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ΠΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°
In Africa, a lion cub was filmed eating too much, couldnβt move and just went to sleep on the grass π
We 100% approve and do not condemn!
ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
ΠΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ:
β‘οΈ https://bingx.com/partner/investitsii
| 2 | β chemical weapons like adults, they actively hunt underground insects, including even creepy-looking mole crickets. And in some species, the larvae even turn into parasites: they find other larvae and greedily drink their juices until the victims are left with dry shells. A couple of completely dried larvae and a harmless-looking baby turns into a living rocket on legs that can scald human skin and boil a small insect alive!
Author: Yaroslav Ilyin
ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
ΠΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ:
β‘οΈ https://bingx.com/partner/investitsii | 67 |
| 3 | Bombardier beetle: If you see this one, donβt touch it, otherwise youβll get burned. He shoots boiling water!
So Iβm reading about the bombardier beetle, collecting information for an article. And then I understand: this is not just an insect that spits hot liquid at enemies, this is a chemical factory combined with a rocket engine. And all this wealth fits in a few millimeters of the abdomen!
I think bombardier beetles need no introduction. Just hearing about insects that drench enemies in hot liquid is enough to remember them forever. But there is one question: where did a boiler come from in a cold-blooded insect a couple of centimeters long, which allows the beetle to pour boiling water on its enemies?
And in the answer to this question lies the main secret of the coolness of scorers: there is no such boiler and there cannot be. That, however, does not prevent the beetles from setting up a branch of hellish cauldrons with resin. After all, each of them has 2 small chemical plants hidden in their belly!
There are 2 special glands in the abdomen of the bombardier. One produces hydrogen peroxide, and the other produces hydroquinone, which for the time being are simply stored in special sealed containers. But when the beetle senses that it smells like kerosene, it throws the substances into a common reaction chamber, where the peroxide breaks down into molecular hydrogen and oxygen, and the resulting oxygen breaks down hydroquinone. And since both reactions are decomposition reactions, they occur with a very powerful release of heat. The liquid overheats and partially turns into steam, causing the pressure in the reaction chamber to increase, and all this jet stream bursts out of the beetle nozzle directly into the enemyβs face.
And guess what? It is on this principle that two-component jet enginesβthe most popular engines for space rocketsβwork. With their help, hundreds of satellites are launched into Earth orbit and research missions are sent to other planets. Bombers need a jet stream, however, for other reasons - so that they are not digested by toads.
Beetles of this size have many enemies: centipedes, birds and even larger insects are ready to devour them at the first convenient opportunity. And although the chemical rocket cannon works reliably, its ammunition is seriously limited - only 30-50 salvoes of several milliseconds each. Itβs enough to hit 1-2 opponents, but then the scorerβs problems begin.
Well or not. After all, bombardier beetles belong to the ground beetle family and, like all ground beetles, they are predators with powerful mandibles and strong armor. So strong that zoologists recorded an amazing case: a toad swallowed a bombardier, and he sat in her stomach for a couple of hours, swam in the digestive juices and, having reloaded his main caliber, set fire to the toadβs stomach, after which it voluntarily released him.
Their larvae, by the way, are not cute at all either. Although they do not possess | 51 |
| 4 | ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°... | 62 |
| 5 | βlly monsters almost 40 meters long hiding in the depths?
But even here the solution turned out to be very simple. Giant squids are also hunted by young sperm whales that have not yet finished growing. And along with them, their scars grow. Considering that even 15-ton βbabiesβ can kill monstrous mollusks, the scars on them can actually double in size as the whole organism grows.
So it is unlikely that at least one whale died from its own prey. However, we cannot be 100% sure. In the end, the sperm whale that died in the fight will no longer float to the surface...
There is still a chance that there are even larger squids in the dark depths of the ocean!
- - - - - - -
The Book of Animals was with you!
Friends, our group is led by several zoological authors, and sometimes we need money, but VK has destroyed the authorβs content and does not pay for advertising. You can support our work in the form of a paid subscription (100 rubles). The button is right in this post. This really saves us from extinction, namely subscription, because we know for sure that we will receive some money per month.
