Hakim

Strengthening Minimally Invasive Surgery at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), in collaboration with MIS Africa and HOLA Academy, has successfully conducted a collaborative surgical initiative aimed at advancing minimally invasive surgical services and strengthening local surgical capacity. The initiative featured the participation of international expert Dr. Khaleel Abdulkader A.P., Consultant Laparoscopic Surgeon, specializing in proctology, endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), and podiatry. During the collaboration, several advanced minimally invasive surgical procedures were performed, including: 🔹 Laser proctology: Laser hemorrhoidectomy and laser lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS), representing a first-of-its-kind initiative in Ethiopia. 🔹 Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA): A minimally invasive treatment for varicose veins. 🔹 Laparoscopic hernia repair: Transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair. Beyond the procedures performed, this initiative represents an important milestone in advancing modern surgical care at SPHMMC. It provides a valuable platform for knowledge exchange, hands-on learning, and professional collaboration, while laying the foundation for continued training, sustainable capacity building, and future international partnerships. Acknowledgment and Appreciation We would like to express our sincere appreciation to: Dr. Efeson Thomas MD, ECSA Founder and CEO of MIS Africa and an expert in colorectal  and Minimal access GK surgery, for his leadership and commitment to advancing minimally invasive surgery. Mr. Biroj Battakkandy, Founder of HOLLA Academy and the HOLLA Group of Companies, for his valuable contribution to this collaboration. Dr. Khaleel Abdulkader A.P., for sharing his expertise and contributing to this important surgical initiative. Dr. Helina Amare and Dr. Biniam Addis, General Surgeons and former MIS trainee, for their participation and contributions to the initiative. We extend our gratitude to all the teams and partners whose dedication and collaboration made this initiative possible. Together, we look forward to building a stronger foundation for minimally invasive surgery in Ethiopia through continued training, innovation, and international collaboration. #SPHMMC #MISAfrica #HOLA Academy #MinimallyInvasiveSurgery  #CapacityBuilding #InternationalCollaboration Prwpared by Dr. Biniam Addis, Assistant  Professor Surgery  SPHMMC. @HakimEthio

Dr. Seid Mohammed's research project on bone-marrow derived cell therapy for cartilage restoration has been selected for the ISAKOS Excellence in Authorship Program 2026–2027. @HakimEthio

Dr. Hale Teka has received Mekelle University's 2026 Community Service Excellence Award. @HakimEthio

