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Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor
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DR. PS YADUVANSHI (DOUBLE JRF/ 3 TIMES NET) (99.88 Percentile Scorer ) (PhD / LLB) 📲Wapp8559876786 #PoliticalScience_QUIZ #political_scienc @NET_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_NOTES @UGC_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ CUET_PG POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ #CIVICS #POL_SCIENCE
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Channel Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor (@psyjrf) in the Hindi language segment is an active participant. Currently, the community unites 13 032 subscribers, ranking 15 612 in the Education category and 32 831 in the India region.
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📝 Description and content policy
The author describes the resource as a platform for expressing subjective opinions:
“DR. PS YADUVANSHI
(DOUBLE JRF/ 3 TIMES NET)
(99.88 Percentile Scorer )
(PhD / LLB)
📲Wapp8559876786
#PoliticalScience_QUIZ
#political_scienc
@NET_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_NOTES
@UGC_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ
CUET_PG POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ
#CIVICS #POL_SCIE...”
Thanks to the high frequency of updates (latest data received on 15 June, 2026), the channel maintains relevance and a high level of publication reach. Analytics show that the audience actively interacts with content, making it an important point of influence in the Education category.
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Channel Posts
Repost from POLITICAL SCIENCE (MCQ)
🔉Day by day competition high ho rha hai ....put more hardwork in your EFFORTS with right guidance & quality study content 👆🏻
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⏩⏩Time hai superfast study ka ab June 2026
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UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
India's largest result provider institute in NET JRF SET exam in notes segment 🔥
| 2 | *QUOTATION PRACTICE QUESTIONS*
➡️The state is a product and a manifestation ofthe irreconcilability of class antagonisms.
▪️Lenin
➡️Larger the state, the lesser liberty.
▪️Rousseau
➡️The state is not an organism but it is like an organism.
▪️Barker
➡️Will, not force, is the basis of the state.
▪️T. H. Green
➡️Coercive power is the creation of the state but not its essence
▪️Maclver
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
➡️State as a welfare system.
▪️Spencer
➡️State as a class structure.
▪️Althusser
➡️Hegel proceeds from the state and makes man into the state subjectivized
▪️Marx
➡️State has the monopoly of legitimate physical force.
▪️Max Weber
➡️State is coordinating and adjusting.
▪️Barker
➡️The state is a product and a manifestation ofthe irreconcilability of class antagonisms.
▪️Lenin
➡️Larger the state, the lesser liberty.
▪️Rousseau
➡️The state is not an organism but it is like an organism.
▪️Barker
➡️Will, not force, is the basis of the state.
▪️T. H. Green
➡️Coercive power is the creation of the state but not its essence
▪️Maclver
➡️State as a welfare system.
▪️Spencer
➡️State as a class structure.
▪️Althusser
➡️Hegel proceeds from the state and makes man into the state subjectivized
▪️Marx
➡️State has the monopoly of legitimate physical force.
▪️Max Weber
➡️State is coordinating and adjusting.
▪️Barker
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 278 |
| 3 |  To Get these type 👆PDF / HARDCOPY notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 240 |
| 4 | Q. Which French writer coined the term ‘Third World’?/वह फ्रांसीसी लेखक कौन है, जिसने ‘तृतीय विश्व’ शब्द का निर्माण किया? | 262 |
| 5 |  +3*Important definitions👆*
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 309 |
| 6 |  +3*Important definitions👆*
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 261 |
| 7 | 📘 UGC NET June 2026 EXAM
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
🔹 Important Definitions & Concepts – Political Science
1. Sovereignty
▪️ Definition: The supreme power of a state to make and enforce laws within its territory without external interference.
▪️ Propounder: Jean Bodin (16th century).
▪️ Types: Internal & External Sovereignty.
2. Legitimacy
▪️ Definition: The acceptance of authority as rightful and justified by the people.
▪️ Propounder: Max Weber — classified legitimacy into traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.
UGC NET JRF
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
3. Power
▪️ Definition: The ability of an individual or group to influence others or control outcomes.
▪️ Thinker: Robert Dahl defines power as “A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something B would not otherwise do.”
4. Authority
▪️ Definition: Power that is recognized as legitimate and justified.
