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| 2 | Нью-Йорк
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| 3 | Колорадо
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| 5 | Португалия
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| 6 |  +3Matn yo'q... | 73 |
| 7 | now, I’m ready to give up duck eggs for the sake of such a radical reduction in morbidity!
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| 8 | Why don't stores sell goose and duck eggs? Because eating them is simply dangerous
The only dish I'm willing to fuss over even a little is scrambled eggs. I like to throw different ingredients into it, sometimes even of questionable compatibility, and test the resulting dish for edibility. But only about a week ago I decided that it would be nice to try replacing the main ingredient - chicken eggs. But there was nothing to replace them with! Beating tiny quail eggs for fried eggs was somehow not respectable, and, to my surprise, I didn’t find any others at all. I had to find out why goose and duck eggs are not on sale?
It turned out that the reason for the complete disappearance of the eggs of these birds from the shelves is the order of Rospotrebnadzor dated January 1, 2021. The ban is temporary and is due to expire on January 1, 2027. If it is not renewed. The official reason for this ban is to reduce the incidence of salmonellosis.
And it looked a little strange. From my biology course, I know that salmonellosis occurs very quickly and noticeably, so it is not difficult to localize and destroy a batch of supposedly contaminated eggs. And even if they did end up in your hands, it’s not so scary. These bacteria do not form tenacious spores, so they are guaranteed to die after just 3 minutes of cooking in water at a temperature of 80 degrees. There is nothing to say about frying. I had to go online again.
And there I found out a couple of extremely interesting facts. Firstly, salmonella is a whole genus of bacteria; the symptoms and severity of the disease directly depend on which bacterium you got. And some of the salmonella parasitizing ducks and geese cause chronic asymptomatic salmonellosis in their hosts. The bird is a carrier of the disease, its eggs are infected, but this cannot be understood from the appearance of the animal. But a person who eats such eggs will get a potentially fatal disease.
Secondly, it is much more difficult to disinfect goose and duck eggs. A duck egg is, on average, 2 times larger than a chicken egg. And the goose one can accommodate up to 4 duck ones! When boiling, there is a good chance that the center of the egg will not warm up enough and the salmonella will survive. To be sure to kill the bacteria, a duck egg needs to be boiled for at least 15 minutes, and a goose egg even longer. Such overcooked eggs will have a mediocre taste, so many people cook them not much longer than chicken eggs. As a result, potentially dangerous products may end up on people's tables.
The ban on the sale of eggs was just one point in a whole set of measures to reduce the spread of any infection through products and stores. And these measures work! In 2019, 33 cases of disease per 100 thousand people were registered in Russia, in 2021 - 13 cases, and in 2022, 11 in total! Since the end of the coronavirus pandemic, the incidence has increased, but has not even come close to the results of previous years.
And, you k | 39 |
| 9 |  +6Matn yo'q... | 51 |
| 10 | y different matter. After all, these yellow-orange beauties and beauties are the longest-living butterflies of our latitudes. They hatch from cocoons in June-August, but do not reproduce this year and hibernate for the winter. Butterflies survive bitter frosts in leaf litter and under the bark of trees - where the air temperature, even in the most terrible cold, can be above zero degrees. And only the next year they leave offspring. Thus, their lifespan can reach 13 months - this is more than the vast majority of insects can live!
Author: Yaroslav Ilyin
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| 11 | It is a myth that adult butterflies only live a couple of weeks. These Russian species live for more than a year!
The world has completely thrown off the shackles of winter and even insects have turned to their full potential: look, look how many butterflies are flying around the flowerbeds and beds! But even on the hottest summer day, the butterflies of the middle zone do not forget - winter is coming, and the time allotted to them is very limited. But different types of butterflies prepare for it in their own way. Today we will figure out how the most common butterflies in our latitudes meet winter.
Swallowtails, for example, decided to make the most of the short summer. Butterflies, whose wings are so similar to medieval stained glass windows, are very hardy and capable of long flight. However, they do not try to migrate to the south in the fall; the insects spend their strength on endless patrolling of the territories.
Male swallowtails are territorial animals. Each of them takes over a territory of approximately 100 square meters and constantly patrols it, violently attacking landless intruders and courting any females flying past. True, due to the lack of any weapons, the fierce fights of males are more reminiscent of graceful dances. Which, however, does not cancel the anger with which they drive each other out. Thus, each male tries to fertilize as many females as possible before the first cold weather comes for him.
Admirals, at first glance, do the same. They also have pronounced territoriality, but instead of dying for their territory, they... simply fly away.