"የስኳር በሽታ ይድናል?" "የስኳር በሽታ ይድናል ወይ?" የሚል በተደጋጋሚ የሚስተዋል ጥያቄ፣ እልባት ይሰጣል ብዬ የማስበውን ላጋራችሁ። የስኳር በሽታ ሊድንም ላይድንም ይችላል። እንዴት? እስከመጨረሻው ብታነቡት በትህትና እጠይቃለሁ። አንድ ሰው በስኳር በሽታ እንዲጠቃ የሚያደርጉ ምክንያቶች 2 ናቸው። አንደኛው ምክንያት ጤናማ ያልሆነ አኗኗር (ይህም ጤናማ ያልሆነ አመጋገብን መከተል፣ አካላዊ እንቅስቃሴ አለማድረግ፣ ውፍረት፣ ወዘተ) ሲሆን፣ ሁለተኛው ደግሞ በዘር የሚተላለፍ የስኳር በሽታ ተጋላጭነት ነው። የነዚህ 2 አጋላጭ ሁኔታዎች በሁሉም የስኳር ታማሚዎች ላይ እኩል ሚና የላቸው። አንዳንድ ታማሚዎች ጤናማ ያልሆነ አኗኗራቸው ስኳር በሽታ እንዲይዛቸው ዋነኛው ምክንያት ይሆናል። ይህ ማለት ግን በቤተሰብ የሚተላለፍ አጋላጭ ሁኔታ ሚናው አነስተኛ ቢሆን እንጂ ሙሉ በሙሉ የለም ማለት አይደለም። ይህ እጋላጭ ሁኔታ ባይኖርማ፣ ውፍረት ያላቸው ሁሉም የስኳር በሽታ ተጠቂ ይሆኑ ነበር። ነገር ግን ከፍተኛ ውፍረት ካላቸው 3 ሰዎች ውስጥ ስኳር በሽታ የሚከሰትበት አንድ ሰው ነው። ልብ ማለት ያለብን ይህን ያነሳሁበት ምክንያት፣ ጤናማ ካልሆነ አኗኗር ውጪ ሌላ አጋላጭ ሁኔታ፣ ማለትም በቤተሰብ የሚተላለፍ አጋላጭነት እንዳለ ለማስረገጥ ነው እንጂ፣ ጤናማ ያልሆነ አኗኗር ለስኳር በሽታ አጋላጭ እንደሆነ መረሳት የለበትም። ይህን ሁኔታ የሚያጠናክርልን ሌላ ማሳያ፣ አንዳንድ ስኳር ያላቸው ታማሚዎች ክብደታቸው ኖርማል ሆኖም (አንዳንዶቹም ከኖርማል ክብደት በታች ሆኖውም)፣ አመጋገባቸውም ተቆጣጥረው፣ አካላዊ እንቅስቃሴም እያደረጉም፣ የስኳር ታማሚ ሆነው መድሃኒት የሚያስፈልጋቸው አሉ። የእነዚህ ታማሚዎች ስኳር በሽታ እንዲከሰትባቸው አስተዋፅኦ ያደረገው በቤተሰብ የሚተላለፍ አጋላጭ ሁኔታ ምክንያት እንጂ፣ ጤናማ ባልሆነ አኗኗር እንዳልሆነ ግልፅ ነው። ይህን መረዳት የሚያስፈልገው ፣ የስኳር በሽታ ህክምናን በተመለከተ የምናስቀምጠው ግብ ምን መሆን እንዳለበት በግልፅ እንድናውቅ ይረዳናል። የህክምናው ግብ መሆን ያለበት እንደሚከተለው ነው። በዋናነት ጤናማ አኗኗር ባለመከተል ስኳር የተከሰተባቸው ታማሚዎች፣ አኗኗራቸውን በማስተካከል (ጤናማ አመጋገብን በመከተል፣ ክብደታቸውን በመቀነስ፣አካላዊ እንቅስቃሴ በማድረግ) የስኳር በሽታው የሚስተካከልበት ሁኔታ አለ። እነዚህ ታማሚዎች ከላይ እንደጠቀስኩት፣ ስኳር በሽታ እንዲከሰትባቸው ያደረገው ዋናው ምክንያት ጤናማ ያልሆነ አኗኗር ስለሆነ ነው። በሌላ በኩል፣ ጤናማ አኗኗር እየተከተሉም የስኳር በሽታ የተከሰተባቸው፣ የስኳር በሽታውን ለማከም መድሃኒት መውሰድ ግድ ይሆንባቸዋል። እነዚህ ታማሚዎች፣ የስኳር በሽታው እንዲከሰትባቸው ያደረገው ዋናው ምክንያት በቤተሰብ የሚተላለፍ አጋላጭነት ስላላቸው ነው። የስኳር በሽታ ሙሉ በሙሉ ይድናል ብሎ በመናገር፣ ስኳር በሽታ ያላቸውን ታማሚዎች ለመዳን ያላቸውን ፍላጎትና ጉጉት የማማለል ተግባር፣ ኢ-ሳይንሳዊና ኢ-ሞራላዊ እንደሆነ መታወቅ አለበት። ሁሉም የስኳር ታማሚዎች የበሽታቸው ሁኔታ አንድ አንዳልሆነና፣ ለአንዱ ታማሚ የሚሰራው ህክምና ለሌላው ላይሰራ እንደሚችል መገንዘብ ያስፈልጋል። የስኳር ታማሚዎችን ትክክለኛ መረጃ ሳይሰጡ፣ ከላይ የጠቀስኳቸውን ሁኔታዎችን ሆን ብሎ የመተው ተግባር፣ የህክምና አገልግሎት በመስጠት ስም የmarketing ወይም ደንበኛን የመሳብ ስራ እንደሆነ መታወቅ አለበት። Dr. Mohamed Abdulkadir: Internist, Cardiologist @HakimEthio