Thank you
ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
ΠΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ:
β‘οΈ https://bingx.com/partner/investitsii | 57 |
| 6 | Why are sperm whales all scarred? Can giant squids really give them a worthy rebuff?
Do you want to know where these scars come from? I descended to a depth of a kilometer to fight the creatures of the abyss. There the pressure itself kills you, and an incorrect rise to the surface will kill you even faster. This didn't stop me. I found it. Ten-armed squid. βFinally, a worthy opponent! Our battle will become legendary!β β I thought, and rushed to the attack. I hacked and thrashed while its tentacles tore at my skin. I barely had enough oxygen to get to the surface. These scars are markings of my valor and insane strength.
In general, the hypothetical talking sperm whale did not lie to you, everything was more or less like that. People find whales with giant scars, whose diameter is no less than 20 cm! The beast actually received them in a fight with prey. But there are nuances in the story that will curb the ardor of the hero-storyteller.
Let's start with the absolute truth: the epic battle between mammal and mollusk is guaranteed to take place in complete darkness. In search of cephalopods, sperm whales descend to depths of up to 2 kilometers. Only sometimes, at night, do squids rise to depths of 500-600 meters.
To navigate in the pitch darkness, mollusks have grown the largest eyes among animals - the diameter of their eyeball reaches 25 cm (photo 3)! These eyepieces capture the slightest glimpses of light. Sperm whales took a different route: they relied on echolocation. Instead of relying on rare glimpses of light, mammals see everything around them in 3D.
The giant squid actually leaves scars on the skin of a whale. The pimples on the mollusk's tentacles are capable of pressing against prey with a force of approximately 8 atmospheres. As if this were not enough, each sucker is framed along the edge by a chitinous ring with teeth (photo 4). If dozens of such devices are pressed into a human body, he will die from bleeding in a matter of minutes. Most often, the tentacles of squids catch prey no larger than a person: deep-sea fish and other squids, including giant ones, and are almost immediately torn apart in the tentacles.
It turns out that whales may die in search of prey? Not really. For a sperm whale, even such a deadly weapon is almost not dangerous. In humans, the average skin thickness is 1-2 millimeters; in a sperm whale it is 20 times thicker. And under the skin there is also a layer of fat up to 50 centimeters thick. There are practically no blood vessels in it, so even extremely deep injuries cost little blood.
And the difference in size is colossal: The average weight of an adult whale is 40 tons, and a large giant squid can hardly weigh 200 kilos. The size of the scars also made for an interesting overlay. People actually meet whales with giant scars with a diameter of 20 cm. At the same time, the suckers of the largest squid caught were 2 times smaller. And this with a body length of 17 meters! Are there rea | 45 |
| 7 | ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°... | 88 |
| 8 | β way to save both horseshoe crabs from extinction and people from infections.
Researchers were able to isolate the gene responsible for creating immune proteins and transplant it into yeast. Now they, like little bioprinters, print recombinant factor C - this is the name given to the version of the protective protein produced by yeast. Now the only thing left to do is to introduce new tests using it to replace the old lal tests.
And this is already happening! In 2025, tests of a new type were adopted in the United States, and in 2026 - in the European Union. In Russia, they are still at the testing stage, but are already actively sold by pharmaceutical companies. This means that over the next 5-10 years the need to destroy horseshoe crabs in order to save peopleβs lives will disappear completely!
Author: Yaroslav Ilyin
ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
ΠΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ:
β‘οΈ https://bingx.com/partner/investitsii | 76 |
| 9 | Horseshoe crab: Blue blood saves humanity. But at what cost?
I love my job. I like to tell you about any animal, as long as it doesn't involve horseshoe crabs. After all, writing about them is almost physically painful. These are ancient creatures that are being mercilessly destroyed right now for the sake of valuable resources. However, if this is not done, many people will die, which turns the usual story about the death of animals into some kind of terrible cycle of suffering. But this cycle seems to have come to an end.
Horseshoe crabs are a completely independent branch of arthropods that appeared a good 450 million years ago. They are older than all terrestrial vertebrates, millipedes, insects, spiders and, apparently, older than true crayfish. Horseshoe crabs even look ancient: their huge, flat shells and angular shapes make them look like long-extinct trilobites, although they are not related.
