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🎯 Unit 5: Simple Machines
1.
Simple Machine: A basic mechanical device that multiplies force or changes the direction of a force to make work easier.
2.
Mechanical Advantage (MA): The ratio of the output force (force exerted by the machine) to the input force (force applied to the machine).
3.
Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA): The mechanical advantage of a machine assuming no friction.
4.
Efficiency: The ratio of work output to work input, expressed as a percentage. Measures how effectively a machine converts input energy to useful work.
5.
Inclined Plane: A simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used to raise objects with less force than lifting them vertically.
6.
Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point (fulcrum), used to multiply force or change direction.
7.
Fulcrum: The fixed pivot point around which a lever rotates.
8.
Wedge: A simple machine consisting of two inclined planes joined back-to-back, used to split or separate objects.
🎯 Unit 6: Fluid Statics
1.
Fluid: A substance that can flow and conform to the shape of its container; includes liquids and gases.
2.
Pressure: Force exerted per unit area (P = F/A).
3.
Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere.
4.
Fluid Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) at a given point.
5.
Pascal's Principle: A change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of its container.
6.
Buoyant Force: The upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.
7.
Archimedes' Principle: The buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
8.
Density: Mass per unit volume (ρ = m/V).
🎯 Unit 7: Temperature and Heat
1.
Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
2.
Heat: The transfer of thermal energy between objects at different temperatures.
3.
Thermal Energy: The total kinetic and potential energy of the particles within a system.
4.
Specific Heat Capacity (c): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (or 1 Kelvin).
5.
Heat Capacity (C): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an entire object by 1 degree Celsius (or 1 Kelvin).
6.
Conduction: The transfer of heat through a material by direct contact.
7.
Convection: The transfer of heat by the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
8.
Radiation: The transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
🎯 Unit 8: Wave Motion and Sound
1.
Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy through a medium or space, without transferring matter.
2.
Mechanical Wave: A wave that requires a medium to travel (e.g., sound waves, water waves).
3.
Electromagnetic Wave: A wave that does not require a medium to travel (e.g., light, radio waves).
4.
Transverse Wave: A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
5.
Longitudinal Wave: A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.
6.
Wavelength (λ): The distance between two consecutive points in phase on a wave (e.g., crest to crest).
7.
Frequency (f): The number of complete wave cycles that pass a given point per unit time, measured in Hertz (Hz).
8.
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position in a wave.
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