▪️ Max Weber’s Types: Traditional, Charismatic, Legal-rational.
5. Liberty
▪️ Definition: The condition in which individuals can act freely without restraint, within the limits of law.
▪️ Two Types: Negative Liberty (freedom from interference) & Positive Liberty (freedom to act).
▪️ Thinkers: Isaiah Berlin, John Stuart Mill.
6. Equality
▪️ Definition: The state of being equal in status, rights, and opportunities.
▪️ Dimensions: Political, Social, Economic, and Legal Equality.
▪️ Modern Advocate: T. H. Green – linked equality to social welfare.
7. Justice
▪️ Definition: The principle of fairness ensuring individuals get what they deserve.
▪️ Thinker: John Rawls – “Justice as Fairness.”
▪️ Forms: Distributive, Procedural, Social, and Legal Justice.
8. Democracy
▪️ Definition: A system of government where power ultimately rests with the people.
▪️ Abraham Lincoln: “Government of the people, by the people, for the people.”
▪️ Types: Direct & Representative Democracy.
9. Nation and Nationalism
▪️ Nation: A group of people sharing common culture, language, history, and identity.
▪️ Nationalism: Ideology emphasizing loyalty and devotion to one’s nation.
▪️ Thinkers: Ernest Renan, Benedict Anderson (“Imagined Communities”).
10. Political Culture
▪️ Definition: The set of attitudes, beliefs, and values that give meaning to political processes.
▪️ Propounder: Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba (in The Civic Culture, 1963).
▪️ Types: Parochial, Subject, and Participant Culture.
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 290 |
| 8 | 📘 यूजीसी नेट June 2026 परीक्षा
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
🔹 राजनीति विज्ञान – महत्वपूर्ण परिभाषाएँ एवं अवधारणाएँ
1. सार्वभौमिकता (Sovereignty)
▪️ परिभाषा: राज्य की सर्वोच्च शक्ति जिसके द्वारा वह अपने क्षेत्र में कानून बना और लागू कर सकता है, बिना किसी बाहरी हस्तक्षेप के।
▪️ प्रवर्तक: जीन बोडिन (Jean Bodin, 16वीं शताब्दी)।
▪️ प्रकार: आंतरिक एवं बाह्य सार्वभौमिकता।
2. वैधता (Legitimacy)
▪️ परिभाषा: जब जनता किसी सत्ता को वैध, उचित और न्यायोचित मानती है।
▪️ प्रवर्तक: मैक्स वेबर — जिन्होंने वैधता को तीन प्रकारों में बाँटा: पारंपरिक, करिश्माई और विधि-संगत (Legal-Rational)।
UGC NET JRF
To Get PDF / HARDCOPY notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
3. सत्ता (Power)
▪️ परिभाषा: किसी व्यक्ति या समूह की दूसरों के व्यवहार या निर्णयों को प्रभावित करने की क्षमता।
▪️ विचारक: रॉबर्ट डॉल — “A के पास B पर इतनी शक्ति है कि वह B से वह काम करवा सके जो B सामान्यतः नहीं करता।”
4. अधिकारिता (Authority)
▪️ परिभाषा: वह शक्ति जो वैध और न्यायसंगत मानी जाती है।
▪️ मैक्स वेबर के प्रकार: पारंपरिक, करिश्माई एवं विधि-संगत अधिकारिता।
5. स्वतंत्रता (Liberty)
▪️ परिभाषा: वह अवस्था जिसमें व्यक्ति कानून की सीमाओं के भीतर अपनी इच्छा से कार्य कर सके।
▪️ प्रकार: नकारात्मक स्वतंत्रता (हस्तक्षेप से मुक्ति) और सकारात्मक स्वतंत्रता (कार्य करने की क्षमता)।
▪️ विचारक: इसैया बर्लिन, जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल।
6. समानता (Equality)
▪️ परिभाषा: सभी व्यक्तियों का स्थिति, अधिकारों और अवसरों में समान होना।
