متاح الآن! بحث تيليغرام 2025 — أهم رؤى العام 
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منشورات القناة
Our short story about animal buildings in pictures.
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| 2 |  +6لا يوجد نص... | 51 |
| 3 | one day you might want to mutate the cow leukemia virus or chicken infectious bronchitis virus.
Author: Anna Nas
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| 4 | hing is the same as in a human one: there is a division by gender and interests, there are “alphas” and “outcasts”. There are friendships outside the circle of relatives, fierce battles and your own language. The latter, by the way, is a key factor in why mangobeys are still alive and well as a species. Judge for yourself what is faster: to run to a relative and drag him up a tree from the claws of a predator, or to shout from a distant branch that a viper is approaching from behind? Or what is better: to get into a fight with a neighbor for a higher rank and get a fracture, or to quarrel without assault and take a new place in the pack only thanks to unprintable monkey words? The savings in time and effort are colossal. Well, mangabeys spend the time they save on inflaming passions no worse than humans. The Santa Barbara Monkey program usually revolves around adultery and illegitimate babies.
With all this “humanized” behavior, it does not seem at all surprising that mangabeys transmitted to us a virus specific only to the human race. Pathogens mutate constantly and quickly, and it is much easier for them to catch on and gain a foothold in similar – at least remotely – cells.
Primates have their own HIV. That's what it's called: simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Not only mangabeys suffer from it, but also their brothers in misfortune - chimpanzees, gorillas and other monkey brethren. And it is even transmitted in the same ways as the human virus, and it also causes AIDS - albeit not in all monkeys and not always. But if the body is not able to defeat the disease, immunity drops, and other pathogens play out in full force. And a sick animal, especially one as harmless as a mangobey, is a lucky ticket for any predator, including humans. Yes, unfortunately, the life of many people in Africa cannot be called simple - there is not always enough food for everyone. In conditions of hunger and poverty, monkey meat becomes a “cheap and cheerful” source of protein, and its cutting and sale is unlikely to be controlled by a sanitary inspection. For HIV to spread across the planet, all it took was one sick mangobey, whose body containedthe pathogen has mutated. Then it was enough for one hunter to carelessly butcher or poorly fry his prey. Well, after that the virus could no longer be stopped.
When humanity finally realized the scale of the problem and found the culprit, it was already too late. Since then, mangobeys, which previously did not attract much attention to themselves, have acquired a bad reputation, and for all this, completely undeservedly. In many mangabeys, infection with the virus goes away completely without a trace, so scientists not only use them as models for experiments, but also study the reasons for such strong natural immunity. So let's better say thank you to these monkeys for their contribution to science and let's not be afraid of them. And of course, let’s be careful about buying meat from dubious places. You never know, | 32 |
| 5 | Smoky mangobey: The same primates that started the HIV and AIDS epidemic
How do you imagine carriers of diseases dangerous to humans? Rats and fleas stuffed with bubonic plague bacteria? Flies on whose legs the pathogens of dysentery move from place to place? Or maybe bats, which made a big splash in 2019 by serving as reservoirs for the coronavirus? Most animals from which humanity receives new diseases as a gift have two things in common: synanthropy - the ability to adapt to cohabitation with humans, and unattractiveness in the eyes of people - well, who in their right mind would call a cockroach or a bedbug cute? The exceptions to this rule are at least interesting for doctors and scientists to observe: you never know for sure where the search for the culprit of the next epidemic will lead you.
In the case of, for example, HIV, whose pandemic began in the 1980s, “patient zero” was... sooty monkeys. If it were not for the sad glory of natural carriers of the immunodeficiency virus, only narrow groups of primate biologists and residents of West Africa, where these same primates live, would know about sooty (or smoky) mangobeys.
Let's start with the fact that the smoky mangabey does not have any outstanding qualities. He looks like a monkey, a monkey, with everything he deserves in the form of a long tail, tenacious limbs and an expressive face, and the size and weight of only a small dog. As befits fellow members of the family, mangobeys spend half of their time in the crowns of mangrove trees, descending to the ground in order to find food or drink water. And even their menu is typical for monkeys: fruits, nuts, tops, roots, sometimes organically pure protein in the form of insects or tadpoles accidentally caught from a puddle.
With such input data, mangabeys, of course, could only count on being forgotten by pop biology. Максимумом, который мог бы заинтересовать обывателя, для них были только необычное название, да социальное поведение. By the way, the name of the monkeys has nothing to do with mangoes. Mangabe is a port in Madagascar from where these primates were first brought to Europe. And no one smoked them - it’s just that the gray wool is very similar to soot. But with interactions with relatives, everything is much more interesting.
