UPSC prelims MCQs CAPF NDA PSC

(D) 1, 2 and 3 • Statement 1 is correct: In its updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) approved in 2022, India formally committed to reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by the year 2030, compared to 2005 levels. This is an enhanced target from its initial Paris Agreement pledge of a 33-35% reduction. • Statement 2 is correct: The updated NDC includes a binding commitment to achieve approximately 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030, marking a significant push toward renewable energy. • Statement 3 is correct: These updated NDCs serve as the formal, actionable framework derived from the 'Panchamrit' (five nectar elements) pledge announced by the Prime Minister of India at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) held in Glasgow in 2021.

(c) Paris Agreement (a) Montreal Protocol: Signed in 1987 under the Vienna Convention to phase out the production and consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (b) Kyoto Protocol: Adopted in 1997 under UNFCCC; focused on legally binding emission reduction targets primarily for developed nations (Annex I countries). (c) Paris Agreement: Adopted at COP21 in 2015, this landmark legally binding treaty requires all participating countries (both developed and developing) to set country-driven climate commitments known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to limit global warming below 2°C (preferably 1.5°C) above pre-industrial levels. (d) Bali Agreement: Formulated at COP13 in 2007, establishing the "Bali Road Map" to guide negotiations toward a post-2012 climate framework, rather than acting as a standalone commitment treaty.

Combined Geo-Scientist (P) Exam, 2023

(b)IV, II, III, I Publication of 'The Limit to Growth' Report (1972): Authored by Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III for the Club of Rome, this report used computer simulations to model the consequences of exponential economic and population growth with finite resource supplies. Publication of Brundtland Commission Report (1987): Formally titled Our Common Future, this report was published by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). It popularized the concept of sustainable development, defining it as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Enforcement of Montreal Protocol (January 1, 1989): Designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances responsible for ozone depletion, this international treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Rio Earth Summit (June 1992): Officially known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), it was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Major outcomes included Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the establishment of the UNFCCC and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

UPPCS 2020

Explanation Allotropy is the property of certain chemical elements to exist in two or more different structural forms in the same physical state (known as allotropes). These forms differ in how the atoms are bonded together, leading to distinct physical and chemical properties. Examples: Carbon exists as diamond, graphite, and fullerenes; Sulfur exists as rhombic and monoclinic forms; Phosphorus exists as white, red, and black forms.