Based on previous experiences, ERMP Registration is expected to be between November and December 2026. Prepare Early with NEUS! What do we have in general at www.neusmedical.com ? 1️⃣ Q Banks National QBanks ✅ ERMP 2019 - 2025 ✅ Medical COC 2023 - 2026 ✅ Medical Exit exam 2024 - 2026 ✅ NGAT/GAT 2020 - 2026 International Q Banks ✅ UWorld USMLE step 1, 2025 ✅ UWorld USMLE step 2 CK, 2025 ✅ Amboss USMLE step 1, 2025 ✅ Amboss USMLE step 2 CK, 2025 ✅ Mehlman USMLE Step 1, 2026 ✅ NBME  Comprehensive Clinical Science for USMLE step 1 (upto form 33) ✅ NBME Comprehensive Clinical Science for USMLE Step 2 CK ( Upto form 16) ✅ NBME - CMS ( Clinical Master Series) To be added Soon ✅ Mehlman USMLE  Step 2 CK ✅ USMLE-Rx – Step 1 ✅ USMLE-Rx – Step 2 CK ✅ PassMedicine USMLE Step 1 ✅ UWorld USMLE Step 1 2026 ✅ UWorld USMLE Step2 CK 2026 ✅ GulfMedicalExams (DHA, DOH, MOH, SMLE, .....) 2️⃣ Lecture Videos 3️⃣ Reading Materials (Book store) 4️⃣ Updated Clinical Guidelines 5️⃣ Updated International Reference Books 6️⃣ Recent Published Medical articles 7️⃣ Many more We have the superwebapp having all in one 🌐 Subscribe here: www.neusmedical.com 📱 Follow us: @Nitsbinteam | @NEUSofficial | @NEUSscholarships 📞 For Support Regarding NEUS: DM t.me/NEUSguide or call 0909111188 Nitsbin (ንጽቢን) =  Book of medicine in Ge'eze Language Medicine is not only a science, But also an art Dr. Mulualem Gashaw Internal Medicine Resident, AAU Founder and CEO of NEUS (Nitsbin PLC) @HakimEthio

Bridging Two Worlds: From Digital Connection to Real-World Impact Over the past nearly five years, I have learned that meaningful change often requires us to work across two different but deeply connected worlds: the physical world, where geography, borders, regulations, resources, and institutions shape what we can do, and the digital world, where ideas, knowledge, and professional relationships can cross borders almost instantly. While the physical world often creates limitations through distance, regulations, bureaucracy, and resource constraints, the digital world provides an unprecedented opportunity to connect people, institutions, expertise, and ideas across geographical boundaries. In the physical world, moving people, equipment, technology, and resources across borders can be challenging. Visas, customs procedures, regulatory requirements, financial limitations, institutional processes, and geographical distance can significantly slow international collaboration, particularly in resource-limited settings. In contrast, the digital world allows knowledge and ideas to travel rapidly through professional networks, academic platforms, medical communities, social media, and other communication channels. A local challenge can therefore become visible to an international community, creating opportunities to connect with people who share similar professional interests, values, and commitment to solving important problems. For me, digital engagement has never been simply about maintaining an online presence. It has been about purposeful networking and identifying people, who share a commitment to improving healthcare, strengthening professional skills, transferring technology, and creating opportunities for communities that need those most. Digital world need strong penetration skill to reach people who share your idea, passion and understand your vision. To expand your idea and reach to your target audience it really needs your commitment, sustainability and consistence. Through this complex process, relationships have developed with surgeons, professors, universities, non-governmental organizations, volunteers, and other professionals from different parts of the world. These connections have gradually developed into practical forms of collaboration, including professional advice, training, equipment support, technology transfer, visiting expert programs, research collaboration, and opportunities for professional development. However, digital connections alone cannot create sustainable impact. The real value comes from transforming digital relationships into action in the physical world. The development of laparoscopic surgery and surgical capacity at Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital over nearly five years is one example of this process. What began in a resource-constrained environment gradually developed through local commitment, international networking, training, technology transfer, equipment support, visiting experts, and collaboration with partners from different countries. These efforts have helped translate global knowledge and professional relationships into practical healthcare services and capacity development for the local community. The journey has not been easy. It has involved complex procedures, institutional requirements, regulatory challenges, logistical difficulties, different interests, limited resources, and many unexpected obstacles. There have been difficult and uncomfortable moments, but having a clear vision, remaining persistent, building relationships, and continuing to work despite challenges have helped transform an idea into practical impact. This experience has reinforced my belief that a clear vision combined with meaningful collaboration can create opportunities even in highly challenging environments. I strongly believe that the digital world can serve as a bridge to the physical world. Digital connectivity can open doors to knowledge, expertise, partnerships, technology, and resources, but sustainable community impact requires bringing these opportunities to the ground through training, technology transfer, institutional collaboration, research, and improved healthcare services. The ultimate purpose of digital networking should therefore not be visibility alone, but the creation of meaningful relationships that lead to measurable and sustainable impact. I sincerely thank everyone who has supported this journey—those who have read, liked, shared, reposted, discussed, encouraged, and supported these ideas. I especially appreciate those who went beyond online engagement and were willing to work with us through difficult and unfamiliar circumstances to create real impact on the ground for communities in need. Every connection, conversation, and collaboration has contributed to building a growing community committed to knowledge exchange, capacity development, and equitable access to training, skills, and technology. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to Madda Walabu University and  Goba Referral Hospital for real support.. I am also grateful to Ethiopia for opening the door to the digital world and allowing ideas, professional relationships, knowledge, and opportunities from around the world to connect with local needs and priorities. This nearly five-year journey has taught me that building sustainable impact takes time, vision, patience, persistence, collaboration, and the courage to continue even when the path is complex. This journey is not the end, but a foundation for what comes next. By continuing to connect the digital world with the physical world, we can transform relationships into collaboration, collaboration into action, and action into sustainable community impact. What begins as an idea can become a connection, a connection can become collaboration, collaboration can become action, and action can ultimately create meaningful change for communities in need. Dr. Kebebe bekele Associate professor of general surgery in MWU Country director of Skill Bridge initiative President of Rotary club of Goba CPD Committee member of surgical society Kebebeb21@gmail.com @HakimEthio

