Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor
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DR. PS YADUVANSHI (DOUBLE JRF/ 3 TIMES NET) (99.88 Percentile Scorer ) (PhD / LLB) 📲Wapp8559876786 #PoliticalScience_QUIZ #political_scienc @NET_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_NOTES @UGC_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ CUET_PG POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ #CIVICS #POL_SCIENCE
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“DR. PS YADUVANSHI
(DOUBLE JRF/ 3 TIMES NET)
(99.88 Percentile Scorer )
(PhD / LLB)
📲Wapp8559876786
#PoliticalScience_QUIZ
#political_scienc
@NET_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_NOTES
@UGC_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ
CUET_PG POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ
#CIVICS #POL_SCIE...”
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Channel Posts
*Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau*
UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
| 2 | 📚 UGC NET POLITICAL SCIENCE
🧠 *KEY TERMS & QUICK MEANINGS*
╚═════════════════════════╝
🔸 *Liberty (स्वतंत्रता)*
→ Freedom to think, speak & act freely.
🔸 *Equality (समानता)*
→ Equal rights & opportunities for all.
🔸 *Justice (न्याय)*
→ Fair treatment in society & law.
🔸 *Sovereignty (संप्रभुता)*
→ Supreme power of the State.
🔸 *Rights (अधिकार)*
→ Claims protected by society & State.
🔸 *Authority (वैध सत्ता)*
→ Legitimate use of power.
🔸 *Power (शक्ति)*
→ Ability to influence others.
🔸 *Legitimacy (वैधता)*
→ Public acceptance of political power.
UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 285 |
| 3 | India and its Neighbourhood
India-Nepal
Evolution of Relations
1950
1⃣ The Republic of India and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal initiated their relationship with the Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950.
2⃣ Nepalese citizens avail facilities and opportunities on par with Indian citizens in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty.
3⃣ An Indian military mission was also established in Kathmandu for the organization and training of Nepalese army.
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
1962: Nepal assumed greater importance in India's security perception after the Sino-Indian border war of 1962.
1964: Foreign Minister of India, Sardar Swaran Singh visited Nepal and signed an agreement of large economic assistance to Nepal.
1965: The King of Nepal also visited India. Nepal gave full support to India's position on Kashmir
1966: Boundary Disputes:
▪️Nepal-India relations came under stress because of boundary dispute relating to Susta region.
1971: New Treaty of Transit:
▪️Negotiations were opened and a New Treaty of Transit was signed in Kathmandu in August 1971. Thus, by the end of 1971, Indo-Nepal relations started looking brighter.
Constitutional Monarchy in Nepal:
▪️The age-old system of absolute monarchy in Nepal was replaced by constitutional monarchy on April 8, 1990.
▪️The King agreed to a new constitutional arrangement in which he would continue to be head of state, but the governance would be responsibility of a Cabinet answerable to Parliament.
▪️Elections would be held on the basis of multi-party system.
2007 – Seven parties, including the former Maoist rebels and the ruling party, agreed to abolish the monarchy and declare Nepal a Federal Republic. In the elections held on 10 April 2008, the Maoists secured a simple majority.
2013 – A second election for a new Constituent Assembly was held under a non-partisan government led by former Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi.
2015 – The Constitution of Nepal, passed making Nepal a federal democratic republic divided into seven unnamed provinces.
2017 – Nepal Communist Party emerged as the ruling party with a strong majority at the federal level, as well as six of the seven provinces.
Updates (2018–2025)
2019:
▪️India published a new political map in November 2019 after the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir, which included Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura as part of Indian territory. Nepal objected strongly, claiming the areas fall within its borders.
2020:
▪️Nepal released a new map in May 2020 including Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura, escalating diplomatic tensions.
▪️The Nepalese Parliament unanimously passed a constitutional amendment to update the national emblem with the revised map.
2021:
▪️Tensions eased somewhat with diplomatic-level talks resuming, but no final resolution was reached on the border issue.
2022:
▪️Nepal held general elections in November. The Nepali Congress emerged as the largest party, and Sher Bahadur Deuba became Prime Minister for the fifth time.
