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Publicaciones del Canal
| 2 | edibly long time by arachnid standards.
Moreover, little monsters reproduce only once in their lives, and not earlier than 3 years after birth. When meeting a female, the male takes out a spermatophore - a bag of seed material. He places it on the ground, moves back and waits patiently for the female to pick up the gift. After this, they go to their burrows to rest. But 20-40 eggs are already beginning to form in the mother’s womb. After a few weeks, the female will lay them and attach them to her abdomen. And when the babies hatch, they will put them on their backs and protect them from all dangers until their last breath. Unfortunately, an organism undermined by childbirth will live no more than 2-3 months. But all this time the kids will be safe!
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| 3 | Giant phone: Between a spider and a scorpion. He can splatter with scalding acid
Don't put it to your ear, do you hear??? Even if the phone is the size of a small smartphone, it can deprive you of your hearing by spitting concentrated acid! And chew on the shell of his ear, his claws are so strong.
The giant telephon is an arachnid native to the southern regions of North America. The largest in its family: from 6 to 9 centimeters long. It is the closest relative of spiders, scorpions, ticks, salpug and other creatures with which you don’t always want to share the planet.
The assembly of the phone for a mobile device is unusual. But for a representative of arachnids it is quite standard: a carcass reinforced with chitin armor, eight legs, two pedipalps-claws and a pinch of chthonic horror. But the phone has exclusive modifications, the sight of which makes you look for the phone in a panic so that you can call the emergency services as soon as possible.
For example, poison glands. They are located at the very edge of the abdomen - next to the chitinous thread. For telephones, an antenna is a forgotten archaism, but for telephones it is a wonderful way to warn an opponent about an upcoming attack. Do you see the tail like a gun? Know: it’s not WiFi they’re distributing, it’s the lyuli! A moment, and the arthropod hits the enemy with a thin stream. The phone is aimed at the eyes and mouth. The pressure is like a water pistol, but the effect is like pepper spray.
The secret of the glands is quite simple: 11% water, 5% caprylic acid and 84% acetic acid. For reference: even 30% acetic acid causes chemical burns of the mucous membranes, which can result in tissue necrosis. Up to 7 charges of toxic liquid are stored in reserve, and the monster can spray it at a distance of 20 to 80 centimeters in front of itself.
As if the toxic fountain from the butt wasn’t enough, the phone acquired claws. He made them from pedipalps - the second pair of limbs. Spiders use them as a sense of touch. But our nightmare friend decided that he would bring suffering with them.
Bazooka arms are strong enough to shred human skin. There is no poison in them, but painful scratches with torn edges bleed profusely and do not heal well. What can we say about every little thing. After meeting with the phone, beetles, spiders, caterpillars, centipedes and other arthropods become inaccessible to subscribers.
But animals bite extremely rarely. Behind the brutal black chitin, claws, spikes and organic tanks of acid hides a peaceful little soul. Yes, your phone can pour vinegar on you, but only out of fear and for the purpose of self-defense. The arthropod avoids contact with non-food and comes to the surface exclusively at night.
Please note that other people’s shelters do not take away their telephones! Even abandoned holes are not used. They dig tunnels themselves. Yes, it takes about a week, but the phones are in no hurry. They live from 4 to 7 years, an incr | 23 |
| 4 |  +7Sin texto... | 45 |
| 5 | and doctors - after all, this is another option for searching for an antidote. But we still haven’t figured out how exactly the pitoh received immunity to toxins. Today, the main suspect is a special protein that binds the poison, preventing it from attacking the victim’s cells. However, the existence of this protein has been proven only theoretically; it has yet to be found.
How to find the source of this poison. The fact is that neither beetles, nor poison dart frogs, nor pitochus produce it in their bodies; they receive it from an as yet unknown source - some plant or insect that uses batrachotoxin to protect itself from predators. Obviously, it doesn’t help them very much.
Something else is interesting here: insects, amphibians and birds, independently of each other, developed the same mechanism for using foreign poison, which is why they became very successful in their niche. This phenomenon is just a special example of convergent evolution - a phenomenon in which many different animals come to the same decision. After all, it is ideal.
Additional information under the photos of the post.
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| 6 | Pitohu: Poisonous bird. Touched it and got poisoned. Ate - died
Here is an ornithologist named Jack (photo 4):
And this is a scientific expedition,
Which one guy asked to go to,
To enjoy your internship in the warmth.
It was an ornithologist named Jack.
And this is a wonderful two-colored bird,
Which managed to fall into the net,
Which was staged by the entire expedition.
