Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor
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DR. PS YADUVANSHI (DOUBLE JRF/ 3 TIMES NET) (99.88 Percentile Scorer ) (PhD / LLB) 📲Wapp8559876786 #PoliticalScience_QUIZ #political_scienc @NET_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_NOTES @UGC_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ CUET_PG POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ #CIVICS #POL_SCIENCE
Больше📈 Аналитический обзор Telegram-канала Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor
Канал Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor (@psyjrf) языкового сегмента Хинди является активным участником. Сейчас сообщество объединяет 13 100 подписчиков, занимая 15 158 место в категории Образование и 29 956 место в регионе Индия.
📊 Показатели аудитории и динамика
С момента создания невідомо проект демонстрирует стремительный рост, собрав аудиторию из 13 100 подписчиков.
Согласно последним данным от 20 сентября, 2026, канал показывает стабильную активность. За последние 30 дней изменение числа участников составило 27, а за последние 24 часа — 5, при этом общий охват остаётся высоким.
- Статус верификации: Не верифицирован
- Уровень вовлечённости (ER): Средний показатель вовлечённости аудитории составляет 7.45%. В первые 24 часа после публикации контент обычно набирает 3.50% реакций от общего числа подписчиков.
- Охват публикаций: В среднем каждый пост получает 975 просмотров. В течение первых суток публикация набирает 458 просмотров.
- Реакции и взаимодействия: Аудитория активно поддерживает контент: среднее количество реакций на один пост — 2.
- Тематические интересы: Контент сосредоточен на ключевых темах, таких как jrf, professor, wa.me/+919982735777?text=i_need_complete_notes_with_dishadarshan, प्रमुख, डाहल.
📝 Описание и контентная политика
Автор описывает ресурс как площадку для выражения субъективного мнения:
“DR. PS YADUVANSHI
(DOUBLE JRF/ 3 TIMES NET)
(99.88 Percentile Scorer )
(PhD / LLB)
📲Wapp8559876786
#PoliticalScience_QUIZ
#political_scienc
@NET_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_NOTES
@UGC_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ
CUET_PG POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ
#CIVICS #POL_SCIE...”
Благодаря высокой частоте обновлений (последние данные получены 21 сентября, 2026) канал поддерживает актуальность и высокий уровень охвата публикаций. Аналитика показывает, что аудитория активно взаимодействует с контентом, что делает его важной точкой влияния в категории Образование.
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Посты канала
UGC NET DECEMBER 2026 EXAM
Topic – Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism
🔹 Background & Context
▪️ The debate between Neorealism and Neoliberalism gained prominence during the 1970s and 1980s, when scholars were rethinking International Relations after the decline of American hegemony in the post-Vietnam War era.
▪️ Kenneth Waltz’s book Theory of International Politics (1979) laid the foundation of Neorealism, while Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye’s Power and Interdependence (1977) shaped Neoliberalism.
UGC NET JRF
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▪️ This clash is also called the Neo-Neo Debate because both share some assumptions (anarchy, rational states) but differ in outcomes.
🔹 Neorealism (Structural Realism)
▪️ Founder: Kenneth Waltz (1979).
▪️ Key Work: Theory of International Politics – considered the “Bible of Neorealism”.
▪️ Believes that the structure (distribution of power), not human nature, drives state behavior.
▪️ Introduced the idea of polarity – Unipolarity, Bipolarity, Multipolarity – to explain stability.
▪️ During the Cold War, Neorealists argued that the Bipolar system (USA vs. USSR) was stable due to balance of power.
▪️ John Mearsheimer (2001, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics) advanced Offensive Realism, arguing that states seek to maximize power.
▪️ Stephen Walt contributed with the idea of Balance of Threat Theory (1987).
▪️ Key Concept: Security Dilemma – a state’s attempt to increase security makes others insecure.
🔹 Neoliberalism (Neoliberal Institutionalism)
▪️ Founders: Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye.
▪️ Key Work: Power and Interdependence (1977) introduced Complex Interdependence.
▪️ Robert Keohane’s After Hegemony (1984) argued that institutions matter even in anarchy.
▪️ Focuses on absolute gains – states can benefit mutually without worrying only about relative advantages.
▪️ Example: European Union, WTO, IMF, and Paris Climate Agreement show how institutions facilitate cooperation.
▪️ Fact: According to World Bank data (2022), global trade as % of world GDP was over 60%, showing rising interdependence.
▪️ Thinkers like Oran Young and Stephen Krasner contributed to regime theory, emphasizing rules and norms.
🔹 Core Differences
▪️ Neorealism emphasizes relative gains, citing examples like the Cold War arms race where the USA and USSR feared the other’s advantage.
▪️ Neoliberalism stresses absolute gains, as seen in WTO trade agreements, where all member states gain from cooperation.
▪️ Neorealists view institutions as epiphenomenal (mere reflections of state power).
▪️ Neoliberals argue institutions have independent causal power, evident in the way UN peacekeeping missions constrain state behavior.
▪️ Data Point: Between 1945–2000, more than 60 major international institutions were established, supporting the Neoliberal view of institutional relevance.
🔹 Conclusion
▪️ Neorealism provides a framework for understanding conflict, competition, and power struggle, especially relevant during the Cold War.
▪️ Neoliberalism explains the rise of cooperation, globalization, and institutions, relevant in the post-Cold War and 21st century context.