Bridging Two Worlds: From Digital Connection to Real-World Impact Over the past nearly five years, I have learned that meaningful change often requires us to work across two different but deeply connected worlds: the physical world, where geography, borders, regulations, resources, and institutions shape what we can do, and the digital world, where ideas, knowledge, and professional relationships can cross borders almost instantly. While the physical world often creates limitations through distance, regulations, bureaucracy, and resource constraints, the digital world provides an unprecedented opportunity to connect people, institutions, expertise, and ideas across geographical boundaries. In the physical world, moving people, equipment, technology, and resources across borders can be challenging. Visas, customs procedures, regulatory requirements, financial limitations, institutional processes, and geographical distance can significantly slow international collaboration, particularly in resource-limited settings. In contrast, the digital world allows knowledge and ideas to travel rapidly through professional networks, academic platforms, medical communities, social media, and other communication channels. A local challenge can therefore become visible to an international community, creating opportunities to connect with people who share similar professional interests, values, and commitment to solving important problems. For me, digital engagement has never been simply about maintaining an online presence. It has been about purposeful networking and identifying people, who share a commitment to improving healthcare, strengthening professional skills, transferring technology, and creating opportunities for communities that need those most. Digital world need strong penetration skill to reach people who share your idea, passion and understand your vision. To expand your idea and reach to your target audience it really needs your commitment, sustainability and consistence. Through this complex process, relationships have developed with surgeons, professors, universities, non-governmental organizations, volunteers, and other professionals from different parts of the world. These connections have gradually developed into practical forms of collaboration, including professional advice, training, equipment support, technology transfer, visiting expert programs, research collaboration, and opportunities for professional development. However, digital connections alone cannot create sustainable impact. The real value comes from transforming digital relationships into action in the physical world. The development of laparoscopic surgery and surgical capacity at Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital over nearly five years is one example of this process. What began in a resource-constrained environment gradually developed through local commitment, international networking, training, technology transfer, equipment support, visiting experts, and collaboration with partners from different countries. These efforts have helped translate global knowledge and professional relationships into practical healthcare services and capacity development for the local community. The journey has not been easy. It has involved complex procedures, institutional requirements, regulatory challenges, logistical difficulties, different interests, limited resources, and many unexpected obstacles. There have been difficult and uncomfortable moments, but having a clear vision, remaining persistent, building relationships, and continuing to work despite challenges have helped transform an idea into practical impact. This experience has reinforced my belief that a clear vision combined with meaningful collaboration can create opportunities even in highly challenging environments. I strongly believe that the digital world can serve as a bridge to the physical world. Digital connectivity can open doors to knowledge, expertise, partnerships, technology, and resources, but sustainable community impact requires bringing these opportunities to the ground through training, technology transfer, institutional collaboration, research, and improved healthcare services. The ultimate purpose of digital networking should therefore not be visibility alone, but the creation of meaningful relationships that lead to measurable and sustainable impact. I sincerely thank everyone who has supported this journey—those who have read, liked, shared, reposted, discussed, encouraged, and supported these ideas. I especially appreciate those who went beyond online engagement and were willing to work with us through difficult and unfamiliar circumstances to create real impact on the ground for communities in need. Every connection, conversation, and collaboration has contributed to building a growing community committed to knowledge exchange, capacity development, and equitable access to training, skills, and technology. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to Madda Walabu University and Goba Referral Hospital for real support.. I am also grateful to Ethiopia for opening the door to the digital world and allowing ideas, professional relationships, knowledge, and opportunities from around the world to connect with local needs and priorities. This nearly five-year journey has taught me that building sustainable impact takes time, vision, patience, persistence, collaboration, and the courage to continue even when the path is complex. This journey is not the end, but a foundation for what comes next. By continuing to connect the digital world with the physical world, we can transform relationships into collaboration, collaboration into action, and action into sustainable community impact. What begins as an idea can become a connection, a connection can become collaboration, collaboration can become action, and action can ultimately create meaningful change for communities in need. Dr. Kebebe bekele Associate professor of general surgery in MWU Country director of Skill Bridge initiative President of Rotary club of Goba CPD Committee member of surgical society Kebebeb21@gmail.com @HakimEthio