▪️ आयाम: राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक और विधिक समानता।
▪️ आधुनिक समर्थक: टी. एच. ग्रीन — जिन्होंने समानता को सामाजिक कल्याण से जोड़ा।
7. न्याय (Justice)
▪️ परिभाषा: निष्पक्षता का सिद्धांत जो सुनिश्चित करता है कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को उसका उचित अधिकार मिले।
▪️ विचारक: जॉन रॉल्स — “न्याय को निष्पक्षता के रूप में” (Justice as Fairness)।
▪️ रूप: वितरणात्मक, प्रक्रियात्मक, सामाजिक एवं विधिक न्याय।
8. लोकतंत्र (Democracy)
▪️ परिभाषा: ऐसी शासन व्यवस्था जिसमें अंतिम शक्ति जनता के पास होती है।
▪️ अब्राहम लिंकन: “जनता का शासन, जनता के द्वारा, जनता के लिए।”
▪️ प्रकार: प्रत्यक्ष एवं प्रतिनिधिक लोकतंत्र।
9. राष्ट्र और राष्ट्रवाद (Nation and Nationalism)
▪️ राष्ट्र: ऐसे लोगों का समूह जिनकी संस्कृति, भाषा, इतिहास और पहचान समान हो।
▪️ राष्ट्रवाद: अपने राष्ट्र के प्रति निष्ठा और समर्पण की विचारधारा।
▪️ विचारक: अर्नेस्ट रेनेन, बेनेडिक्ट एंडरसन (“Imagined Communities”)।
10. राजनीतिक संस्कृति (Political Culture)
▪️ परिभाषा: वे मूल्य, विश्वास और दृष्टिकोण जो राजनीतिक प्रक्रियाओं को अर्थ प्रदान करते हैं।
▪️ प्रवर्तक: गैब्रियल आलमंड और सिडनी वर्बा (The Civic Culture, 1963)।
▪️ प्रकार: परंपरागत (Parochial), विषयगत (Subject), एवं सहभागी संस्कृति (Participant)।
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 224 |
| 9 | 📘 UGC NET JRF June 2026 Exam
🌟 Stephen Gill (Critical Political Economy)
1️⃣ Known for the concept of New Constitutionalism → global rules that protect capital from democratic accountability.
प्रसिद्ध अवधारणा “न्यू कॉन्स्टिट्यूशनलिज़्म” → वैश्विक नियम जो पूँजी को लोकतांत्रिक जवाबदेही से बचाते हैं।
2️⃣ Critiqued Global Governance as being dominated by Neoliberal Capitalism.
कहा कि वैश्विक शासन पर नवउदारवादी पूँजीवाद का वर्चस्व है।
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
3️⃣ Developed the idea of Disciplinary Neoliberalism → IMF, WTO, World Bank impose market discipline.
दिया अनुशासनात्मक नवउदारवाद → IMF, WTO, वर्ल्ड बैंक बाज़ार अनुशासन लागू करते हैं।
4️⃣ Highlighted the role of Transnational Capitalist Class in shaping the global order.
ट्रांसनेशनल कैपिटलिस्ट क्लास की भूमिका पर बल दिया जो वैश्विक व्यवस्था को नियंत्रित करती है।
5️⃣ His analysis links Power, Ideas, and Institutions in the global capitalist system.
उनका विश्लेषण वैश्विक पूँजीवादी व्यवस्था में शक्ति, विचार और संस्थाओं को जोड़ता है।
6️⃣ Major Work → Power and Resistance in the New World Order (2003).
प्रमुख कृति → Power and Resistance in the New World Order (2003)।
7️⃣ Stressed that neoliberal globalization undermines democracy and social justice.
जोर दिया कि नवउदारवादी वैश्वीकरण लोकतंत्र और सामाजिक न्याय को कमजोर करता है।
8️⃣ Believes civil society movements can resist global capitalist domination.
मानते हैं कि सिविल सोसाइटी आंदोलन वैश्विक पूँजीवादी वर्चस्व का विरोध कर सकते हैं।
9️⃣ His approach extends Neo-Gramscian Critical Theory into Global Political Economy.
उनका दृष्टिकोण नव-ग्राम्शियन आलोचनात्मक सिद्धांत को वैश्विक राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था में विस्तारित करता है।
🔟 Strong critic of neoliberal constitutionalism that locks in capitalist dominance.