2023:
▪️Pushpa Kamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’ became Prime Minister of Nepal once again in December 2022, supported by a coalition. India-Nepal relations witnessed renewed efforts for cooperation in hydropower and connectivity.
2024:
▪️India and Nepal inaugurated several cross-border infrastructure projects, including railway connectivity and hydropower projects.
▪️High-level visits took place to strengthen ties.
2025:
▪️As of mid-2025, India-Nepal relations are marked by increased economic cooperation, soft diplomacy, and ongoing dialogue on border disputes.
▪️Talks on reviewing and updating the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship are under discussion to reflect modern realities and mutual respect.
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 308 |
| 4 | *India and its Neighbourhood*
*India-Bangladesh*
*A Historical Background*
*1947* : British colonial rule over India ends. A largely Muslim state comprising East and West Pakistan is established, either side of India.
*1949* : The Awami League is established to campaign for East Pakistan's autonomy from West Pakistan.
*1970* : The Awami League, under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, wins an overwhelming election victory in East Pakistan. The government in West Pakistan refuses to recognise the results.
*1971* : India intervened in the civil war in East Pakistan and liberated it. It was proclaimed as Bangladesh by Awami league leaders.
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* for UGC NET EXAM notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 211 |
| 5 | +1 KEY THINKERS(ENGLISH).pdf | 247 |
| 6 | 📘 UGC NET December 2026 EXAM
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
*Important Quotation*
1. "Man is by nature a political animal."
— Aristotle
🔹 Context: In Politics, Aristotle emphasized that humans naturally live in a polis (state).
🔹 Theme: Human sociability & political nature.
2. "Liberty consists in doing what one desires."
— John Stuart Mill (On Liberty, 1859)
🔹 Context: Defense of individual freedom against state tyranny.
🔹 Theme: Liberalism, Individual Rights.
UGC NET JRF
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
3. "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely."
— Lord Acton (1887)
🔹 Context: Warning against unchecked authority.
🔹 Theme: Political Ethics & Accountability.
4. "The state is a necessary evil."
— Thomas Paine (Common Sense, 1776)
🔹 Context: Justification for limited government.
🔹 Theme: Liberalism & State Theory.
5. "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."
— Karl Marx (Critique of the Gotha Programme, 1875)
🔹 Context: Ideal of communist society.
🔹 Theme: Socialism & Economic Justice.
6. "The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom."
— John Locke (Second Treatise of Government, 1689)
🔹 Context: Role of law in protecting liberty.
🔹 Theme: Liberal Political Thought.
7. "Politics is who gets what, when, and how."
— Harold Lasswell (1936)
🔹 Context: Behavioural definition of politics.
🔹 Theme: Power, Decision-Making.
8. "War is merely the continuation of politics by other means."
— Carl von Clausewitz (On War, 1832)
🔹 Context: Relationship between war and political objectives.
🔹 Theme: International Relations, Realism.
9. "The unexamined life is not worth living."
— Socrates (as recorded by Plato)
🔹 Context: Emphasis on ethical and rational inquiry.
🔹 Theme: Political Philosophy & Ethics.
10. "Hegemony is the power of the dominant class to convince others that their interests are the interests of all."
— Antonio Gramsci (Prison Notebooks, 1929–35)
🔹 Context: Cultural dominance beyond coercion.
🔹 Theme: Marxism, Ideology, Civil Society.
UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 328 |
| 7 | 📘UGC NET Political Science
Indian Political Thinker (Mahatma Gandhi)
*DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES*
Q1. ‘Hind Swaraj’ किस भारतीय राजनीतिक चिंतक की रचना है?/‘Hind Swaraj’ is a work of which Indian political thinker?