What’s New in UpToDate 2026 — Version 4? Explore the latest updates to UpToDate guidelines, featuring new and revised recommendations designed to support you at every stage of your medical journey. 📚🩺 🔐 In our group(4450 members), you can obtain UpToDate 2026 V4.4 account registration. https://t.me/+Of2TGtpBRQ0xNTg0 Additionally, we offer preparation resources for: · USMLE exams — AMBOSS and UWorld 🌍 · National exams — EXIT, EPHPL, ERMP, and NGAT 🎓 Keep learning. Enjoy UpToDate. ✨ Click the link to join! 🔗 https://t.me/+Of2TGtpBRQ0xNTg0 Contact us Telegram: @MDatHewan Phone No:  +251703649896 Hewan Abebe

Is the system being guided by established guidelines or by individuals? Most health facilities administered under district authorities are under the influence of poor governance at the district level. There is no need for much explanation to justify this; the recurring issues we see, such as the denial or withholding of professionals’ benefits and shortages of medicines, reagents, and other supplies, are strong evidence of the problem. A hospital or health center should be managed according to established policies, guidelines, and regulations; not according to the interests or preferences of a particular Woreda administration its executive officials. Guidelines are developed to guide the activities that are actually carried out on the ground; they are not meant to be placed on a shelf merely for formality. Given the problems we are seeing, even when there is no actual budget shortage, health facilities under Woreda administration continue to face difficulties because of problems with allocating the available resources. Instead of directing resources toward services that benefit the wider community on the ground, there are concerns that resources are sometimes diverted toward areas that are more convenient for those controlling them. If there are guidelines and regulations, how can there not be accountability? For example: 1. Medicine procurement: There is a mismatch between the amount of money reportedly allocated for medicine procurement and the amount that actually reaches the health facilities. As a result, our people are facing significant difficulties in accessing the medicines they need. 2. Denial or withholding of health care providers’ benefits: When providers’ benefits are withheld, there seems to be no one who takes action until the issue reaches the media, facilities are forced to close, or professionals can no longer tolerate the situation and leave their jobs. Who gave district authorities unlimited power to act this way? And why is it that when a hospital CEO comes in and tries to enforce these issues and protect the institution, they are sometimes subjected to political pressure, undermined, or removed from their position? Of course, there are also districts that deserve recognition. There are districts that prioritize and promptly pay professionals’ overtime compensation, as though they had brought the money directly from their own tax revenue. Fikadu Thomas (HO, MPH) @HakimEthio

Dr. Kaleab Habtemichael Gebreselassie has been selected by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) as one of the three global surgeons to receive the 2026 ACS National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) International Award. @HakimEthio

📢 Call for Abstract On October 10, 2026, World Mental Health Day will be celebrated nationally at Eka Kotebe Hospital in collaboration with the Ethiopian Ministry of Health. You are invited to submit your abstract.

🚨⏳ ONLY 7 DAYS LEFT FOR LOCAL REGISTRATION! ⏳🚨 The countdown to WACEM 2026 – World Academic Congress of Emergency Medicine is on! 🌍🚑 📢 LOCAL REGISTRATION CLOSES IN JUST 7 DAYS! Join emergency medicine and critical care professionals, researchers, educators, and healthcare leaders for WACEM 2026 in Addis Ababa. 🎟️ SPECIAL REGISTRATION DISCOUNTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR: 1️⃣ Residents 👩‍⚕️👨‍⚕️ 2️⃣ ESEP Members 🤝 📞 To access your discount, please call: 0999 343 536 / 0938 940 635   📚 EARN CEU POINTS! Participants will receive CEU points based on the seminars they attend, providing an additional opportunity to support your professional development. 📅 Pre-Congress: 25–26 October 2026 📅 Main Congress: 27–29 October 2026 📍 Adwa Victory Memorial Museum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 🔥 ONLY 7 DAYS LEFT! Don’t miss your chance to CONNECT with experts, LEARN from global leaders, SHARE best practices, and TRANSFORM emergency care. 🌐 Register now: www.wacem2026.org/registration @HakimEthio

