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𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗺𝘂𝗺 𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗿𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗿 𝗮 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗼𝗸𝗽𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝘀 𝟰𝟱 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀.

𝗔𝗻 𝗢𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗔𝗰𝘁.

​𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐟 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐞𝐧𝐣𝐨𝐲 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬.

𝗔 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗯𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝗸 𝗦𝗮𝗯𝗵𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗥𝗮𝗷𝘆𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗯𝗵𝗮 𝗯𝘆 𝗮 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗻𝗼 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗮 𝗷𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴

𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗶𝘀 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁, 𝗶𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁.

​𝘼 𝙃𝙞𝙜𝙝 𝘾𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙖 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙞𝙚𝙬 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙟𝙪𝙙𝙜𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙎𝙪𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙢𝙚 𝘾𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙩 𝙙𝙤𝙚𝙨

𝗔𝗻𝘆 𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗷𝘂𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗯𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗸 𝘁𝗼 𝘀𝗶𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗷𝘂𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗯𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.

Vishti (Forced Labor): Unlike the Mauryan period where labor was paid, by the Gupta and Post-Gupta periods, Vishti became a major source of state revenue considered as a form of tax paid by the subjects

𝗜𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝘂𝗿𝘆𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗱𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗸𝗮 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝘃𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗴𝗲, 𝘄𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗺𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝘂𝗻𝗶𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗱𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙪𝙨 𝙥𝙚𝙤𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙧𝙨𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙩𝙩𝙤𝙣

𝗖𝗔𝗚 (𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝟭𝟰𝟴): 𝗔𝘂𝗱𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝘅𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀.

𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝟯𝟱𝟮: 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 ​𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝟯𝟱𝟲: 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁’𝘀 𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 (𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗘𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆) ​𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝟯𝟲𝟬: 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆 (𝗻𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮)

𝗠𝗔𝗝𝗢𝗥 𝗚𝗟𝗢𝗕𝗔𝗟 & 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗘𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗦𝗛𝗘𝗘𝗧

𝗠𝗔𝗝𝗢𝗥 𝗚𝗟𝗢𝗕𝗔𝗟 & 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗘𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗦𝗛𝗘𝗘𝗧

𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗔 𝗔𝗚𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗨𝗟𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗔𝗟 & 𝗟𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗖𝗞 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗔𝗕𝗟𝗘

The featured article, "The new lords of the Red Sea" (The Houthis vs Saudi Arabia), focuses on the geopolitical and military transformation of the Houthi movement (Ansar Allah) in Yemen. Crux of the Editorial Transformation into a Regional Force: Supported by Iranian backing, ideological commitment, and years of warfare, the Houthis have evolved from a local revivalist Shia movement in northern Yemen into a formidable territorial army and naval force that functions as a parallel state. Control of Strategic Chokepoints: By seizing Yemen's Red Sea coastline and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, the Houthis—alongside Iran's control near the Strait of Hormuz—now exert significant control over two of the world's most critical maritime trade chokepoints, through which over 20% of global oil and 12–15% of global trade pass.

GS-2 international relations BRICS ko "anti-West alliance" kehna sahi nahi hai. Brazil India,Bilateral Trade Numbers: Current Trade Growth: $15 billion se $20 billion Target: $30 billion (short-term target before 2030)

(GS Paper 2 - International Relations) BRICS ko "anti-West alliance" kehna sahi nahi hai. Current Trade Growth: $15 billion se $20 billion Target: $30 billion (short-term target before 2030) #upsc