohammad Ismail Alvi (JeM, Pulwama) – Jul 2021

🚨 Top 10 states with highest GDP as of FY25. 1. Maharashtra - ₹45.3 lakh crore 2. Tamil Nadu - ₹31.2 lakh crore 3. Uttar Pradesh - ₹29.8 lakh crore 4. Karnataka - ₹28.8 lakh crore 5. Gujarat - ₹27.9 lakh crore 6. West Bengal - ₹18.2 lakh crore 7. Rajasthan - ₹17 lakh crore 8. Telangana - ₹16.4 lakh crore 9. Andhra Pradesh - ₹15.9 lakh crore 10. Madhya Pradesh - ₹15 lakh crore (National Statistical Office)

रणपती शिवराय...❤️

प्रतिपच्चंद्रलेखेव वर्धिष्णुर्विश्ववंदिता । शाहसूनोः शिवस्यैषा मुद्रा भद्राय राजते ॥ 🚩🚩🚩

The *Lok Sabha defeated the Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026, aimed at advancing the 33% women's reservation without waiting for the mandated delimitation exercise.*

🛡️ *AD HOC JUDGE* ♟️When there is a lack of quorum of the permanent judges to hold or continue any session of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of India can appoint a judge of a High Court as an ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. ♟️He can do so only after consultation with the chief justice of the High Court concerned and with the previous consent of the president. ♟️The judge so appointed should be qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court. ♟️It is the duty of the judge so appointed to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court, in priority to other duties of his office. While so attending, he enjoys all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges (and discharges the duties) of a judge of the Supreme Court.

*🛡️Official Language* ♟️According to Part 17 Article 343 of the Indian Constitution, the Union's official language is Hindi and the script is Devanagari. ♟️Under Article 344, there is a provision for the President to appoint a commission to advise on certain matters related to the official language. ♟️The first Official Language Commission was constituted in 1955. ♟️The original Constitution included a total of 14 languages. ♟️According to the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, currently a total of 22 languages are recognized as official languages. ♟️Article 345 provides provisions related to the official languages of the states. ♟️Under Article 348, provisions are made for the language to be used in the High Court, Supreme Court, Parliament, and State Legislatures. ♟️Under Article 120, provisions are made for the language to be used in Parliament.

*🛡️Retired Judge* ♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. ♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed. ♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine. ♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

🛡️ *Significance Of Fundamental Duties* ♟️They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens. ♟️They serve as a warning against the anti-national and anti-social activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on. ♟️They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. ♟️They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. ♟️They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalty or punishment for failure to fulfil any of them.

*🛡️Important case laws related to Constitution of India:* *1 S.R.Bommai v.UOI:* (1994) Federalism I Secularism Artilcle 356 and floor test. S. R. Bommai case was a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had a huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed on state governments. *2 Samsher Singh v. State of punjab: (1974)* Function of President/Governor with aid and advice of Council of Ministers *3 Maneka Gandhi v. UOI: (1978)* Article 21 Right to travel abroad (Article 14, 19 and 21) *4 Indra Sawhney v. UOI: (1992)* SCC - Mandal Commission *5 C. Golaknath case (1967):* Validity of the First and Seventeenth Amendments and described the scope of Article 13 *6 Kesvananda Bharti case (1973):* Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution *7 Menaka Gandhi case (1978):* Significant towards the transformation of the judicial review *8 Waman Rao Case (1981):* Validity of 9th Schedule.

*🛡️Question Hour* ♟️The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this. ♟️During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely, starred, unstarred and short notice. ♟️A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow. ♟️An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow. ♟️A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.

*🛡️Retired Judge* ♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. ♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed. ♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine. ♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

*🛡️Sixth Schedule* ♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution. *💎Advantages* ♟️Democratic devolution of powers ♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region ♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land ♟️Enhance transfer of funds *💎Issues* ♟️Limited geographical coverage ♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption ♟️Financial dependency over state authority ♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers ♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega. ♟️Lack of codification of customary laws ♟️Lack of skilled professionals. ♟️Creation of elected village councils ♟️Regular election by state election commission ♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws ♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.