However, unlike the trilobites, our heroes are still alive. Although the times of their greatness are far behind. 4 species of horseshoe crabs have survived to this day, which are almost no different from their relatives who lived 200-250 million years ago. Although they have grown a little, they have not changed at all in appearance and still remain bottom predators who do not mind snacking on carrion.
However, people are much more interested in the unique immune system of horseshoe crabs. The blue hemolymph of arthropods is filled with special cells, amoebocytes, which literally explode upon contact with any suspicious particles - bacteria, the remains of their cells or toxin molecules produced by infections. In an act of self-sacrifice, the cell releases a special protein - C factor - which binds to blood proteins and turns into a jelly capsule around the foreign fragment.
People were able to use this trick to their advantage - from the hemolymph extract of horseshoe crabs, we learned to make so-called LAL tests - special tests that can detect any bacteria and their toxins in operating rooms and on surgical instruments. Every year they save hundreds of people from death, and thousands from severe complications during operations.
But horseshoe crabs pay a huge price for our survival, which is why their numbers are rapidly declining. They are caught, up to 30% of the blood is drained, and released to freedom. Formally, such a loss of hemolymph for horseshoe crabs is not fatal, but the fertility of females decreases, and about 30% of the animals die within a few weeks. And if a horseshoe crab becomes a donor for the second time in a season, it will definitely die.
And for a long time nothing could change the situation. After all, on one side of the scale lay the existence of some funny arthropods, and on the other - the lives of people and huge profits - the hemolymph of horseshoe crabs is sold for 16 thousand dollars per liter. But in recent years, we have finally seen the light at the end of the tunnel: scientists have found a | 54 |
| 10 | ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
ΠΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ:
β‘οΈ https://bingx.com/partner/investitsii | 58 |
| 11 | ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°... | 76 |
| 12 | βt that in front of him was a large predatory animal, he could not say anything. Then there was simply nothing to compare with. The first reconstructions of Megalosaurus depicted it as a quadruped, resembling a mutant crocodile with bear paws and a hump like a bison (photo 8). Something between a lizard and a closet.
The word "dinosaur" appeared only in 1842 - it was coined by naturalist Richard Owen. Before this, each find was described as best they could: βlarge lizard,β βgiant amphibian,β βsea monster.β
But by the middle of the 19th century, dinosaurs turned from science into real pop culture - people began to become fans of all this movement.
True, many dinosaurs were described and reconstructed incorrectly.
Iguanodon, for example, was represented on four legs with a horn on its nose - the horn later turned out to be a thumb (photo 9). The first museum skeletons were collected literally at random - bones of different animals mixed together.
But the public didn't care. People flocked to museums in droves, pointed their fingers at the display cases and rejoiced.
Is our reaction today correct? Paleontology has turned upside down several times over the past hundred years. Dinosaurs turned out to be not cold-blooded lizards, but the closest relatives of birds - warm, fast, covered in places with feathers.
Each new generation learns that the previous one collected the skeletons incorrectly. And we have no reason to believe that we are the last in this chain.
The Book of Animals was with you!
ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
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| 13 | The Dragon Died Here: What was the reaction of ancient people to the skeletons of dinosaurs and other extinct animals?
Imagine: you are a medieval peasant somewhere in China, digging a vegetable garden - and suddenly the shovel rests on a huge tooth the size of a fist. No internet, no paleontology. Just a tooth, soil and your imagination.
What do you think?
Dragon!!!
This is how humanity has explained dinosaur bones for thousands of years. Not because they were stupider than us. But because it had no other tools other than mythology. And, I must say, they coped with the task very creatively.
In the 13th century, residents of the Chinese deserts of Turfan and Lop Nur were afraid of the huge bones in the surrounding sands and called them βdragon bones.β Fear is fear, but the Chinese are practical people: dragon bones quickly became medicine. They were ground into powder and sold in pharmacies - for everything from joint pain to potency problems. Business has flourished for centuries. Ironically, the customers were literally drinking the ground up remains of creatures that lived 65 million years before them.
The Greeks approached the issue differently. Ancient Greek myths about titans and heroes who were three times larger than ordinary people were most likely fueled by real finds - the femurs of prehistoric elephants, which actually resembled enlarged human bones. I found such a bone - and here is ready proof that giants existed. The logic is ironclad, paleontology is not needed.