Including an intern named Jack.
And so, the trainee ornithologist was sent to work
Save that funny two-color bird,
Which doesn’t fit online at all,
Which was hanged by the entire expedition.
Including an intern named Jack.
However, a funny two-color bird
She doesn’t try to lighten his burden at all.
And he fights hard, he fights like a bird,
Scratching fingers with a clawed paw
Poor hard worker named Jack.
And now, the poor guy can’t sleep today,
After all, he licked the wound that was left from the bird,
Which he released from prison during the day,
Which was built by the entire expedition,
In which he works day and night,
Ornithologist intern named Jack
After all, a bird gave him poison
Cool and very toxic bird,
The whole island is afraid of that creepy bird.
The composition of the expeditions is not aware of this,
What nets were installed so that people could tinker with them?
An ornithologist intern named Jack.
That's how, thanks to Jack Dambacher, the scientific community learned that there are poisonous birds. And I met the most dangerous of them.
It was not necessary to taste their poison; it was enough just to ask the Guineans. After all, “pitohu” translated from one of the languages of New Guinea means “garbage bird.” Local residents have long and firmly remembered that eating them is stupidity, fraught with convulsions, vomiting and tachycardia, which will torment the gourmet for several days. And with a weak body, you can die. And this is if the bird is cooked according to all the rules!
All tissues and organs of pitohu (even feathers!) contain batrachotoxin, an extremely powerful poison. This poison has a pronounced nerve-paralytic effect: it activates receptors and nerve cells, and then takes away their ability to switch off, which brings the poor fellows to complete exhaustion. This is why batrachotoxin causes such severe suffering, the consequences of which may not disappear until the end of life. After all, the nervous system, of course, is restored, but it has limits.
Do you know what's the worst thing? There is no antidote for batrachotoxin. We have known about the danger of birds since 1989, and the poison itself has been known to humanity since about 60 years, but we still don’t know how to save ourselves from it. People have long tried to find the answer in the organisms of poisonous bugs and dart frogs. But everything was in vain; their method of not dying from their own poison is not applicable to humans.
Therefore, the fact that pitohu also turned out to be poisonous seemed to even please biologists | 37 |
| 7 | Our short story about animal buildings in pictures.
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| 8 |  +6Sin texto... | 87 |
| 9 | one day you might want to mutate the cow leukemia virus or chicken infectious bronchitis virus.
Author: Anna Nas
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| 10 | hing is the same as in a human one: there is a division by gender and interests, there are “alphas” and “outcasts”. There are friendships outside the circle of relatives, fierce battles and your own language. The latter, by the way, is a key factor in why mangobeys are still alive and well as a species. Judge for yourself what is faster: to run to a relative and drag him up a tree from the claws of a predator, or to shout from a distant branch that a viper is approaching from behind? Or what is better: to get into a fight with a neighbor for a higher rank and get a fracture, or to quarrel without assault and take a new place in the pack only thanks to unprintable monkey words? The savings in time and effort are colossal. Well, mangabeys spend the time they save on inflaming passions no worse than humans. The Santa Barbara Monkey program usually revolves around adultery and illegitimate babies.
With all this “humanized” behavior, it does not seem at all surprising that mangabeys transmitted to us a virus specific only to the human race. Pathogens mutate constantly and quickly, and it is much easier for them to catch on and gain a foothold in similar – at least remotely – cells.
Primates have their own HIV. That's what it's called: simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Not only mangabeys suffer from it, but also their brothers in misfortune - chimpanzees, gorillas and other monkey brethren. And it is even transmitted in the same ways as the human virus, and it also causes AIDS - albeit not in all monkeys and not always. But if the body is not able to defeat the disease, immunity drops, and other pathogens play out in full force. And a sick animal, especially one as harmless as a mangobey, is a lucky ticket for any predator, including humans. Yes, unfortunately, the life of many people in Africa cannot be called simple - there is not always enough food for everyone. In conditions of hunger and poverty, monkey meat becomes a “cheap and cheerful” source of protein, and its cutting and sale is unlikely to be controlled by a sanitary inspection. For HIV to spread across the planet, all it took was one sick mangobey, whose body containedthe pathogen has mutated. Then it was enough for one hunter to carelessly butcher or poorly fry his prey. Well, after that the virus could no longer be stopped.