A) Jawaharlal Nehru / जवाहरलाल नेहरू
B) Mahatma Gandhi / महात्मा गांधी ✅
C) B. R. Ambedkar / बी. आर. अम्बेडकर
D) Rabindranath Tagore / रवीन्द्रनाथ टैगोर
Correct Answer: B) Mahatma Gandhi / महात्मा गांधी ✅
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Written in 1909
▪️ Critique of modern Western civilization
▪️ Advocates self-rule and moral politics
▪️ Foundational text of Gandhian political thought
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ 1909 में लिखी गई
▪️ आधुनिक पाश्चात्य सभ्यता की आलोचना
▪️ स्वराज और नैतिक राजनीति का समर्थन
▪️ गांधीवादी राजनीतिक विचार का आधार
Q2. गांधीजी के अनुसार ‘स्वराज’ का वास्तविक अर्थ क्या है?/According to Gandhi, the real meaning of Swaraj is:
A) Political independence only / केवल राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता
B) Economic self-sufficiency / आर्थिक आत्मनिर्भरता
C) Self-control and moral autonomy / आत्मसंयम और नैतिक आत्मशासन ✅
D) Parliamentary democracy / संसदीय लोकतंत्र
Correct Answer: C) Self-control and moral autonomy / आत्मसंयम और नैतिक आत्मशासन ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Swaraj begins with individual self-discipline
▪️ Moral freedom is more important than political freedom
▪️ Inner transformation is essential
▪️ Core Gandhian concept
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ स्वराज की शुरुआत आत्मसंयम से होती है
▪️ नैतिक स्वतंत्रता राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता से अधिक महत्वपूर्ण
▪️ आंतरिक परिवर्तन अनिवार्य
▪️ गांधीवाद की केंद्रीय अवधारणा
Q3. ‘Satyagraha’ की अवधारणा किस सिद्धांत पर आधारित है?/The concept of Satyagraha is based on which principle?
A) Use of force / बल प्रयोग
B) Passive obedience / निष्क्रिय आज्ञाकारिता
C) Truth and Non-violence / सत्य और अहिंसा ✅
D) Legal authority / कानूनी सत्ता
Correct Answer: C) Truth and Non-violence / सत्य और अहिंसा✅
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Satyagraha means holding onto truth
▪️ Non-violent resistance against injustice
▪️ Moral appeal to the opponent
▪️ Distinct from passive resistance
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ सत्याग्रह का अर्थ सत्य पर अडिग रहना
▪️ अन्याय के विरुद्ध अहिंसक प्रतिरोध
▪️ विरोधी की नैतिक चेतना को संबोधित
▪️ निष्क्रिय प्रतिरोध से भिन्न
Q4. गांधीजी किस प्रकार के राज्य की कल्पना करते थे?/What kind of state did Gandhi envision?
A) Strong centralized state / मजबूत केंद्रीकृत राज्य
B) Totalitarian state / सर्वसत्तावादी राज्य
C) Stateless society / राज्यविहीन समाज ✅
D) Welfare state / कल्याणकारी राज्य
Correct Answer: C) Stateless society / राज्यविहीन समाज ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ State represents violence and coercion
▪️ Ideal society based on voluntary cooperation
▪️ Decentralized village republics
▪️ Moral authority replaces political power
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ राज्य हिंसा और बल का प्रतीक
▪️ स्वैच्छिक सहयोग पर आधारित समाज
▪️ विकेन्द्रित ग्राम-स्वराज
▪️ नैतिक सत्ता राजनीतिक सत्ता का स्थान लेती है
Q5. गांधीजी की आर्थिक विचारधारा का मूल सिद्धांत क्या था?/The core principle of Gandhian economic thought is:
A) Industrial capitalism / औद्योगिक पूंजीवाद
B) State socialism / राज्य समाजवाद
C) Trusteeship / न्यासिता (ट्रस्टीशिप) ✅
D) Free market economy / मुक्त बाजार अर्थव्यवस्था
Correct Answer: C) Trusteeship / न्यासिता (ट्रस्टीशिप) ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Wealth holders act as trustees for society
▪️ Rejects violent redistribution
▪️ Ethical solution to inequality
▪️ Middle path between capitalism and socialism
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ संपत्ति धारक समाज के ट्रस्टी होते हैं
▪️ हिंसक पुनर्वितरण का विरोध
▪️ असमानता की नैतिक समाधान
▪️ पूंजीवाद और समाजवाद के बीच मध्य मार्ग
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 278 |
| 8 | Q. किसने सुझाव दिया कि बुर्जुआ मान्यताओं और मूल्यों को एक प्रतिद्वंद्वी "सर्वहारा वर्चस्व" तथा "सहमति के निर्माण" की स्थापना द्वारा समाप्त किया जाना चाहिए?