And what about the one-eyed Cyclops, whom Odysseus was so afraid of? Scientists suggest that its prototype could be the skulls of dwarf mammoths that lived on the islands of the Mediterranean (photo 5). The large opening at the front of the skullβactually a cavity for the trunk and noseβcan easily be mistaken for a huge eye socket. The skull was found in a cave, in front of you is a giant one-eyed monster. Done, the myth is created.
A separate story is the griffin, a creature with the body of a lion and the head of an eagle. Historian Adrienne Mayor has suggested that the griffin may have been inspired by the bones of Protoceratops, a lion-sized, horned, beak-faced dinosaur whose remains were found in abundance in the deserts of Central Asia (Photo 6). Scythian nomads, hunting for gold there, found these bones, stories spread along trade routes - and they came to the Greeks already equipped with wings and fiery breath.
When scientists finally reached out to the finds in the 17thβ18th centuries, things got a little better. But not by much.
In 1677, the English naturalist Robert Plot published an image of a fragment of bone found in England, and decided that it was the bone of an elephant introduced by the Romans. An elephant is already a progress compared to a dragon. But also bypass: it was a megalosaurus (photo 7).
In 1824, William Buckland formally described Megalosaurus, the first dinosaur to receive a scientific name. But apart from the fac | 57 |
| 14 | ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°... | 115 |
| 15 | βedibly long time by arachnid standards.
Moreover, little monsters reproduce only once in their lives, and not earlier than 3 years after birth. When meeting a female, the male takes out a spermatophore - a bag of seed material. He places it on the ground, moves back and waits patiently for the female to pick up the gift. After this, they go to their burrows to rest. But 20-40 eggs are already beginning to form in the motherβs womb. After a few weeks, the female will lay them and attach them to her abdomen. And when the babies hatch, they will put them on their backs and protect them from all dangers until their last breath. Unfortunately, an organism undermined by childbirth will live no more than 2-3 months. But all this time the kids will be safe!
- - - - - - -
The Book of Animals was with you!
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ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
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| 16 | Giant phone: Between a spider and a scorpion. He can splatter with scalding acid
Don't put it to your ear, do you hear??? Even if the phone is the size of a small smartphone, it can deprive you of your hearing by spitting concentrated acid! And chew on the shell of his ear, his claws are so strong.
The giant telephon is an arachnid native to the southern regions of North America. The largest in its family: from 6 to 9 centimeters long. It is the closest relative of spiders, scorpions, ticks, salpug and other creatures with which you donβt always want to share the planet.
The assembly of the phone for a mobile device is unusual. But for a representative of arachnids it is quite standard: a carcass reinforced with chitin armor, eight legs, two pedipalps-claws and a pinch of chthonic horror. But the phone has exclusive modifications, the sight of which makes you look for the phone in a panic so that you can call the emergency services as soon as possible.
For example, poison glands. They are located at the very edge of the abdomen - next to the chitinous thread. For telephones, an antenna is a forgotten archaism, but for telephones it is a wonderful way to warn an opponent about an upcoming attack. Do you see the tail like a gun? Know: itβs not WiFi theyβre distributing, itβs the lyuli! A moment, and the arthropod hits the enemy with a thin stream. The phone is aimed at the eyes and mouth. The pressure is like a water pistol, but the effect is like pepper spray.
The secret of the glands is quite simple: 11% water, 5% caprylic acid and 84% acetic acid. For reference: even 30% acetic acid causes chemical burns of the mucous membranes, which can result in tissue necrosis. Up to 7 charges of toxic liquid are stored in reserve, and the monster can spray it at a distance of 20 to 80 centimeters in front of itself.
As if the toxic fountain from the butt wasnβt enough, the phone acquired claws. He made them from pedipalps - the second pair of limbs. Spiders use them as a sense of touch. But our nightmare friend decided that he would bring suffering with them.
Bazooka arms are strong enough to shred human skin. There is no poison in them, but painful scratches with torn edges bleed profusely and do not heal well. What can we say about every little thing. After meeting with the phone, beetles, spiders, caterpillars, centipedes and other arthropods become inaccessible to subscribers.