When humanity finally realized the scale of the problem and found the culprit, it was already too late. Since then, mangobeys, which previously did not attract much attention to themselves, have acquired a bad reputation, and for all this, completely undeservedly. In many mangabeys, infection with the virus goes away completely without a trace, so scientists not only use them as models for experiments, but also study the reasons for such strong natural immunity. So let's better say thank you to these monkeys for their contribution to science and let's not be afraid of them. And of course, let’s be careful about buying meat from dubious places. You never know, | 48 |
| 11 | Smoky mangobey: The same primates that started the HIV and AIDS epidemic
How do you imagine carriers of diseases dangerous to humans? Rats and fleas stuffed with bubonic plague bacteria? Flies on whose legs the pathogens of dysentery move from place to place? Or maybe bats, which made a big splash in 2019 by serving as reservoirs for the coronavirus? Most animals from which humanity receives new diseases as a gift have two things in common: synanthropy - the ability to adapt to cohabitation with humans, and unattractiveness in the eyes of people - well, who in their right mind would call a cockroach or a bedbug cute? The exceptions to this rule are at least interesting for doctors and scientists to observe: you never know for sure where the search for the culprit of the next epidemic will lead you.
In the case of, for example, HIV, whose pandemic began in the 1980s, “patient zero” was... sooty monkeys. If it were not for the sad glory of natural carriers of the immunodeficiency virus, only narrow groups of primate biologists and residents of West Africa, where these same primates live, would know about sooty (or smoky) mangobeys.
Let's start with the fact that the smoky mangabey does not have any outstanding qualities. He looks like a monkey, a monkey, with everything he deserves in the form of a long tail, tenacious limbs and an expressive face, and the size and weight of only a small dog. As befits fellow members of the family, mangobeys spend half of their time in the crowns of mangrove trees, descending to the ground in order to find food or drink water. And even their menu is typical for monkeys: fruits, nuts, tops, roots, sometimes organically pure protein in the form of insects or tadpoles accidentally caught from a puddle.
With such input data, mangabeys, of course, could only count on being forgotten by pop biology. Максимумом, который мог бы заинтересовать обывателя, для них были только необычное название, да социальное поведение. By the way, the name of the monkeys has nothing to do with mangoes. Mangabe is a port in Madagascar from where these primates were first brought to Europe. And no one smoked them - it’s just that the gray wool is very similar to soot. But with interactions with relatives, everything is much more interesting.
As we have already found out, the mangabey is a small and defenseless monkey. It’s not even too aggressive, unlike, for example, baboons, who themselves can easily knock a leopard on the turnip. Not the fastest and most agile - the same capuchins and howler monkeys will give the mangabey a head start and will still jump up the tree faster than the teeth of the predator overtake them. And there are plenty of predators in tropical forests, and they have long identified mangabeys as a healthy and affordable lunch. Primates had to grow additional convolutions in their brains, flock into large flocks, develop social connections - all just to be able to survive.
In a flock of mangobeys, everyt | 50 |
| 12 | gether is much, much more expensive.
Author: Yaroslav Ilyin
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| 13 | Brazilian Otter: Their main strength is the power of friendship. Even jaguars are afraid of her!
There is no beast more terrible than the otter! Especially when it comes to the Brazilian otter. Of course, it is noticeably smaller than jaguars and caimans, but its strength lies in its well-organized pack, which is so effective that it will tear anyone to pieces for the Brazilian flag!
However, even a lone otter is a strong predator, comparable in size to a small dog. An adult Brazilian otter is about 2 times larger than ours - up to 170 centimeters from the whiskers to the tip of the tail! At the same time, it weighs, by the standards of a short-legged sausage, a lot - 22 to 32 kilograms. Even one Brazilian otter is a confident mid-level predator, instilling fear in any animal smaller than a capybara. Only the otter is never alone.
By the way, this was only 70,000 years ago. It is believed that these giant otters could have been exterminated by the first people of these places.
Previously, when the number of otters was higher and their range was larger, their family groups could reach a population of 20 individuals, but now they do not exceed 8 tails. True, even such small groups are still capable of driving away a large jaguar or a medium-sized caiman from their nest. And all thanks to powerful social connections and excellent communication abilities.
Otters are incredibly talkative and have a vocabulary of 22 types of sounds, each of which serves a different purpose. Their repertoire includes identification squeaks for their own, commands for a general gathering, calls for help, threats and orders for a general attack, and much, much more. The otter signaling system is so complex that little otters need a lot of time to assimilate it. They even developed a stage of babbling: just like our babies, otters first squeak something awkward and only then, watching adults, learn to communicate normally.