नवउदारवादी संवैधानिकता के प्रबल आलोचक, जो पूँजीवादी प्रभुत्व को स्थायी बनाती है।
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 258 |
| 10 | 📘 UGC NET June 2026 EXAM
Source – DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
🧠 Concept: Political Culture / राजनीतिक संस्कृति
1. Political Culture – The set of attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments that give order and meaning to a political process. (Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba)
राजनीतिक संस्कृति – राजनीतिक प्रक्रिया को अर्थ और दिशा देने वाले दृष्टिकोणों, विश्वासों एवं मूल्यों का समूह। (गेब्रियल आलमंड एवं सिडनी वर्बा)
2. Civic Culture – A balanced political culture combining participant, subject, and parochial orientations.
नागरिक संस्कृति – सहभागी, विषय तथा परोक्ष अभिविन्यासों का संतुलित मिश्रण।
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3. Parochial Culture – Citizens have limited awareness or involvement in politics.
परोक्ष संस्कृति – जहाँ नागरिकों की राजनीति के प्रति सीमित जागरूकता होती है।
4. Subject Culture – People are aware of authority but not actively involved in political processes.
विषय संस्कृति – लोग सत्ता से परिचित तो होते हैं पर सक्रिय भागीदारी नहीं करते।
5. Participant Culture – Citizens are active participants in politics and governance.
सहभागी संस्कृति – जहाँ नागरिक राजनीतिक प्रक्रियाओं में सक्रिय रूप से भाग लेते हैं।
6. Political Socialization – The process by which individuals acquire political values and behaviors.
राजनीतिक समाजीकरण – वह प्रक्रिया जिसके माध्यम से व्यक्ति राजनीतिक मूल्य और व्यवहार सीखता है।
7. Agents of Political Socialization – Family, school, peer groups, media, and political parties.
राजनीतिक समाजीकरण के माध्यम – परिवार, विद्यालय, मीडिया, मित्र समूह और राजनीतिक दल।
8. Political Subculture – A distinct political orientation of a specific group within a larger political culture.
राजनीतिक उपसंस्कृति – किसी विशिष्ट समूह की भिन्न राजनीतिक अभिवृत्ति।
9. Civic Competence – The belief that one can influence political processes through participation.
नागरिक क्षमता – यह विश्वास कि व्यक्ति राजनीतिक प्रक्रियाओं को प्रभावित कर सकता है।
10. Political Alienation – A feeling of powerlessness, meaninglessness, or estrangement from political systems.
राजनीतिक परायापन – राजनीतिक व्यवस्था से असहायता, निरर्थकता या दूरी की भावना।
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| 11 | The India-France Relation.pdf | 313 |
| 12 | +3 In India-Brunei Relations.pdf | 336 |
| 13 | Know About UNCLOS.pdf | 306 |
| 14 | Mini Test – UGC NET Political Science
UNIT : International Organizations (UN, IMF, WTO)
Q1. The United Nations was established in which year? /
संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ की स्थापना किस वर्ष हुई?
A) 1919
B) 1945 ✅
C) 1950
D) 1961
Correct Answer: B) 1945 / 1945 ✅
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🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Established after Second World War
▪️ UN Charter came into force on 24 Oct 1945
▪️ Replaced League of Nations
▪️ Aim: international peace and security
▪️ Headquarters in New York
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद स्थापना
▪️ 24 अक्टूबर 1945 को UN चार्टर लागू
▪️ राष्ट्र संघ का स्थान लिया
▪️ उद्देश्य: अंतरराष्ट्रीय शांति और सुरक्षा
▪️ मुख्यालय: न्यूयॉर्क
Q2. Which organ of the UN is primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security? /
संयुक्त राष्ट्र का कौन-सा अंग अंतरराष्ट्रीय शांति और सुरक्षा के लिए उत्तरदायी है?
A) General Assembly / महासभा
B) Security Council / सुरक्षा परिषद ✅
C) Economic and Social Council / आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक परिषद
D) International Court of Justice / अंतरराष्ट्रीय न्यायालय
Correct Answer: B) Security Council / सुरक्षा परिषद ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Five permanent members
▪️ Power to impose sanctions
▪️ Can authorize use of force
▪️ Binding resolutions
▪️ Central to UN peacekeeping
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ पाँच स्थायी सदस्य
▪️ प्रतिबंध लगाने की शक्ति
▪️ बल प्रयोग की अनुमति
▪️ बाध्यकारी प्रस्ताव
▪️ शांति स्थापना में प्रमुख भूमिका
Q3. IMF was established under which agreement? /
IMF की स्थापना किस समझौते के अंतर्गत हुई?