But animals bite extremely rarely. Behind the brutal black chitin, claws, spikes and organic tanks of acid hides a peaceful little soul. Yes, your phone can pour vinegar on you, but only out of fear and for the purpose of self-defense. The arthropod avoids contact with non-food and comes to the surface exclusively at night.
Please note that other peopleβs shelters do not take away their telephones! Even abandoned holes are not used. They dig tunnels themselves. Yes, it takes about a week, but the phones are in no hurry. They live from 4 to 7 years, an incr | 68 |
| 17 | ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°... | 84 |
| 18 | β and doctors - after all, this is another option for searching for an antidote. But we still havenβt figured out how exactly the pitoh received immunity to toxins. Today, the main suspect is a special protein that binds the poison, preventing it from attacking the victimβs cells. However, the existence of this protein has been proven only theoretically; it has yet to be found.
How to find the source of this poison. The fact is that neither beetles, nor poison dart frogs, nor pitochus produce it in their bodies; they receive it from an as yet unknown source - some plant or insect that uses batrachotoxin to protect itself from predators. Obviously, it doesnβt help them very much.
Something else is interesting here: insects, amphibians and birds, independently of each other, developed the same mechanism for using foreign poison, which is why they became very successful in their niche. This phenomenon is just a special example of convergent evolution - a phenomenon in which many different animals come to the same decision. After all, it is ideal.
Additional information under the photos of the post.
The Book of Animals was with you!
ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
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| 19 | Pitohu: Poisonous bird. Touched it and got poisoned. Ate - died
Here is an ornithologist named Jack (photo 4):
And this is a scientific expedition,
Which one guy asked to go to,
To enjoy your internship in the warmth.
It was an ornithologist named Jack.
And this is a wonderful two-colored bird,
Which managed to fall into the net,
Which was staged by the entire expedition.
Including an intern named Jack.
And so, the trainee ornithologist was sent to work
Save that funny two-color bird,
Which doesnβt fit online at all,
Which was hanged by the entire expedition.
Including an intern named Jack.
However, a funny two-color bird
She doesnβt try to lighten his burden at all.
And he fights hard, he fights like a bird,
Scratching fingers with a clawed paw
Poor hard worker named Jack.
And now, the poor guy canβt sleep today,
After all, he licked the wound that was left from the bird,
Which he released from prison during the day,
Which was built by the entire expedition,
In which he works day and night,
Ornithologist intern named Jack
After all, a bird gave him poison
Cool and very toxic bird,
The whole island is afraid of that creepy bird.
The composition of the expeditions is not aware of this,
What nets were installed so that people could tinker with them?
An ornithologist intern named Jack.
That's how, thanks to Jack Dambacher, the scientific community learned that there are poisonous birds. And I met the most dangerous of them.
It was not necessary to taste their poison; it was enough just to ask the Guineans. After all, βpitohuβ translated from one of the languages ββof New Guinea means βgarbage bird.β Local residents have long and firmly remembered that eating them is stupidity, fraught with convulsions, vomiting and tachycardia, which will torment the gourmet for several days. And with a weak body, you can die. And this is if the bird is cooked according to all the rules!
All tissues and organs of pitohu (even feathers!) contain batrachotoxin, an extremely powerful poison. This poison has a pronounced nerve-paralytic effect: it activates receptors and nerve cells, and then takes away their ability to switch off, which brings the poor fellows to complete exhaustion. This is why batrachotoxin causes such severe suffering, the consequences of which may not disappear until the end of life. After all, the nervous system, of course, is restored, but it has limits.
Do you know what's the worst thing? There is no antidote for batrachotoxin. We have known about the danger of birds since 1989, and the poison itself has been known to humanity since about 60 years, but we still donβt know how to save ourselves from it. People have long tried to find the answer in the organisms of poisonous bugs and dart frogs. But everything was in vain; their method of not dying from their own poison is not applicable to humans.
Therefore, the fact that pitohu also turned out to be poisonous seemed to even please biologists | 69 |
| 20 | Our short story about animal buildings in pictures.
ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ? π€ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Ρ!
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