As we have already found out, the mangabey is a small and defenseless monkey. It’s not even too aggressive, unlike, for example, baboons, who themselves can easily knock a leopard on the turnip. Not the fastest and most agile - the same capuchins and howler monkeys will give the mangabey a head start and will still jump up the tree faster than the teeth of the predator overtake them. And there are plenty of predators in tropical forests, and they have long identified mangabeys as a healthy and affordable lunch. Primates had to grow additional convolutions in their brains, flock into large flocks, develop social connections - all just to be able to survive.
In a flock of mangobeys, everyt | 35 |
| 6 | gether is much, much more expensive.
Author: Yaroslav Ilyin
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| 7 | Brazilian Otter: Their main strength is the power of friendship. Even jaguars are afraid of her!
There is no beast more terrible than the otter! Especially when it comes to the Brazilian otter. Of course, it is noticeably smaller than jaguars and caimans, but its strength lies in its well-organized pack, which is so effective that it will tear anyone to pieces for the Brazilian flag!
However, even a lone otter is a strong predator, comparable in size to a small dog. An adult Brazilian otter is about 2 times larger than ours - up to 170 centimeters from the whiskers to the tip of the tail! At the same time, it weighs, by the standards of a short-legged sausage, a lot - 22 to 32 kilograms. Even one Brazilian otter is a confident mid-level predator, instilling fear in any animal smaller than a capybara. Only the otter is never alone.
By the way, this was only 70,000 years ago. It is believed that these giant otters could have been exterminated by the first people of these places.
Previously, when the number of otters was higher and their range was larger, their family groups could reach a population of 20 individuals, but now they do not exceed 8 tails. True, even such small groups are still capable of driving away a large jaguar or a medium-sized caiman from their nest. And all thanks to powerful social connections and excellent communication abilities.
Otters are incredibly talkative and have a vocabulary of 22 types of sounds, each of which serves a different purpose. Their repertoire includes identification squeaks for their own, commands for a general gathering, calls for help, threats and orders for a general attack, and much, much more. The otter signaling system is so complex that little otters need a lot of time to assimilate it. They even developed a stage of babbling: just like our babies, otters first squeak something awkward and only then, watching adults, learn to communicate normally.
Thanks to their ability to communicate and cooperate, otters have greatly expanded their diet. Alone or in pairs, they hunt only medium-sized fish, which get out into shallow water or into dense coastal thickets of wide rivers and lakes. Well, a full family group of otters is capable of catching even a large anaconda or a medium-sized black caiman - the largest reptile on the continent!
However, their excellent hunting skills are just a secondary goal, a nice bonus. Otters unite for a completely different purpose - to fight other otters. Brazilian otters are extremely territorial and very aggressive creatures that regularly try to squeeze out a piece or two of each other's hunting grounds. Of course, against this background they have not only border skirmishes, but also full-fledged wall-to-wall fights, in which blood always flows.
With its existence, the Brazilian otter proves that success is not only fangs and powerful muscles. Often, the ability to gather family and friends in time, stand shoulder to shoulder and face a threat to | 76 |
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| 9 | breeds right now is at risk of losing its main feature - functionality. Today, some show lines are moving further away from the qualities that made the breed legendary. And this is perhaps the main question of modern breeding: should a horse remain an athlete and fighter, or is it enough that it looks beautiful in the ring?
Author: Arina Taran
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| 10 | distances of up to 160 kilometers. Physiological features that once helped them survive among the scorching sands and win battles now give animals a natural head start in competitions.
However, in parallel with the working and sports direction, an industrial giant called show breeding arose. Here the horse is no longer evaluated as an athlete. They began to consider her exclusively as a living object of art, like an expensive painting or an elegant figurine. Show industry breeders have shifted their focus from leg strength and lung capacity to external effects: a swan neck, a high tail and, most importantly, an exaggerated, porcelain head with an extremely concave profile.
This is where the fashion for the baby face, which the Arabs call “pike face,” has reached a dead end. In pursuit of a doll-like appearance, breeders began to demand extreme types from horses. In recent years, veterinary work has emerged linking the extreme head type of some Arabian foals to upper respiratory problems. The more selection shifts towards the hypertype, the more often experts ask the question of where the border between breed characteristics and anatomical deformation lies.