Thanks to their ability to communicate and cooperate, otters have greatly expanded their diet. Alone or in pairs, they hunt only medium-sized fish, which get out into shallow water or into dense coastal thickets of wide rivers and lakes. Well, a full family group of otters is capable of catching even a large anaconda or a medium-sized black caiman - the largest reptile on the continent!
However, their excellent hunting skills are just a secondary goal, a nice bonus. Otters unite for a completely different purpose - to fight other otters. Brazilian otters are extremely territorial and very aggressive creatures that regularly try to squeeze out a piece or two of each other's hunting grounds. Of course, against this background they have not only border skirmishes, but also full-fledged wall-to-wall fights, in which blood always flows.
With its existence, the Brazilian otter proves that success is not only fangs and powerful muscles. Often, the ability to gather family and friends in time, stand shoulder to shoulder and face a threat to | 85 |
| 14 | Is your pet itching and his coat losing its shine? 🐾 Perhaps it’s the composition of your current food!
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| 15 | breeds right now is at risk of losing its main feature - functionality. Today, some show lines are moving further away from the qualities that made the breed legendary. And this is perhaps the main question of modern breeding: should a horse remain an athlete and fighter, or is it enough that it looks beautiful in the ring?
Author: Arina Taran
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| 16 | distances of up to 160 kilometers. Physiological features that once helped them survive among the scorching sands and win battles now give animals a natural head start in competitions.
However, in parallel with the working and sports direction, an industrial giant called show breeding arose. Here the horse is no longer evaluated as an athlete. They began to consider her exclusively as a living object of art, like an expensive painting or an elegant figurine. Show industry breeders have shifted their focus from leg strength and lung capacity to external effects: a swan neck, a high tail and, most importantly, an exaggerated, porcelain head with an extremely concave profile.
This is where the fashion for the baby face, which the Arabs call “pike face,” has reached a dead end. In pursuit of a doll-like appearance, breeders began to demand extreme types from horses. In recent years, veterinary work has emerged linking the extreme head type of some Arabian foals to upper respiratory problems. The more selection shifts towards the hypertype, the more often experts ask the question of where the border between breed characteristics and anatomical deformation lies.
Take a look at today's show ring champions: their profiles are so curved that their muzzles resemble a crescent moon, their foreheads have become prominent, and their nasal bones have changed their shape. And if previously such heads only caused disputes about beauty, now veterinarians are increasingly joining the discussion.
The danger of the situation is that the horse does not know how to breathe through its mouth even during heavy loads. Therefore, any changes in the structure of the nasal passages and upper respiratory tract raise natural questions. Where is the line between breed peculiarity and anatomical deformation, as in modern pugs and bulldogs? And isn’t the pursuit of a spectacular appearance beginning to rob the Arabian horse of those qualities thanks to which it was able to conquer half the world?
A separate problem of the Arabian breed is hereditary mutations accumulated in individual lines. The first is severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome,when foals are born virtually without an immune system and die from infections in the first months of life. The second is lavender foal syndrome, which causes severe neurological damage in which the newborn cannot stand up and suffers from seizures, which inevitably leads to euthanasia. There is also cerebellar abiotrophy, which destroys coordination of movements. All these hidden defects became the downside of closed breeding and the desire to keep individual lines as pure as possible. The good news is that today scientists have created genetic tests for carriage of these diseases - with a responsible approach to breeding, there will be fewer and fewer sick horses.
Modern show breeding of Arabian horses clearly shows what happens when a biological species is formatted to suit the whims of human fashion. One of the hardiest | 76 |
| 17 | Arabian horse: Pug with hooves. Where is one of the oldest breeds of horses going?
Do you think the fashion for baby faces has stopped at dogs and cats? But no! The Arabian horse fell victim to the same trap that many breeds of animals have already fallen into. A trait that was once simply a beautiful feature has gradually become an end in itself for breeding. Veterinarians are sounding the alarm: Arabians with too much upturned muzzles are already beginning to experience breathing problems - and this is one of the most resilient horses in the world! What will happen next?
To understand why this story worries horsemen so much, let's go back to the beginning. The Arabian horse is one of the oldest breeds on the planet. It was formed in the culture of nomadic Bedouins, for whom, in the harsh climate of the Arabian Peninsula, a good horse was a matter of survival. The Bedouins treated their horses with religious reverence: they kept them in their own tents with their children, protecting them from thieves, the night cold and sandstorms. The nomads were especially zealous about breeding, kept strict records of pedigrees and carefully monitored the purity of the blood.