PUBLIC STATEMENT: A Call for Accountability Regarding the Recruitment Injustice at Arba Minch University Despite our deep sacrifices and commitment to healthcare excellence, systemic institutional failures within the Arba Minch University College of Medicine and Health Sciences have left us with no choice but to bring our grievances to the public eye. We are formally launching this public appeal to expose critical mismanagement, unprofessional practices, and a severe breach of administrative transparency. The Grievance: Arbitrary Freezing of Finalized Appointments Following a rigorous selection process, eight candidates were formally selected and called by the university administration to prepare for and start their employment. However, immediately prior to their start date, HR abruptly removed and cancelled the positions. The justification given was that an appeal had been submitted by four physicians.While we fully recognize that every applicant has the right to appeal and that legitimate complaints must be reviewed fairly, an appeal should never automatically invalidate a fully completed recruitment process. Freezing the livelihood and career progression of eight successful candidates indefinitely—without clear communication or a transparent explanation—violates the fundamental principles of administrative fairness. Our Position on Due Process A fair and transparent approach requires the university to allow the eight selected candidates to begin their duties while the appeals are reviewed concurrently through the appropriate institutional channels. When a position is suddenly stripped away after candidates have already invested considerable time, effort, and expectation, it severely damages the fairness, consistency, and structural credibility of Arba Minch University. Successful candidates must not be placed at a disadvantage due to an unresolved internal dispute. Our Call to Action As a respected institution, recruitment must be guided by transparency, accountability, equal treatment, and due process. Therefore: We urge the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health to launch an immediate investigation into the HR and recruitment practices of the Arba Minch University College of Medicine and Health Sciences. We ask Hakim page team to stand beside us. We demand the immediate reinstatement of the employment pathway for the eight selected candidates while independent investigations take place concurrently. We refuse to stay silent while institutional neglect and erratic decision-making undermine our hard work, professional dedication, and community trust. Dr. Haileyesus Manasbot Tsegaye @HakimEthio

