Agriculture - Genetics and Plant Breeding 🌱🌾

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PCR vs qPCR vs RT-PCR PCR is not one technique — it’s a whole universe. PCR → amplifies DNA qPCR → quantifies DNA in real-time RT-PCR → converts RNA → DNA before amplification This trio powers diagnostics, research, forensics, and virology.

RICE Exam Oriented One Liners . Botanical name of rice - Oryza sativa . Highest production and productivity of rice in India - West Bengal . Protein content in rice - 7% . Gene responsible for dwarf varieties of rice - dee-gee-woo-gene . Long stem which had lodging tendency found in rice type - Indica . Short stem which has no Lodging Tendency found in rice type - Japonica . Wild type of rice - Javanica . Three types of rice culture – Upland, Low and Deep water rice . Rice culture in which Seeds are sown directly of the main field, is called -Upland . ………..% of area is under upland - 60% . Seed rate for Upland culture - 100 kg . Nursery area in Wet or transplanting system is ……..area of main field - 1/10th (OR) 1000 m2 per ha . Dapog method of Nursery is developed from - Philippines . Area enough for planting one hectare under Dapog method of nursery -30-40 m2 . Under Dapog method of Nursery, Seedling become ready for transplanting within - 11-14 days . Optimum Seed rate for the short duration variety of rice - 40-50 kg/ha . Optimum spacing for the short duration variety of rice – 20x10 . Optimum spacing for the medium duration variety of rice - 20x15 . Fertilizer rate for rice cultivation – 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha . Zn application rate in rice cultivation – 25 kg/ha . Aman season of rice, sown in month of……….and harvested in …….. - May -June and October -December . AUS season of rice, sown in month of……….and harvested in …….. - March- April and August/ September . Boro season of rice, sown in month of……….and harvested in …….. - December-January and April/ May . Most familiar Weeds of rice are – Echinocloa colonum, E. crusgalli AgriYuvaa . Sanwa (Echinocloa colonum) of rice can be controlled by using the herbicides - Butachlor/Machete . Herbicide, Butachlor, can be applied as -Pre emergence . First developed dwarf variety in rice - Taichung Native (TNI) . Drought tolerant variety of rice - Bala, Bhavani . Blast resistant variety of rice - Jaya, Rasi, CO-14 . BLB resistant variety of rice - TKM-6 . Salt resistant variety of rice - Jaya, Ratna . Super rice variety is - Lunisree . Super rice variety is developed by - CPRI . Super rice concept given by - G. S. Khush . Deep water rice variety - Pankaj, Jaganath . National average Yield of rice for India -1750 kg/ha

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*PRINCIPLES OF PLANT BREEDING* *Plant breeding*: It is an applied branch of botany dealing with improvement of agricultural crops. OR Frankel (1958) defined as Genetic adjustment of plants to the service of man. Contribution of Scientist Dr. T. Venkatraman: Father of Indian Plant Breeding. 1. Camerarius: Established the sex in plants for first time in 1694. 2. Thomas Fairchild: First artificial plant hybrid (1717) Sweet William x Carnation Hybrid famous as "Fairchild's Mule" 3. Joseph Koelreuter (1760-66): Systemic study of hybridization in Tobacco. 4. Thomas Knight: First man to use artifical hybridization in fruit crop. to develop several fruit Varieties. 5. Le Couteur & Patric Shireff (1840): Individual plant selection and progeny test to developed some useful cereal varieties. 6. Vilmorin (1856): Further developed Progeny Test in imporvement of sugarbeet. 7. Nilson& his associates: developed individual plant selection method. 8. Johanssen : Proposed the pure line theary for individual plant selection. 9. GH. Shull : He developed the single cross hybrid in maize for first time. 10. Donald Jones (1918) ldea of double cross. 11. Hayes & Garber (1919) : Suggest possibillty of utilization of synthetic varities in maize 12. Rhodes: recorded male sterlity in maize for first time (1933). 13. Davis (1927): Used "Top cross" tor first ime 14. Hul (1945): Sugessted recurrent selection. 15. Jenson (1952) Put fourth the idea of Multiline varieties. 16. Borlaug (1953): Developed Multiline varieties to control rust resistance in wheat. 17. Maheswari & Gunah (1964): Produce haploid plants 'invitro' from pollen grain of Datura 18. Yuvan long ping (1976): Male sterility in rice for the first time in China and produced firist hybrid rice in 1981, called as Father of Hybrid Rice.