A) Geneva Agreement
B) Bretton Woods Agreement ✅
C) Havana Charter
D) Maastricht Treaty
Correct Answer: B) Bretton Woods Agreement / ब्रेटन वुड्स समझौता ✅
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🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Established in 1944
▪️ Stabilizes international monetary system
▪️ Provides balance of payment support
▪️ Promotes exchange rate stability
▪️ Headquarters in Washington D.C.
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ 1944 में स्थापना
▪️ अंतरराष्ट्रीय मौद्रिक प्रणाली को स्थिर करता है
▪️ भुगतान संतुलन सहायता
▪️ विनिमय दर स्थिरता
▪️ मुख्यालय: वाशिंगटन डी.सी.
Q4. Which organization replaced GATT in 1995? /
1995 में GATT का स्थान किस संगठन ने लिया?
A) UNCTAD
B) IMF
C) WTO ✅
D) World Bank
Correct Answer: C) WTO / विश्व व्यापार संगठन ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Established on 1 January 1995
▪️ Result of Uruguay Round
▪️ Deals with trade in goods, services & IPR
▪️ Strong dispute settlement mechanism
▪️ Headquarters in Geneva
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ 1 जनवरी 1995 को स्थापना
▪️ उरुग्वे राउंड का परिणाम
▪️ वस्तु, सेवा व बौद्धिक संपदा व्यापार
▪️ मजबूत विवाद निपटान तंत्र
▪️ मुख्यालय: जिनेवा
Q5. Which agreement is associated with WTO intellectual property rights? /
WTO के अंतर्गत बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकार किस समझौते से जुड़े हैं?
A) TRIMS
B) GATS
C) TRIPS ✅
D) SPS
Correct Answer: C) TRIPS / ट्रिप्स ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
▪️ Protects patents, copyrights & trademarks
▪️ Mandatory for WTO members
▪️ Affects pharma & technology sectors
▪️ Major issue for developing countries
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ व्यापार संबंधित बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकार
▪️ पेटेंट, कॉपीराइट, ट्रेडमार्क संरक्षण
▪️ WTO सदस्यों के लिए अनिवार्य
▪️ दवा व तकनीकी क्षेत्र पर प्रभाव
▪️ विकासशील देशों के लिए विवादास्पद
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| 15 | 📘 UGC NET JRF June 2026 Exam
🌟 Stephen Gill (Critical Political Economy)
1️⃣ Known for the concept of New Constitutionalism → global rules that protect capital from democratic accountability.
प्रसिद्ध अवधारणा “न्यू कॉन्स्टिट्यूशनलिज़्म” → वैश्विक नियम जो पूँजी को लोकतांत्रिक जवाबदेही से बचाते हैं।
2️⃣ Critiqued Global Governance as being dominated by Neoliberal Capitalism.
कहा कि वैश्विक शासन पर नवउदारवादी पूँजीवाद का वर्चस्व है।
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3️⃣ Developed the idea of Disciplinary Neoliberalism → IMF, WTO, World Bank impose market discipline.
दिया अनुशासनात्मक नवउदारवाद → IMF, WTO, वर्ल्ड बैंक बाज़ार अनुशासन लागू करते हैं।
4️⃣ Highlighted the role of Transnational Capitalist Class in shaping the global order.
ट्रांसनेशनल कैपिटलिस्ट क्लास की भूमिका पर बल दिया जो वैश्विक व्यवस्था को नियंत्रित करती है।
5️⃣ His analysis links Power, Ideas, and Institutions in the global capitalist system.
उनका विश्लेषण वैश्विक पूँजीवादी व्यवस्था में शक्ति, विचार और संस्थाओं को जोड़ता है।
6️⃣ Major Work → Power and Resistance in the New World Order (2003).
प्रमुख कृति → Power and Resistance in the New World Order (2003)।
7️⃣ Stressed that neoliberal globalization undermines democracy and social justice.