With the arrival of snow, these brown butterflies with red or orange stripes on their wings fly south, covering hundreds or even thousands of kilometers. And their descendants, after 1-2 generations, go north, escaping the drying heat of the coming summer. But sometimes the admirals' navigation mechanisms fail, and they fly thousands of kilometers to reach Iceland or even cross the Atlantic Ocean to settle in North America.
Well, lemongrass, urticaria and peacock eyes look at them with contempt. After all, these butterflies are not only widespread in our latitudes, they have learned to face frosts face to face. And survive at the same time.
It is not difficult to distinguish these butterflies from other species. If you see a bright yellow flying spot, it means you are looking at lemongrass, also known as buckthorn. We met a reddish butterfly with black spots on the front of the wing - you have hives in front of you. Well, if instead of black spots there is one large, violet-blue spot, then you are lucky to see a daytime peacock’s eye.
It is not easy to find all these butterflies in an urban environment, but in the green suburbs and dachas there are plenty of them, because lemongrass caterpillars feed on the fairly common buckthorn, and wrens and peacocks even feed on nettles.
But larvae are not of particular interest to us, but butterflies are a completel | 47 |
| 12 |  +2Matn yo'q... | 93 |
| 13 | Fingers of Death: A rare phenomenon that turns the ocean floor into a necropolis
Fingers of Death is a great title for a cheap horror book you buy to pass the time on the train. Well, or for an absurdly stupid horror movie that you can turn on at night to sweetly doze off to the overacting howls of the actors. It’s even stranger to realize that this is the name of a real phenomenon - mysterious pillars of ice that descend from the surface of the ocean to destroy all life. A chilling - in the literal sense of the word - spectacle.
It all starts when sea water begins to freeze, forming huge (or not so huge) icebergs. At the same time, the emerging ice pushes salt out of its structure, turning into almost clean and fresh water. For the most part, excess salt is pushed out and simply dissolves in the waters of the world's oceans, but sometimes channels and cavities are formed inside icebergs in which a hypersaline solution - brine - accumulates, which can cool to 20-30 degrees below zero without freezing. And sometimes the ice floes crack, releasing this poison out.
Since the resulting brine is much heavier than normal salt water, the toxic cocktail immediately seeps down. But it does not dissolve, because when it touches ordinary ocean water, it instantly freezes, forming a fragile ice tube, inside which the solution can descend further. This structure grows very quickly - researchers claim that the whole process takes only 5-6 hours.
The worst thing begins when this “icicle” reaches the bottom. The supercooled water spreads in all directions, covering starfish and urchins with an invisible deadly wave, as well as numerous worms and crustaceans, unable to escape. For them, both the salinity and temperature of the solution are lethal. Each such icicle covers several square meters of ice, completely destroying all complex life forms.
The good news is that this phenomenon is very rare and localized. So rare that although scientists managed to learn about its existence back in the 60s of the last century, the fingers of death were first filmed only in 2011. Although it is extremely dangerous for individual inhabitants of the ocean floor, it does not threaten the ecosystem as a whole. And it doesn’t cause harm to people either. Unless you plan to swim under ocean ice, of course.
Author: Yaroslav Ilyin
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| 14 |  +3Matn yo'q... | 87 |
| 15 | after just six months, leptocephali move to the second stage of development and turn into glass eels. And in aquariums, eels eat poorly, suffer and die, and have no growth.
The main reason for the death of young eels is improper nutrition. In the ocean, the larvae feed on sea snow - a kind of mixture of plankton, carrion crumbs, algae and other debris that floats in the water column and slowly settles down. In an aqua farm it is almost impossible to make such a snowball. So it turns out that due to all these difficulties, today eels cannot effectively reproduce the population of their own kind. At the same time, the demand for fish meat is not going anywhere! Farms are catching wild eels forever, causing the species' population to slowly but surely decline.
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| 16 | Why aren't eels bred in captivity? The point is the great secret of their reproduction
Do you think this problem does not concern you at all? Now remember how often you order sushi? Here! And if eels die out, what will you eat for the holidays? So let's take the topic of eel sex life more seriously!
First, let's define the essence of the problem. Eels don't breed in captivity, but why is everyone so concerned? The fact is that eel is an important commercial species. If you don’t eat it every day, it doesn’t mean anything: the world production of this fish is comparable to herring, the most common table fish in the CIS. Over 300,000 tons per year, just a minute!
But herring also does not reproduce in captivity, so why are people so alarmed?
The herring population, unlike the eel, is not yet going to die out. But the most common and widely harvested of the 23 species of eels: American, European and Japanese - are today on the verge of extinction. Therefore, it is critically important to establish a full cycle of fish breeding in captivity.