1⃣ एंथनी गिडेन्स
2⃣ जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
3⃣ एंटोनियो ग्राम्शी
4⃣ राम मनोहर लोहिया
✅उत्तर – 3⃣
To Get PDF / HARDCOPY notes click here
wa.me/+919982735777text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 333 |
| 9 | Q. Who suggested that bourgeois assumptions and values needed to be overthrown by the establishment of a rival "proletarian hegemony" and "the manufacture of"?
1⃣ Anthony Giddens
2⃣ John Stuart Mill
3⃣ Antonio Gramsci
4⃣ Ram Manohar Lohia
Answer – 3⃣
To Get PDF / HARDCOPY notes click here
wa.me/+919982735777text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 330 |
| 10 | Q. Emergency powers relating to suspension of fundamental rights have been taken from:
1⃣ Canadian Constitution
2⃣ Australian Constitution
3⃣ Weimar Constitution of Germany
4⃣ French Constitution
✅Answer – 3⃣
To Get PDF / HARDCOPY notes click here
wa.me/+919982735777text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 329 |
| 11 | Q. किस अधिनियम में यह प्रावधान किया गया कि राज्यसभा के सदस्यों का कार्यकाल छह वर्ष होगा?
1⃣ जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम (1951)
2⃣ जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम (1953)
3⃣ भारत सरकार अधिनियम (1935)
4⃣ भारत सरकार अधिनियम (1919)
✅उत्तर – 1⃣
To Get PDF / HARDCOPY notes click here
wa.me/+919982735777text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 299 |
| 12 | Q. किस अधिनियम में यह प्रावधान किया गया कि राज्यसभा के सदस्यों का कार्यकाल छह वर्ष होगा?
1⃣ जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम (1951)
2⃣ जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम (1953)
3⃣ भारत सरकार अधिनियम (1935)
4⃣ भारत सरकार अधिनियम (1919)
✅उत्तर – 1⃣
To Get PDF / HARDCOPY notes click here
wa.me/+919982735777text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 328 |
| 13 | Q. Which Act provided that the term of the members of Rajya Sabha shall be six years?
1⃣ The Representation of the People Act (1951)
2⃣ People Representation Act (1953)
3⃣ Government of India Act (1935)
4⃣ Government of India Act (1919)
✅Answer – 1⃣
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| 14 | UGC NET Political Science
One-Liners
*PART 1*
1. Plato – Aristotle – Cicero: State Theory
🔹 Plato wrote The Republic around 380 BCE, presenting the idea of an ideal state ruled by philosopher-kings.
🔹 प्लेटो ने लगभग 380 ई.पू. में रिपब्लिक लिखी, जिसमें दार्शनिक-राजाओं द्वारा शासित आदर्श राज्य की अवधारणा दी।
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🔹 Plato believed justice exists when each class performs its assigned function.
🔹 प्लेटो के अनुसार न्याय तब होता है जब प्रत्येक वर्ग अपना निर्धारित कार्य करता है।
🔹 Aristotle wrote Politics (c. 350 BCE) and defined man as a ‘Zoon Politikon’.
🔹 अरस्तू ने पॉलिटिक्स (लगभग 350 ई.पू.) लिखी और मनुष्य को ‘राजनीतिक प्राणी’ कहा।
🔹 Aristotle classified governments into Monarchy, Aristocracy, Polity and their corrupt forms.
🔹 अरस्तू ने शासन को राजतंत्र, कुलीनतंत्र, पॉलिटी तथा उनके विकृत रूपों में वर्गीकृत किया।
🔹 Cicero wrote De Re Publica (54–51 BCE) and supported Natural Law.
🔹 सिसरो ने डी रे पब्लिका (54–51 ई.पू.) लिखी और प्राकृतिक कानून का समर्थन किया।
2. Machiavelli – Power & Statecraft
🔹 Niccolò Machiavelli was born in 1469 in Florence, Italy.
🔹 निकोलो मैकियावेली का जन्म 1469 में फ्लोरेंस, इटली में हुआ।
🔹 He wrote The Prince in 1513; it was published in 1532.