የተለያየ የዓይን ቀለም (Heterochromia Iridis) ስላለው ከአፋር ክልል ስለመጣ አንድ ሕፃን ፎቶ በማኅበራዊ ሚዲያ አይቻለሁ እንደ ዓይን ሕክምና ስፔሻሊስትነቴም ስለ ሁኔታው ለማኅበረሰቡ አጭር ማብራሪያ ለመስጠት እወዳለሁ። ሄትሮክሮሚያ ኢሪዲስ (Heterochromia Iridis) የሁለቱም ዓይኖች ቀለም መለያየት ወይም በአንድ ዓይን ውስጥ የተለያየ ቀለም መኖርን የሚገልጽ የዓይን ሁኔታ ነው። ይህ ሁኔታ የሚከሰተው በዓይናችን የቀለም ክፍል (Iris) ላይ የሚገኘው የሜላኒን (Melanin) የተባለ ቀለም መጠን ፣ ክምችትና ስርጭት መዛባት ሲኖር ነው። 1. የሄትሮክሮሚያ ዓይነቶች (Types) ሄትሮክሮሚያ በሦስት ዋና ዋና ክፍሎች ይከፈላል፦ · ሙሉ ሄትሮክሮሚያ (Complete Heterochromia): የሁለቱም ዓይኖች ቀለም ሙሉ በሙሉ የተለያየ ሲሆን ነው። ለምሳሌ አንደኛው ዓይን ሰማያዊ ሲሆን ሌላኛው ቡናማ መሆን። · ከፊል ወይም ሴክቶራል ሄትሮክሮሚያ (Sectoral/Partial Heterochromia): በአንድ ዓይን ውስጥ የተወሰነው የቀለም ክፍል ብቻ የተለየ ቀለም ይዞ ሲገኝ ነው። በዓይኑ አይሪስ ላይ እንደ ቁራጭ ወይም የኬክ ቁራጭ (Wedge) ሆኖ ይታያል። · ማዕከላዊ ሄትሮክሮሚያ (Central Heterochromia): በዓይን ብሌን (Pupil) ዙሪያ ያለው ውስጠኛው የቀለም ክፍል እና ወደ ውጪ ያለው የቀለም ክፍል የተለያዩ ሆነው ሲገኙ ነው። ይህም በዓይን ብሌኑ ዙሪያ እንደ ቀለበት ይፈጥራል። 2. መንስኤዎች (Causes) ሄትሮክሮሚያ በተከሰተበት ጊዜና ሁኔታ መሠረት በሁለት ይከፈላል፦ ሀ. ከተፈጥሮ/ከልደት ጀምሮ የሚከሰት (Congenital Heterochromia) ህፃናት ሲወለዱ ወይም በዕድገት መጀመሪያ ላይ (በመጀመሪያው አንድ ዓመት ውስጥ) የሚከሰት ሲሆን፣ አብዛኛውን ጊዜ በምንም ዓይነት የጤና እክል የማይመጣ (Benign) እና ምንም ዓይነት ሌላ ምልክት የሌለው ነው። ሆኖም አልፎ አልፎ ከሚከተሉት የዘረመል (Genetic) ወይም የነርቭ ሲንድሮሞች ጋር ሊያያዝ ይችላል፦ ·  ሆርነር ሲንድሮም (Horner's syndrome) ·  ዋርደንበርግ ሲንድሮም (Waardenburg syndrome) ·  ስተርጅ-ዌበር ሲንድሮም (Sturge-Weber syndrome) · ኒውሮፊብሮማቶሲስ (Neurofibromatosis Type 1) ለ. በሂደት የሚመጣ (Acquired Heterochromia) አንድ ሰው መጀመሪያ ላይ ተመሳሳይ የዓይን ቀለም ኖሮት በዕድሜ መግፋት ወይም በተለያዩ ምክንያቶች ቀለሙ ሲቀየር ነው። ዋና ዋና መንስኤዎቹ፦ · የዓይን አደጋ እና የውጭ አካል መግባት (Trauma/Siderosis): በዓይን ላይ በሚደርስ ጉዳት ወይም በብረት ፍንጣሪ መግባት ምክንያት የብረት ክምችት (Siderosis) ሲፈጠር ዓይኑ እንዲጠቁር ያደርጋል። ·  የዓይን ውስጥ ብግናት (Uveitis): በተለይም በስፋት የተገለጸው ፉችስ ሄትሮክሮሚክ ኢሪዶሳይክሊቲስ (Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis) የተባለው ሥር የሰደደ የዓይን ብግናት ፣ በአይሪስ መሟሸት (Iris atrophy) ምክንያት የዓይን ቀለም እንዲቀየር ያደርጋል። · የዓይን ግፊት (Glaucoma) እና መድኃኒቶች: ግሉኮማን ለማከም የሚሰጡ የፕሮስታግላንዲን አናሎግ (Prostaglandin analogs) ጠብታዎች (ለምሳሌ Latanoprost, Bimatoprost) የዓይንን ቀለም ያጠቁራሉ። · የዓይን ዕጢዎች (Tumors): አይሪስ ኔቨስ (Iris nevus) ወይም አይሪስ ሜላኖማ (Iris Melanoma) የተባሉ ዕጢዎች። 3. የሕክምና ክትትል እና ማናጅመንት (Management) የሄትሮክሮሚያ ሕክምና ሙሉ በሙሉ የሚመሰረተው በመንስኤው ላይ ነው፦ አጠቃላይ ምርመራ (Comprehensive Evaluation): አንድ ሰው በሂደት የዓይን ቀለም ለውጥ ካጋጠመው፣ ከበስተጀርባ ያሉ እንደ ዕጢ ፣ እብጠት ወይም ግሉኮማ ያሉ አደገኛ ሁኔታዎችን ለመለየት በአስቸኳይ በዓይን ሐኪም (Ophthalmologist) ዘንድ ሙሉ የዓይን ምርመራ (Slit-lamp examination, Tonometry እና Gonioscopy) ማድረግ ይኖርበታል::   ·  ከልደት ጀምሮ የሚከሰት ሄትሮክሮሚያ: ሁኔታው ምንም ዓይነት የጤና ችግር ካላስከተለ ምንም ዓይነት የሕክምና ጣልቃ ገብነት አያስፈልገውም። ለኮስሜቲክስ (ውበት) ፍላጎት ከተፈለገ ባለቀለም የመገናኛ ሌንሶችን (Cosmetic contact lenses) መጠቀም ይቻላል። ·  በሂደት የሚመጣ (Acquired Heterochromia) ሄትሮክሮሚያ: ዋናው ትኩረት ቀለሙን መቀየር ሳይሆን ያመጣውን መሠረታዊ የዓይን በሽታ ማከም ነው። §  ለብግናት (Uveitis): እንደ ሁኔታው የኮርቲኮስቴሮይድ (Steroid) ጠብታዎች ሊታዘዙ ይችላሉ። (ማሳሰቢያ፡ የፉችስ ሄትሮክሮሚክ ኢሪዶሳይክሊቲስ ለስቴሮይድ ብዙም ምላሽ ላይሰጥ ይችላል)። §  ለግሉኮማ: የዓይን ግፊትን የሚቀንሱ ሌላ ጠብታዎች ወይም ቀዶ ጥገና ማድረግ ሊያስፈልግ ይችላል። §  ለዕጢዎች: እንደ ዕጢው ዓይነትና ደረጃ የቅርብ ክትትል ፣ የጨረር ሕክምና ወይም ቀዶ ጥገና ሊያስፈልግ ይችላል። References  1. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2025. (Basic and Clinical Science Course; Section 4). 2. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2025. (Basic and Clinical Science Course; Section 6). 3. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2025. (Basic and Clinical Science Course; Section 9). 4. Salmon JH, editor. Kanski’s Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach. 9th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2020. Chapter 11, Uveitis; p. 396-442. & Chapter 19, Neuro-ophthalmology; p. 745-812. 5. Lambert SR, Lyons CJ, editors. Taylor and Hoyt's Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 6th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2022. Chapter 42, Anomalies of the Iris and Ciliary Body; p. 483-499. 6. Bandello F, Zarbin MA, Labetoulle M, editors. ESASO Course Series. Vol. 8, Glaucoma. Basel: Karger; 2017. p. 64-78.   Dr. Petros Desalegn MD, Assistant professor of Ophthalmology Wachamo University @HakimEthio