But it is not possible to establish this reproduction. And all because of the sophisticated method of reproduction. During its life, an eel goes through 4 stages of maturation. The first is the larva, or leptocephalus (photo 2). The microscopic little thing that chatters at the plankton level looks like a creepy fish ghost. A transparent body, needle teeth and an unblinking gaze that pierces right through.
The second stage is the glass eel (photo 3). During this period, the juveniles become more or less like fish. The whitebait hurries from the sea to the rivers - eels grow exclusively in fresh water. At this same stage, companies catch eels for farms.
The fish are placed in pools and fed intensively so that they quickly reach the third stage - yellow eels (photo 1). This is the same eel that we see on the shelves. The killer amount of calories does their job: the fish gain the required weight in just a year!
There is no point in keeping the eels any longer. This is because it is almost impossible to achieve their spawning in captivity. To reproduce, the final stage must occur - the silver eel (photo 4). In the natural environment, fish mature from 5 to 20 years. And then he goes on a long journey. European populations breed in the Sargasso Sea (photo 5). And it is located, by the way, off the coast of North America. It turns out that eels swim across the Atlantic and cover from 5000 to 7000 km!
Technically, adult eels can be injected with hormones, forced to swim on a fish simulator, and played with the salinity of their aquarium. After such a quest, the eels' eggs and milk will ripen, and they will even want to spawn. It's long and expensive, but it can be done. But people have not yet figured out what to do with the first-stage larvae, leptocephali.
In one experiment, scientists managed to maintain life in a population of newborn eels for almost a year, but to no avail - in the wild, | 68 |
| 17 | Personal figurine based on photo! This could be a gift to yourself or a gift to a friend for her anniversary. This work is created individually from a photograph and looks aesthetically pleasing, gentle and expensive.
If he responds, write to find out how everything is going and how to order: https://vk.cc/cYUfyi
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| 18 |  +6Matn yo'q... | 103 |
| 19 | exes; each organism has both male and female genital organs. Therefore, when leeches meet, they simply exchange sperm and each lays a separate clutch of eggs. Double profit, it turns out.
And the best part is that all these numerous and ubiquitous leeches work on our side. Despite their appearance and reputation as bloodsuckers, they make a huge contribution to the ecosystem, preventing bodies of water from becoming sources of suffering infested with parasites and blood-sucking creatures. Thanks to them for this.
Author: Yaroslav Ilyin
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| 20 | False horse leech: It does not drink blood, but kills and eats it whole. The largest leech in Russia
I understand those people who are afraid of leeches. It’s enough to imagine how a dark, slimy creature crawls over you, feeling the pulse of your blood, and all the desire to interact with them disappears. But what if I told you that the Great False Horse Leech is one of our strongest allies? After all, she is a predator, not a parasite. And the predator is very, very serious.
The length of the large false horse leech can reach 15 centimeters; it is the largest leech in the middle zone, surpassing even the blood-sucking medicinal leech. And she willingly uses her size for hunting. This black, greenish or yellowish worm readily feeds on snails, earthworms, fish fry and amphibian tadpoles. And also smaller leeches - including those that feed on blood.
By the standards of leeches, the false horse is surprisingly mobile: it swims quickly and gracefully, bending like an eel or moray eel, but it can also move right along the bottom, crawling in the mud, like the most common worm. Or even get out onto land - leeches can be found within a radius of one hundred meters from their native body of water. On the ground they move much slower, but at the same time it is very funny: like caterpillars, they alternately cling to the front and rear suction cups.
And whether on land, in the water, or in the bottom mud, they tirelessly scour in search of prey. During hunting, leeches rely on 5 pairs of eyes located on the first segments of their body. But a much larger role is played by the complex network of various sensors on the skin. The skin of leeches is incredibly thin - so thin that it allows oxygen to pass through, depriving them of the need for special respiratory organs. And this same feature allows them to feel with their skin not only heat, pain or touch, but also read the chemical composition of water and soil, searching for prey by its chemical trace.
And then it’s a matter of technology. The leech bites into its victim with several rows of blunt teeth and tries to swallow it whole. If the prey is too large, then the leech attaches itself to it with its suckers and devours the victim, giving no chance of salvation. And this is the power of these predatory worms.
A force that allowed them to spread very widely across Eurasia. Large false-cone leeches are found in every swamp, in every lake and in the vast majority of permanent puddles from Spain to Japan. They are numerous, ubiquitous, and if you have ever been to a city park or outside the city, you have been in close proximity to one of the leeches.
And yet, they multiply like crazy. Since false horse leeches do not depend on vertebrates, and generally have no specialization in nutrition, their food supply is simply huge. In addition, hermaphroditism provides them with great support in the conquest of the Eurasian continent.
Most leeches (not only false-cone leeches) do not have s | 57 |
