Agriculture - Genetics and Plant Breeding 🌱🌾

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👉 Scientist Contribution 👈 -Allard and Bradshaw - G x E interaction -Recurrent Selection for SCA - Hull -Recurrent Selection for GCA - Jenkins -Dominance hypothesis - Davenport -Gene for gene hypothesis - Flor -Pureline concept - Johannsen -Backcross method - Harlan and Pope -Double cross scheme - Jones -Cytoplasmic Genetic Male sterility - Jones and Davis -Ear to row method - Hopkins -Colchicine - Blackslee and Nebel -Single Seed Descent Method - Goulden -Self incompatibility - Lewis -Vertifolia effect - Van Der Plank -Centres of diversity, Law of homologus series - Vavilov -Grater initial capital hypothesis - Ashby -Progeny test - Vilmorin -First artificial hybrid - Thomas Fairchild -Triticale - Rimpau -Mutation - Hugo de Vries -Sprophytic System of self -incompatibility - Hughes and Babcock -Bulk method - Nilsson & Ehle -Raphano brassica - Karpenchenko -Heterosis - Shull -Male sterility - Jones and Davis -Father of hybrid rice - Yuan Long Ping -Self incompatibility classification - Lewis -Mechanism of insect resistance - Painter -Modified bulk method - Atkins -Components of genetic variance -classification - Fischer -Male sterility in maize - Rhoades -Microcentre - Harlan -Chemical mutagen - Aurbach -Multiline concept - Jenson -Green revolution in India - M.S. Swaminathan -Semidwarf rice varieties at IRRI - T.T. Chang -Forage breeder - G.W. Burton -Forage breeder - T.J. Jenkin -Soyabean breeder - E.E. Hartwig

CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS ACCORDING TO ATMOSPHERE:- Tropical Fruits: -Mango, Banana, Papaya, Pineapple, Custard, Jackfruit, Cashew Nut, Sapota, Nuts etc. Sub-Tropical Fruits: -Grapes, Fig(Anzir), Oranges, Lemon, Guava, Avocado, Litchi, Ber, Dates, Phalsa, Pomegranate, Amla, Lokat Temperate Fruits: -Apple, Pear, Almonds, Cherry, Strawberry, Walnut, Chestnut, Hazelnut, Peeknut, Chilgoza, Khubani, Aadu, Aaloo-Bukhara Evergreen Fruits: -Mango, Litchi, Lemon, Sapota, Lokat Autumn Fruits: -Apple, Pear, Aadu, Aalucha, Khubani

Post Mendelian era Classical era 👉🏻Rediscovery of Medel’s work, 1900 👉🏻Mutation theory by De Vries, 1901 👉🏻Chromosome theory by Sutton and Boveri, 1903 👉🏻Population genetics by Hardy and Weinberg, 1908 👉🏻Quantitative genetics by Nilsson –Ehle, 1908 👉🏻Linkage theory by Morgan, 1910 👉🏻One gene - one enzyme hypothesis by Beadle and Tatum,1941 Molecular era – 1944 onwards 👉🏻DNA double helical structure by Watson and Crick, 1953 👉🏻Triplet code by Gamov, 1954 👉🏻Operon concept by Jacob and Monad, 1961 👉🏻Wobble hypothesis by Crick, 1966 👉🏻Lyon hypothesis by Lyon, 1969 Genomic era – 1972 onwards - Genome sequencing of several animal and plant species

👉🏻T.S. Venkatraman - An eminent sugarcane breeder, he transferred thick stem and high sugar contents from tropical noble cane to North Indian Canes. This process is known as noblization of sugarcane. 👉🏻B.P. Pal - An eminent Wheat breeder,developed superior disease resistant N.P. varieties of wheat. 👉🏻M.S. Swaminathan - Responsible for green revolution in India, developed high yielding varieties of Wheat and Rice 👉🏻Pushkarnath - Famous potato breeder 👉🏻N.G.P. Rao - An eminent sorghum breeder 👉🏻K. Ramaiah - A renowned rice breeder 👉🏻Ram Dhan Singh - Famous wheat breeder 👉🏻D.S. Athwal - Famous pearlmillet breeder 👉🏻Bosisen - An eminent maize breeder 👉🏻Dharampal Singh - An eminent oil-seed breeder 👉🏻C.T. Patel - Famous cotton breeder who developed world’s first cotton hybrid in 1970 👉🏻V. Santhanam - Famous cotton breeder 👉🏻Alapati Sathynarayana - Father of pulses breeder

✨ Sporogenesis ✨ ✅ Production of microspore and megaspore is known as Sporogenesis. Microspore i.e pollen grains are produced in anther, while megaspore produced in ovules. ✅ a) Microsporogenesis: Each anther has four pollen sac and each pollen sac contains numerous pollen mother cells (P.M.C) which undergoes meiosis. i.e two meiotic division to produce four haploid cells or microspore. This process is known as micro-Sporogenesis. The microspores mature into pollen grains mainly by thickening of their walls. ✅ b) Megasporogenesis: It occurs in ovule, which are present in ovary. A single cell in each ovule differentials into Megaspore mother cell ( M.M.C). Each megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produced four haploid megaspore. Out of these three- megaspore degenerate and only one functional megaspore is remaining per ovule.