🔹 उन्होंने द प्रिंस 1513 में लिखी, जो 1532 में प्रकाशित हुई।
🔹 Machiavelli separated politics from morality.
🔹 मैकियावेली ने राजनीति को नैतिकता से अलग किया।
🔹 The concept of Virtù refers to political skill and leadership capacity.
🔹 ‘विरतू’ का अर्थ राजनीतिक कौशल और नेतृत्व क्षमता है।
🔹 He emphasized state stability over ethical considerations.
🔹 उन्होंने नैतिकता से अधिक राज्य की स्थिरता पर बल दिया।
*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨🏫👨🏫
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| 15 | 📘 Western Political Thinker – NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
Q1. According to Machiavelli, the primary duty of a ruler is:
Machiavelli के अनुसार शासक का मुख्य कर्तव्य क्या है?
A) Moral perfection / नैतिक पूर्णता
B) Religious obedience / धार्मिक आज्ञापालन
C) Security and stability of the state / राज्य की सुरक्षा व स्थिरता ✅
D) Welfare of humanity / मानवता का कल्याण
Correct Answer: C) Security and stability of the state / राज्य की सुरक्षा व स्थिरता ✅
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🔹 Explanation:
▪️ State interest is supreme
▪️ Ethics is secondary to politics
▪️ Stability of power is essential
▪️ End justifies the means
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ राज्यहित सर्वोपरि है
▪️ राजनीति में नैतिकता गौण
▪️ सत्ता की स्थिरता आवश्यक
▪️ साध्य साधन को उचित ठहराता है
Q2. Machiavelli’s famous work The Prince was written in:
Machiavelli की प्रसिद्ध कृति The Prince कब लिखी गई?
A) 1498
B) 1513 ✅
C) 1532
D) 1648
Correct Answer: B) 1513 ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Written during exile
▪️ Published posthumously in 1532
▪️ Practical guide for rulers
▪️ Focus on power politics
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ निर्वासन काल में रचित
▪️ 1532 में मरणोपरांत प्रकाशित
▪️ शासकों के लिए व्यावहारिक मार्गदर्शिका
▪️ शक्ति राजनीति पर केंद्रित
Q3. Machiavelli advised that a ruler should be:
Machiavelli के अनुसार शासक को कैसा होना चाहिए?
A) Loved only / केवल प्रेम किया जाए
B) Feared only / केवल भयभीत
C) Both loved and feared / प्रेम और भय दोनों
D) Feared rather than loved / प्रेम से अधिक भयभीत किया जाए ✅
Correct Answer: D) Feared rather than loved / प्रेम से अधिक भयभीत किया जाए ✅
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🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Fear ensures obedience
▪️ Love is unreliable
▪️ Fear must not turn into hatred
▪️ Practical realism
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ भय आज्ञापालन सुनिश्चित करता है
▪️ प्रेम अस्थिर होता है
▪️ भय घृणा में नहीं बदलना चाहिए
▪️ यथार्थवादी दृष्टिकोण
Q4. Machiavelli separated politics from:
Machiavelli ने राजनीति को किससे अलग किया?
A) Law / कानून
B) Economics / अर्थशास्त्र
C) Ethics and religion / नैतिकता व धर्म से ✅
D) Society / समाज
Correct Answer: C) Ethics and religion / नैतिकता व धर्म से ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Politics is autonomous
▪️ Moral ideals not applicable
▪️ Focus on power and survival
▪️ Founder of modern political realism
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ राजनीति स्वायत्त क्षेत्र है
▪️ नैतिक आदर्श लागू नहीं
▪️ शक्ति और अस्तित्व पर जोर
▪️ आधुनिक यथार्थवाद के जनक
Q5. Machiavelli is considered the father of:
Machiavelli को किसका जनक माना जाता है?