This is because, in addition to all other needs, Arabian purebreds were not just a luxury item - they were used for war. Horses had to participate in rapid raids, where they sometimes had to endure long marches, heat, poor food and lack of water, while maintaining phenomenal agility and endurance. Only the best went into breeding, because others simply did not return from the battlefield. It was because of military campaigns - first the Muslim conquests, and then the Crusades - that the hardy Bedouin horses came to Europe. They have become one of the most important genetic donors for the world horse breeding. Without Arabian blood today there would be no purebred riding breed, no Oryol trotter, or most modern sport horses in the form we are used to. The Bedouins gave the world an ideal living mechanism: light, strong and extremely tenacious.
Arabian horses differ from most other breeds at the physiological level. Hundreds of years of selection in desert conditions have made them true masters of endurance. The body of ungulates uses oxygen extremely efficiently during prolonged exercise, and a developed thermoregulation system helps to quickly get rid of excess heat. The blood actively carries heat from working muscles to the surface of the body, where it is dissipated through the skin and sweat. Thanks to this, animals can tolerate heat and prolonged stress more easily than many other breeds. Even with a rider on his back and under the scorching sun, an Arab can quickly rush into battle and bring victory.
Thanks to centuries of rigorous selection in the desert, modern Arabian horses have proven to be incredibly productive in many equestrian disciplines. They jump over barriers, show the wonders of dressage, and consistently win gold medals in races over particularly long | 62 |
| 18 | teries of the udder. From the alveoli of the udder it enters the cisterns, from there into the ducts, then into the nipple and then into the bucket. So, in one milking, a good modern cow can produce 10-15 liters of milk! And considering that ungulates are milked 2-3 times a day, can you imagine how much effort they have to put in?
And this is entirely the result of centuries of selection. Previously, cows were not famous for such high productivity, and they had much smaller udders! Until we came up with the idea of producing milk for ourselves, cows produced it often, but in small portions. In the end, it came out to about only 6-8 liters per day, just enough to feed the calf.
Now the cow of the most milk-producing breed is the Holstein, which on average produces from 25 to 30 liters per day. And the best representatives are even capable of producing up to 50 liters of milk!
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| 19 | Udder: Ever wonder how weird this organ is? There's a story to tell
“I haven’t milked a cow, I haven’t seen life!” - that's what my great-grandmother said. Of course, I learned how to milk a cow. But questions about her udder tormented me for many years! Have you ever wondered why it is so strange? Why is it located somewhere under the tail? Why does he have 4 nipples? Why is it so huge? The Book of Animals has collected all the answers to awkward questions in this article.
Let's start with question number one - why is it located at the back and not the front of the cow? Or not on the stomach, like pigs or dogs? Everything is simple here: it’s in the back, because it’s so comfortable for the cow herself. There is no need for ungulates to have an udder on top. Unlike primates, they do not hold their offspring in their arms or put them to their breasts. Okay, but why not place the mammary glands on the stomach, like most animals? It's all about anatomy.
In front, the cow has a very voluminous chest, inside of which there are lungs and a heart. Next is the stomach with a large four-chamber stomach that can hold over 200 liters of food. Next to this giant stomach are other internal organs and an intestine 40-60 meters long, which is also filled with food! Well, where else to sculpt the udder? So evolution decreed that the organ of milk production should be located in the most convenient place for animals - between the hind legs.
Okay, but why are cow udders so weird? Comparing different types of mammary glands, of course, is tactless, but look at girls and chicks: the function of the organ is the same, but the shape is completely different!
A cow's udder is not a can, as it might seem at first glance. If you look at the internal structure, you will see separate four lobes. Milk does not splash in them, like in a bucket, and does not flow from one part of the udder to another. Each lobe is independent, as in other animals. It consists of:
1. The mammary gland that produces milk;
2. Tanks where it accumulates;
3. Ducts through which milk comes out;
4. Connective tissue that holds this entire structure;
5. And also veins, arteries, nerves and the nipple itself.
Why four separate lobes turned into a single organ is difficult to say. It is impossible to find out in which ungulate ancestors the fusion occurred - the soft tissues of fossil animals are practically not preserved.
Why exactly four and not two? This likely provides an advantage when carrying twins, something that aurochs (the wild ancestors of cows) did often enough that selection favored four teats. Plus a larger udder surface = more secretory tissue = more milk per calf.
So, we sorted out the structure and oddities. How does milk come out of all this? To begin with, the cow's body intensively filters the blood - it is from this that the finished product is made. To produce 1 liter of milk, it is necessary that about 650(!) liters of blood pass through the veins-ar | 75 |
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