Take a look at today's show ring champions: their profiles are so curved that their muzzles resemble a crescent moon, their foreheads have become prominent, and their nasal bones have changed their shape. And if previously such heads only caused disputes about beauty, now veterinarians are increasingly joining the discussion.
The danger of the situation is that the horse does not know how to breathe through its mouth even during heavy loads. Therefore, any changes in the structure of the nasal passages and upper respiratory tract raise natural questions. Where is the line between breed peculiarity and anatomical deformation, as in modern pugs and bulldogs? And isn’t the pursuit of a spectacular appearance beginning to rob the Arabian horse of those qualities thanks to which it was able to conquer half the world?
A separate problem of the Arabian breed is hereditary mutations accumulated in individual lines. The first is severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome,when foals are born virtually without an immune system and die from infections in the first months of life. The second is lavender foal syndrome, which causes severe neurological damage in which the newborn cannot stand up and suffers from seizures, which inevitably leads to euthanasia. There is also cerebellar abiotrophy, which destroys coordination of movements. All these hidden defects became the downside of closed breeding and the desire to keep individual lines as pure as possible. The good news is that today scientists have created genetic tests for carriage of these diseases - with a responsible approach to breeding, there will be fewer and fewer sick horses.
Modern show breeding of Arabian horses clearly shows what happens when a biological species is formatted to suit the whims of human fashion. One of the hardiest | 68 |
| 11 | Arabian horse: Pug with hooves. Where is one of the oldest breeds of horses going?
Do you think the fashion for baby faces has stopped at dogs and cats? But no! The Arabian horse fell victim to the same trap that many breeds of animals have already fallen into. A trait that was once simply a beautiful feature has gradually become an end in itself for breeding. Veterinarians are sounding the alarm: Arabians with too much upturned muzzles are already beginning to experience breathing problems - and this is one of the most resilient horses in the world! What will happen next?
To understand why this story worries horsemen so much, let's go back to the beginning. The Arabian horse is one of the oldest breeds on the planet. It was formed in the culture of nomadic Bedouins, for whom, in the harsh climate of the Arabian Peninsula, a good horse was a matter of survival. The Bedouins treated their horses with religious reverence: they kept them in their own tents with their children, protecting them from thieves, the night cold and sandstorms. The nomads were especially zealous about breeding, kept strict records of pedigrees and carefully monitored the purity of the blood.
This is because, in addition to all other needs, Arabian purebreds were not just a luxury item - they were used for war. Horses had to participate in rapid raids, where they sometimes had to endure long marches, heat, poor food and lack of water, while maintaining phenomenal agility and endurance. Only the best went into breeding, because others simply did not return from the battlefield. It was because of military campaigns - first the Muslim conquests, and then the Crusades - that the hardy Bedouin horses came to Europe. They have become one of the most important genetic donors for the world horse breeding. Without Arabian blood today there would be no purebred riding breed, no Oryol trotter, or most modern sport horses in the form we are used to. The Bedouins gave the world an ideal living mechanism: light, strong and extremely tenacious.
Arabian horses differ from most other breeds at the physiological level. Hundreds of years of selection in desert conditions have made them true masters of endurance. The body of ungulates uses oxygen extremely efficiently during prolonged exercise, and a developed thermoregulation system helps to quickly get rid of excess heat. The blood actively carries heat from working muscles to the surface of the body, where it is dissipated through the skin and sweat. Thanks to this, animals can tolerate heat and prolonged stress more easily than many other breeds. Even with a rider on his back and under the scorching sun, an Arab can quickly rush into battle and bring victory.
Thanks to centuries of rigorous selection in the desert, modern Arabian horses have proven to be incredibly productive in many equestrian disciplines. They jump over barriers, show the wonders of dressage, and consistently win gold medals in races over particularly long | 55 |
| 12 | teries of the udder. From the alveoli of the udder it enters the cisterns, from there into the ducts, then into the nipple and then into the bucket. So, in one milking, a good modern cow can produce 10-15 liters of milk! And considering that ungulates are milked 2-3 times a day, can you imagine how much effort they have to put in?
And this is entirely the result of centuries of selection. Previously, cows were not famous for such high productivity, and they had much smaller udders! Until we came up with the idea of producing milk for ourselves, cows produced it often, but in small portions. In the end, it came out to about only 6-8 liters per day, just enough to feed the calf.
Now the cow of the most milk-producing breed is the Holstein, which on average produces from 25 to 30 liters per day. And the best representatives are even capable of producing up to 50 liters of milk!