A) Liberalism / उदारवाद
B) Idealism / आदर्शवाद
C) Political Realism / राजनीतिक यथार्थवाद ✅
D) Socialism / समाजवाद
Correct Answer: C) Political Realism / राजनीतिक यथार्थवाद ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Emphasis on power and force
▪️ Real conditions of politics
▪️ Rejection of utopian ideas
▪️ Influence on modern IR realism
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ शक्ति और बल पर बल
▪️ राजनीति की वास्तविक परिस्थितियाँ
▪️ आदर्शवादी कल्पनाओं का खंडन
▪️ अंतरराष्ट्रीय राजनीति पर प्रभाव
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| 16 | 📘 UGC NET JRF 2026 Exam
International Relations (IR) – HANS J. MORGENTHAU
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
Q1. According to Hans Morgenthau, international politics is primarily a struggle for:
Hans Morgenthau के अनुसार अंतरराष्ट्रीय राजनीति मुख्य रूप से किसके लिए संघर्ष है?
A) Ideology / विचारधारा
B) Law / कानून
C) Power / शक्ति ✅
D) Morality / नैतिकता
Correct Answer: C) Power / शक्ति ✅
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🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Politics is governed by objective laws
▪️ Power is the central concept of realism
▪️ States act to maximize national interest
▪️ Idealism is rejected
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ राजनीति वस्तुनिष्ठ नियमों से संचालित होती है
▪️ यथार्थवाद में शक्ति केंद्रीय अवधारणा है
▪️ राज्य राष्ट्रीय हित बढ़ाने का प्रयास करते हैं
▪️ आदर्शवाद का खंडन
Q2. Morgenthau defined national interest mainly in terms of:
Morgenthau ने राष्ट्रीय हित को मुख्यतः किस रूप में परिभाषित किया?
A) Economic welfare / आर्थिक कल्याण
B) Power / शक्ति ✅
C) International law / अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानून
D) Ethical values / नैतिक मूल्य
Correct Answer: B) Power / शक्ति ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ National interest is a guiding principle
▪️ Power gives consistency to foreign policy
▪️ Interest is universally valid
▪️ Changes with political context
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ राष्ट्रीय हित मार्गदर्शक सिद्धांत है
▪️ शक्ति विदेश नीति को स्थिरता देती है
▪️ हित सार्वभौमिक अवधारणा है
▪️ राजनीतिक संदर्भ के अनुसार बदलता है
Q3. How many principles of political realism were given by Morgenthau?
Morgenthau ने राजनीतिक यथार्थवाद के कितने सिद्धांत दिए?
A) Four
B) Five
C) Six ✅
D) Seven
Correct Answer: C) Six ✅
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🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Explained in Politics Among Nations
▪️ Foundation of classical realism
▪️ Explains power, interest, morality
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ Politics Among Nations में वर्णित
▪️ शास्त्रीय यथार्थवाद की आधारशिला
▪️ शक्ति, हित व नैतिकता की व्याख्या
Q4. Morgenthau believed morality in international politics should be:
Morgenthau के अनुसार अंतरराष्ट्रीय राजनीति में नैतिकता होनी चाहिए—
A) Absolute / निरपेक्ष
B) Same as private morality / व्यक्तिगत नैतिकता समान
C) Ignored completely / पूर्णतः उपेक्षित
D) Subordinate to national interest / राष्ट्रीय हित के अधीन ✅
Correct Answer: D) Subordinate to national interest / राष्ट्रीय हित के अधीन ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Ethics cannot override survival
▪️ Prudence is supreme virtue
▪️ Moral ideals vary with context
▪️ Realistic moral approach
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ नैतिकता अस्तित्व से ऊपर नहीं
▪️ विवेक सर्वोच्च गुण
▪️ नैतिक आदर्श संदर्भानुसार बदलते हैं
▪️ यथार्थवादी नैतिक दृष्टि
Q5. Which book made Morgenthau famous in International Relations?
किस पुस्तक ने Morgenthau को अंतरराष्ट्रीय राजनीति में प्रसिद्ध किया?
A) Theory of International Politics
B) Politics Among Nations ✅
C) Man, the State and War
D) The Anarchical Society
Correct Answer: B) Politics Among Nations ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Published in 1948
▪️ Core text of classical realism
▪️ Introduced power politics
▪️ Influenced Cold War thinking
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ 1948 में प्रकाशित
▪️ शास्त्रीय यथार्थवाद की प्रमुख कृति
▪️ शक्ति राजनीति की व्याख्या
▪️ शीतयुद्ध चिंतन पर प्रभाव
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| 17 | UGC NET JRF December 2026
Dr. PS YADUVANSHI
FAREED ZAKARIA
Fareed Zakaria is a prominent Indian-American journalist, political scientist, and commentator on international affairs.
UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
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Books 📚📚📚 with core idea 💡
🔷 1. The Post-American World (2008)
📌 Core Idea: The rise of other powers (China, India, Brazil) signifies a shift from U.S. dominance to a "post-American" world.
🌍 Zakaria introduced the concept of “The Rise of the Rest.”
📚 Relevance: Multipolarity, power transition theory, U.S. hegemony decline.
🔷 2. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (2003)
📌 Coined and popularized the term “illiberal democracy.”
📚 Key argument: Many regimes hold elections but lack liberal institutions (judiciary, free press).
💡 Relevance: Democratization debates, hybrid regimes.
🔷 3. Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World (2020)
🌐 Reflections on global governance, nationalism, digital inequality, and the importance of competent institutions in crises.
🧠 Useful for current affairs–based IR questions and essay writing.
UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
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| 18 | 📘Political Theory – IDEALISM
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
Q1. Idealism in international relations primarily emphasizes: / अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंधों में आदर्शवाद मुख्य रूप से किस पर बल देता है?
A) Power politics / शक्ति राजनीति
B) National interest / राष्ट्रीय हित
C) Moral values and international cooperation / नैतिक मूल्य एवं अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहयोग ✅
D) Military strength / सैन्य शक्ति
Correct Answer: C) Moral values and international cooperation / नैतिक मूल्य एवं अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहयोग ✅
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🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Core belief of idealism
▪️ Politics guided by ethics
▪️ Cooperation over conflict
▪️ Emphasis on peace and harmony
▪️ Optimistic view of human nature
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ आदर्शवाद की मूल मान्यता
▪️ राजनीति नैतिकता द्वारा निर्देशित
▪️ संघर्ष की बजाय सहयोग
▪️ शांति व सामंजस्य पर बल
▪️ मानव स्वभाव के प्रति आशावादी दृष्टि
Q2. Who is regarded as a leading idealist thinker in international relations? / अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंधों में प्रमुख आदर्शवादी विचारक किसे माना जाता है?
A) Hans J. Morgenthau / मॉर्गेंथाऊ
B) Kenneth Waltz / केनेथ वाल्ट्ज
C) Woodrow Wilson / वुडरो विल्सन ✅
D) Niccolò Machiavelli / मैकियावेली
Correct Answer: C) Woodrow Wilson / वुडरो विल्सन ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Advocate of liberal internationalism
▪️ Proposed the League of Nations
▪️ Emphasized collective security
▪️ Believed in self-determination
▪️ Fourteen Points speech
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ उदार अंतरराष्ट्रीयतावाद के समर्थक
▪️ राष्ट्र संघ के प्रस्तावक
▪️ सामूहिक सुरक्षा पर बल
▪️ आत्मनिर्णय के समर्थक
▪️ चौदह सूत्रीय भाषण
Q3. Idealism assumes that human nature is: / आदर्शवाद के अनुसार मानव स्वभाव कैसा है?
A) Inherently selfish / स्वभावतः स्वार्थी
B) Power-seeking / शक्ति-लोलुप
C) Rational and capable of cooperation / तर्कसंगत व सहयोग में सक्षम ✅
D) Aggressive / आक्रामक
Correct Answer: C) Rational and capable of cooperation / तर्कसंगत व सहयोग में सक्षम ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Human beings can learn from experience
▪️ Reason guides political action
▪️ Education promotes peace
▪️ Institutions can shape behaviour
▪️ Contrasts realist pessimism
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ मनुष्य अनुभव से सीख सकता है
▪️ तर्क राजनीतिक आचरण को दिशा देता है
▪️ शिक्षा शांति को बढ़ावा देती है
▪️ संस्थाएँ व्यवहार को आकार देती हैं
▪️ यथार्थवादी निराशावाद के विपरीत
Q4. Which institution best reflects idealist faith in international cooperation? /
कौन-सी संस्था अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहयोग में आदर्शवादी विश्वास को दर्शाती है?