जोर दिया कि नवउदारवादी वैश्वीकरण लोकतंत्र और सामाजिक न्याय को कमजोर करता है।
8️⃣ Believes civil society movements can resist global capitalist domination.
मानते हैं कि सिविल सोसाइटी आंदोलन वैश्विक पूँजीवादी वर्चस्व का विरोध कर सकते हैं।
9️⃣ His approach extends Neo-Gramscian Critical Theory into Global Political Economy.
उनका दृष्टिकोण नव-ग्राम्शियन आलोचनात्मक सिद्धांत को वैश्विक राजनीतिक अर्थव्यवस्था में विस्तारित करता है।
🔟 Strong critic of neoliberal constitutionalism that locks in capitalist dominance.
नवउदारवादी संवैधानिकता के प्रबल आलोचक, जो पूँजीवादी प्रभुत्व को स्थायी बनाती है।
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| 16 | *Cultural nationalism:*
▪️Johann Herder: Treatise on the Origin of Language in 1972.
▪️Hans Kohn: "The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background".
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*Nationalism*
*1.Benedict Anderson:* Imagined Communities: Reflections of the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
*2.Liah Greenfeld:* Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity
*3.Ernest Gellner:* 'Nation and nationalism'
*4. Anthony D. Smith:* Nationalism and Modernity
*5.Hans Kohn:* Nationalism and Liberty
*6. Roger's M. Smith:* That Is Not Who We Are
*7. Richard Sisson:* Congress and Indian Nationalism | 360 |
| 17 | *Important Key Terms*
*English School* - An approach to international relations that focuses on the rules and institutions that bring order to international society. It holds the view that while states exist in a formal anarchy, they still form a society. It draws upon and is closely associated with the Grotian tradition.
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*Frankfurt School* - The name given to a group of German émigrés, led by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, who fled to New York and California during World War II after working in the Frankfurt Institute of Social Research. They pioneered a form of critical social theory influenced by German thinkers Immanuel Kant and Karl Marx, among others, that challenged prevailing social, political and economic structures in an effort to emancipate all individuals and communities from unjust forms of domination and exclusion. It is the inspiration behind Critical Theory. | 365 |
| 18 |  +3No text... | 432 |
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| 20 | 📘 UGC NET June 2026 EXAM
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
Q. “Original Position” and “Veil of Ignorance” concepts are given by?
A) John Rawls
B) Robert Nozick
C) Amartya Sen
D) Michael Sandel
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✅ Correct Answer: A) John Rawls
🧠 Detailed Explanation:
▪️ John Rawls (1921–2002) was an American political philosopher best known for his seminal work “A Theory of Justice” (1971). His theory is known as “Justice as Fairness.”
🔹 Rawls introduced two key hypothetical concepts:
1. Original Position – a thought experiment where individuals, as rational agents, decide principles of justice for society without knowing their personal positions (like class, gender, or wealth).
2. Veil of Ignorance – the condition in the original position where decision-makers are “behind a veil,” ignorant of their own identities, ensuring impartial and fair choices.
▪️ The purpose of these ideas was to create a fair and equal basis for determining social justice — free from personal bias or privilege.
▪️ From this position, Rawls derived two major principles of justice:
1. Principle of Equal Liberty: Each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberty for others.
2. Difference Principle: Social and economic inequalities are justified only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society.
📊 Option Analysis:
A) John Rawls – ✔️ Correct.
Developed the Original Position and Veil of Ignorance in A Theory of Justice (1971) as part of his liberal egalitarian philosophy.
B) Robert Nozick – ❌ Incorrect.
A libertarian critic of Rawls, known for his book “Anarchy, State and Utopia” (1974), where he argued against distributive justice and for minimal state interference.
C) Amartya Sen – ❌ Incorrect.
Developed the Capability Approach and Idea of Justice (2009). He critiqued Rawls for being too ideal and not focusing on real-world inequalities.
D) Michael Sandel – ❌ Incorrect.
A communitarian philosopher who criticized Rawls for neglecting the role of community and moral ties in justice.
📘 Summary:
John Rawls’ “Original Position” and “Veil of Ignorance” are foundational to modern political philosophy, representing a rational and moral framework for creating a just society — one where fairness prevails over privilege.
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