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| 13 | Udder: Ever wonder how weird this organ is? There's a story to tell
“I haven’t milked a cow, I haven’t seen life!” - that's what my great-grandmother said. Of course, I learned how to milk a cow. But questions about her udder tormented me for many years! Have you ever wondered why it is so strange? Why is it located somewhere under the tail? Why does he have 4 nipples? Why is it so huge? The Book of Animals has collected all the answers to awkward questions in this article.
Let's start with question number one - why is it located at the back and not the front of the cow? Or not on the stomach, like pigs or dogs? Everything is simple here: it’s in the back, because it’s so comfortable for the cow herself. There is no need for ungulates to have an udder on top. Unlike primates, they do not hold their offspring in their arms or put them to their breasts. Okay, but why not place the mammary glands on the stomach, like most animals? It's all about anatomy.
In front, the cow has a very voluminous chest, inside of which there are lungs and a heart. Next is the stomach with a large four-chamber stomach that can hold over 200 liters of food. Next to this giant stomach are other internal organs and an intestine 40-60 meters long, which is also filled with food! Well, where else to sculpt the udder? So evolution decreed that the organ of milk production should be located in the most convenient place for animals - between the hind legs.
Okay, but why are cow udders so weird? Comparing different types of mammary glands, of course, is tactless, but look at girls and chicks: the function of the organ is the same, but the shape is completely different!
A cow's udder is not a can, as it might seem at first glance. If you look at the internal structure, you will see separate four lobes. Milk does not splash in them, like in a bucket, and does not flow from one part of the udder to another. Each lobe is independent, as in other animals. It consists of:
1. The mammary gland that produces milk;
2. Tanks where it accumulates;
3. Ducts through which milk comes out;
4. Connective tissue that holds this entire structure;
5. And also veins, arteries, nerves and the nipple itself.
Why four separate lobes turned into a single organ is difficult to say. It is impossible to find out in which ungulate ancestors the fusion occurred - the soft tissues of fossil animals are practically not preserved.
Why exactly four and not two? This likely provides an advantage when carrying twins, something that aurochs (the wild ancestors of cows) did often enough that selection favored four teats. Plus a larger udder surface = more secretory tissue = more milk per calf.
So, we sorted out the structure and oddities. How does milk come out of all this? To begin with, the cow's body intensively filters the blood - it is from this that the finished product is made. To produce 1 liter of milk, it is necessary that about 650(!) liters of blood pass through the veins-ar | 68 |
| 14 |  +5لا يوجد نص... | 97 |
| 15 | leaves the host itself, leaving a gaping wound open to all infections. Creepy. But these parasites are rare, and on civilized beaches they are usually not found at all. On wild beaches it is better to wear slippers.
What conclusion can be drawn from everything written above? And everything is as always. The internet has gotten it all mixed up and is causing a nuisance to the fishing industry, but otherwise harmless sea lice have turned into a “tourist hazard.” In fact, a true sea lice bite is almost impossible, and that's a good thing.
Author: Yaroslav Ilyin
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| 16 | Sea lice: Who bites on the beach and in the water? Here's what you need to know about it
I read about sea lice and my hair freezes. These small but terrible monsters manage to simultaneously destroy salmon farms, bite swimmers for all sorts of things, and attack vacationers right on the shore. So much so that their fingers then turn black and become inflamed! What the hell are these creatures? What exactly do holiday destination guides warn about?
In fact, the main monster here is the illiteracy of people who, without thinking, throw everything into one basket. There really are sea lice in the World Ocean, and everywhere. This is a whole family of crustaceans numbering 600 species, which exists due to parasitism on fish. And while some of them are relatively harmless and simply feed on mucus, others get under the scales and suck the blood out of the fish, causing enormous damage to both wild populations and “domesticated” fish on farms.
But no species of lice has ever been observed to purposefully bite people. Only occasionally their larvae, out of stupidity, can bite a person, but these are isolated bites, from which a healthy person will not even have traces. And yet, if you type “sea lice bites” into the search, you will be presented with a whole heap of photographs with a bright red inflamed rash that itches and itches disgustingly even through the monitor screen. Something doesn’t add up here, don’t you think?
What doesn’t add up here is the poor translation from content makers and SMM specialists, whose main task is to fill the site with content, and not be responsible for its quality. They often miss the fact that in the English-speaking environment, sea lice refers not only to fish parasites, but also to small jellyfish and their larvae, which hang out in abundance in shallow tropical and subtropical waters. Which are precisely capable of hurting a person, albeit without significant harm to health.