A) Balance of Power system / शक्ति संतुलन प्रणाली
B) NATO / नाटो
C) League of Nations / राष्ट्र संघ ✅
D) Military alliances / सैन्य गठबंधन
Correct Answer: C) League of Nations / राष्ट्र संघ ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Established after World War I
▪️ Prevent war through collective security
▪️ Peaceful settlement of disputes
▪️ Based on moral obligation
▪️ First major idealist experiment
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के बाद स्थापना
▪️ सामूहिक सुरक्षा द्वारा युद्ध रोकना
▪️ विवादों का शांतिपूर्ण समाधान
▪️ नैतिक दायित्व पर आधारित
▪️ पहला बड़ा आदर्शवादी प्रयोग
Q5. Idealism was strongly criticized after which event? / आदर्शवाद की तीव्र आलोचना किस घटना के बाद हुई?
A) Russian Revolution / रूसी क्रांति
B) World War I / प्रथम विश्व युद्ध
C) World War II / द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध ✅
D) Cold War / शीत युद्ध
Correct Answer: C) World War II / द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध ✅
🔹 Explanation:
▪️ Failure of League of Nations
▪️ Inability to prevent aggression
▪️ Rise of fascism and Nazism
▪️ Strengthened realist arguments
▪️ Shift towards power politics
🔹 व्याख्या:
▪️ राष्ट्र संघ की विफलता
▪️ आक्रामकता रोकने में असफल
▪️ फासीवाद व नाज़ीवाद का उदय
▪️ यथार्थवाद के तर्क मज़बूत हुए
▪️ शक्ति राजनीति की ओर झुकाव
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| 19 | 👤 Hegel: Introduction & Background
🔹 Full Name: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
🔹 Life Span: 1770 – 1831
🔹 Born in: Stuttgart, Germany
🔹 Philosophical Tradition: German Idealism
🔹 Historical Context:
• Germany politically fragmented
• No industrial unity
• Desire for National Integration
🎯 Core Aim of Hegel:
👉 German Unity & Strong Nation-State
📚 Influences on Hegel
✔️ Immanuel Kant – Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
✔️ Fichte – National consciousness
✔️ Schelling – Idealism
✔️ Herder – Concept of Volksgeist (National Spirit)
📌 NET Fact:
Concept of Volksgeist = Soul of the Nation।
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| 20 | UGC NET POLITICAL SCIENCE December 2026 Exam
*10 Most Important Supreme Court Judgments for NET SET Asst Professor upcoming Exams 2026*
1. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)
Introduced the "basic structure" doctrine, shielding Constitution's core (democracy, secularism) from parliamentary overreach. A judicial firewall against amendments—UPSC's constitutional cornerstone.
2. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)
Expanded Article 21's "right to life" to include dignity and due process, not just procedure. Transformed personal liberty into a robust shield—ignited expansive fundamental rights interpretation.
3. Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)
Struck down parts of the 42nd Amendment, affirming judicial review as basic structure. Balanced Parliament's amendment power with constitutional supremacy—guarded against legislative excess.
4. Shah Bano Begum v. Union of India (1985)
Upheld maintenance rights for divorced Muslim women under secular CrPC, challenging personal laws. Sparked uniform civil code debates—milestone in gender justice and secularism.
5. Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)
Validated OBC reservations (27%) with creamy layer exclusion, capping at 50%. Redefined affirmative action for social equity—blueprint for inclusive public employment.
6. Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2013)
Nixed Section 8(4) of RPA, mandating immediate disqualification of convicted MPs/MLAs. Ensured clean politics—no more delayed ousters—fortified electoral integrity.Dr PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
7. Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015)
Struck down Section 66A of IT Act as vague, violating free speech. Curbed digital censorship—vindicated online expression in the internet age.
8. Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)
Declared privacy a fundamental right under Article 21, intrinsic to liberty. Paved way for Aadhaar reforms—empowered data protection in a surveillance era.
9. Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)
Criminalized instant triple talaq as arbitrary and unconstitutional. Advanced Muslim women's equality—pushed reforms in personal laws amid gender rights surge.
10. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)
Decriminalized consensual same-sex relations by reading down Section 377. Embraced LGBTQ+ dignity under Article 21—celebrated inclusivity and sexual orientation freedoms.
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