❌ የተሳሳተ ግንዛቤ: ‎“ለጨጓራ ህመም የሚሰጠው መድኃኒት ለሁሉም ሰው ተመሳሳይ ነው።” ‎ ‎✅ እውነታ: ‎የጨጓራ ህመም ወይም ዲስፔፕሲያ (Dyspepsia) አንድ በሽታ ሳይሆን ፣ ከተለያዩ ምክንያቶች ሊመጡ የሚችሉ ምልክቶች ስብስብ ነው። ‎ ‎📌 ምክንያቶቹም ሊለያዩ ይችላሉ፦ ‎ ‎🔹 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) ኢንፌክሽን ‎🔹 የጨጓራ ወይም የዱዌዴነም ቁስለት (Peptic ulcer disease) ‎🔹 የጨጓራ አሲድ ወደ ላይ መመለስ (GERD) ‎🔹 እንደ ibuprofen ያሉ የህመም ማስታገሻዎች (NSAIDs) ‎🔹 Functional dyspepsia — ግልጽ የሆነ የአካል ችግር ሳይገኝ የሚከሰት የላይኛው የሆድ ምቾት ማጣት ‎🔹 አልፎ አልፎ፣ እንደ የጨጓራ ወይም የምግብ መውረጃ ካንሰር ያሉ ከባድ ሕመሞች ‎ ‎ስለዚህ፣ ተመሳሳይ የሆድ መቃጠል ወይም የጨጓራ ህመም ቢኖርም፣ መንስኤው ከሰው ወደ ሰው ሊለያይ ይችላል። ‎ ‎💊 ለምሳሌ፣ H. pylori ኢንፌክሽን ካለ ተገቢው የአንቲባዮቲክስ ሕክምና ያስፈልጋል፤ GERD ያለበት ሰው ደግሞ የአሲድ መቆጣጠሪያ ሕክምናና የአኗኗር ለውጥ ሊያስፈልገው ይችላል። Functional dyspepsia ደግሞ ሌላ የሕክምና አቀራረብ ይፈልጋል። ‎ ‎📌 ስለዚህ አንድን ሰው ያሻለ መድኃኒት ለሌላው ሰው ላይሆን ይችላል። ‎ ‎🎯 ዋናው መልዕክት ‎ ‎“ተመሳሳይ ምልክት ያለው ህመም፣ የተለያየ ምክንያት ኖሮት፤ የተለያየ ሕክምና ሊፈልግ ይችላል።” ‎ ‎የጨጓራ ህመምን በግምት ብቻ መድኃኒት ከመውሰድ ይልቅ፣ መንስኤውን ማወቅ የተሻለ ሕክምና ለማግኘት ይረዳል። ‎ ‎#MythVsFact #Dyspepsia #Gastritis #HPylori #GERD #PatientEducation #InternalMedicine #EvidenceBasedMedicine ‎ ‎References 1. ‎Moayyedi P, et al. ACG and CAG Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:988–1013. ‎ 2. ‎Chey WD, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024;119:1730–1753. ‎ ‎Dr. Ermias Nigusie Balcha: ‎MD, Internist ‎SPHMMC @HakimEthio