They don’t bite—they simply have nothing to bite with—but they have stinging cells that inject small doses of nerve venom under a person’s skin. It sounds creepy, but it's not as dangerous as it might seem. Yes, sometimes you can get caught in a large concentration of jellyfish larvae. Especially during high and low tides. But the most a healthy person will get is a series of small, burning inflammations that will go away in a few days. But if you directly see an adult jellyfish, then it really can be dangerous and it’s time to swim to the shore. But jellyfish larvae are not interested in fish, at least until they grow up.
And some even include sand fleas in the ranks of sea lice. And these are completely parasitic insects with a very unpleasant disposition. Their females crawl under the skin of mammals and grow there, feeding on the blood of a person or animal. The flea torments its owner for about a week, constantly increasing in size and not allowing the wound to heal. After which it shoots out a couple of hundred eggs and | 75 |
| 17 | A small selection of interesting things:
1. Royal vulture. Not very pleasant growths, but it's just a goiter. A place where many birds pre-digest their food.
2. Arabian horses have very interesting faces. The result of selection.
3. When a walrus wants to rest or sleep, he does this 😁
4. While Russian grandmothers go out to feed pigeons, South American men feed iguanas, of which there are just as many.
5. The south of South America has its own atmosphere. Cougars intersect with penguin colonies.
6. Male saiga. Lost a horn in the fight for the harem.
7. Echidna looks incredible!
8. A beautiful pangolin that looks so much like a fir cone ☺
9. Indus dolphin. These extremely rare blind creatures live in the dirty rivers of India and Pakistan.
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| 18 |  +6لا يوجد نص... | 100 |
| 19 | such close contact is guaranteed to lead to blindness.
And here are the figurines. This winter, an international team of scientists was able to study parasite-infected sharks aged 130-150 years and found that their vision was as sharp as in their youth. Age-related changes in the retina are not even recorded in them!
The only pity is that this knowledge is absolutely inapplicable to humans. The physiology and lifestyle of Greenland sharks are so different from ours that their methods of extending their life and the health of their organs simply will not work for us, even theoretically. But they are extremely useful for a general understanding of the principles of operation of regeneration mechanisms at the cellular level.
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| 20 | Greenland shark: Anomalous fish. Lives for 500 years, and her body does not degrade with age at all
Today, the Greenland shark is considered the longest-living vertebrate on the planet. Radiocarbon dating of the lens of the shark's eye showed that their age could exceed 500 years! This is several times longer than the life expectancy of other record holders, such as giant tortoises, bowhead whales and humans. Of course, the latter are of keen interest in the anomalous fish. And while some simply study it, like some kind of biological curiosity, others ask: “Can a person do the same?”
We used to think that the abnormally long lifespan of Greenland sharks was a side effect of their adaptation to specific environmental conditions. For most of the year, sharks live in deep-sea regions of northern waters, where resources and energy are catastrophically scarce. To survive here, they have to eat anything: shellfish, worms, carrion, any fish. And the largest sharks even attack seals sleeping on the ice, compensating for their slowness with surprise.
However, everything turned out to be not so simple. Research in recent years shows that shark metabolism is not just slow, it is abnormal. In the vast majority of animals, metabolic processes in their bodies gradually slow down with age. Explosive growth and development in childhood are replaced first by stable maturity, and then by fading old age. But for Greenland sharks everything is different: the metabolism of newborn babies and elders, who are 2 times older than Pushkin, is almost identical. Their enzymes, protein production rates, and thousands of other processes occur at the same speed and efficiency regardless of age.
Part of the small difference in metabolic rate is due to the fact that baby Greenland sharks are selective sluggers. In eggs and the womb (Greenland sharks do not lay eggs, but carry them inside themselves), sharks spend from 8 to 18 years, and after leaving their mother they grow at a rate of only 1-2 centimeters per year, slower than trees! Even though they live in a kind of nursery - in the relatively safe and food-rich shallow waters of Europe and the East Coast of North America. It is logical to expect that if the base metabolic rate is so low, it will be very difficult to fall below.
However, there is something more here. Greenland sharks have mechanisms for genome repair and restoration and cell regeneration that are unique to no one else, complementing the standard self-repair mechanisms of the body. And they are so perfect that even the retina of their eyes - one of the most fragile tissues of the body - feels great after a couple of centuries of working in close contact with parasites.
The eyes of almost all adult Greenland sharks are infested with luminous copepods, which are anchored in the cornea using special hooks. In humans, such contact with arthropods would surely lead to rapid degradation of vision. This is why we have long believed that decades of | 75 |