UGC NET JRF
To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇
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| 2 | UGC NET DECEMBER 2026 EXAM
विषय – नवयथार्थवाद (Neorealism) बनाम नवउदारवाद (Neoliberalism)
🔹 पृष्ठभूमि और संदर्भ
▪️ नवयथार्थवाद और नवउदारवाद के बीच बहस 1970–1980 के दशक में उभरी, जब वियतनाम युद्ध के बाद अमेरिका की शक्ति पर सवाल उठे।
▪️ केनेथ वॉल्ट्ज (Kenneth Waltz) की पुस्तक Theory of International Politics (1979) ने नवयथार्थवाद की नींव रखी।
UGC NET JRF
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wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan
▪️ वहीं रॉबर्ट कीओहाने (Robert Keohane) और जोसफ नाय (Joseph Nye) की Power and Interdependence (1977) ने नवउदारवाद को स्थापित किया।
▪️ इस बहस को Neo-Neo Debate भी कहा जाता है क्योंकि दोनों ही विचारधाराएँ अनार्की और राज्य की तर्कसंगतता को स्वीकार करती हैं, लेकिन उनके निष्कर्ष अलग-अलग हैं।
🔹 नवयथार्थवाद (Neorealism / Structural Realism)
▪️ संस्थापक: केनेथ वॉल्ट्ज (1979)।
▪️ प्रमुख पुस्तक: Theory of International Politics – जिसे नवयथार्थवाद की “Bible” कहा जाता है।
▪️ मान्यता: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय राजनीति की जड़ संरचना (शक्ति का वितरण) में है, न कि मानव स्वभाव में।
▪️ वॉल्ट्ज ने ध्रुवीयता (Polarity) की अवधारणा दी – एकध्रुवीय, द्विध्रुवीय और बहुध्रुवीय व्यवस्था।
▪️ शीत युद्ध (Cold War) के दौरान अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ की द्विध्रुवीय व्यवस्था को स्थिरता का कारण बताया।
▪️ जॉन मीरशाइमर (John Mearsheimer) – The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001) → Offensive Realism के प्रवर्तक।
▪️ स्टीफन वॉल्ट (Stephen Walt) – Balance of Threat Theory (1987) के प्रवर्तक।
▪️ प्रमुख अवधारणा: सुरक्षा द्वंद्व (Security Dilemma) – एक राज्य की सुरक्षा बढ़ाने की कोशिश दूसरे की असुरक्षा बढ़ा देती है।
🔹 नवउदारवाद (Neoliberal Institutionalism)
▪️ संस्थापक: रॉबर्ट कीओहाने और जोसफ नाय।
▪️ प्रमुख पुस्तक: Power and Interdependence (1977) → Complex Interdependence की अवधारणा दी।
▪️ रॉबर्ट कीओहाने की After Hegemony (1984) – तर्क दिया कि संस्थान (Institutions) अराजकता में भी मायने रखते हैं।
▪️ नवउदारवाद का मानना है कि राज्य केवल सापेक्ष लाभ (Relative Gains) ही नहीं बल्कि निरपेक्ष लाभ (Absolute Gains) की तलाश करते हैं।
▪️ संस्थाएँ जैसे UN, WTO, IMF, Paris Climate Agreement राज्यों में सहयोग और भरोसा बढ़ाती हैं।
▪️ World Bank डेटा 2022: वैश्विक व्यापार विश्व GDP का 60% से अधिक → जटिल परस्पर निर्भरता (Complex Interdependence) का प्रमाण।
▪️ ओरन यंग (Oran Young) और स्टीफन क्रैस्नर (Stephen Krasner) ने Regime Theory के ज़रिये नियमों और मानदंडों की भूमिका को समझाया।
🔹 मुख्य अंतर –
▪️ नवयथार्थवाद: अराजकता में संघर्ष अवश्यंभावी है → उदाहरण: शीत युद्ध का शस्त्र प्रतिस्पर्धा (Arms Race)।
▪️ नवउदारवाद: सहयोग संभव है → उदाहरण: WTO व्यापार समझौते जहाँ सभी को लाभ मिला।
▪️ नवयथार्थवाद के अनुसार संस्थाएँ कमज़ोर और राज्यों पर निर्भर हैं।
▪️ नवउदारवाद मानता है कि संस्थानों की स्वतंत्र शक्ति होती है → जैसे UN Peacekeeping Missions।
▪️ तथ्य: 1945–2000 के बीच 60 से अधिक प्रमुख अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्थाएँ बनीं, जो नवउदारवाद के पक्ष को मज़बूत करती हैं।
🔹 निष्कर्ष
▪️ नवयथार्थवाद: शक्ति, संघर्ष और प्रतिस्पर्धा को समझने का ढांचा देता है।
▪️ नवउदारवाद: सहयोग, वैश्वीकरण और संस्थाओं की भूमिका को समझाता है।
UGC NET JRF
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wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 409 |
| 3 |  Today's 21 September Current Affairs | 349 |
| 4 | UGC NET JRF DECEMBER 2026 Exam
291. *Who of the following said that, "the emancipation of the working class is the work of the working class itself"?*
(a) Mao Tse Tung
(c) Engels
(b) VI Lenin
(d) Karl Marx✅
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292. *Who of the following gave the slogan "Turn the imperialist war into a civil war, that is, into to a proletarian revolution"?*
(a) Kautsky
(b) Trotsky
(c) Engels
(d) Lenin✅
293. *Who said, "Revolutions are the festivals of the oppressed and the exploited"?*
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Lenin✅
(c) Mao
(d) Skocpol
294. *Which one of the following answers is incorrect regarding neo-liberalism?*
(a) Neo-liberal vision largely evolved during the governments of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher
(b) It attacked the Keynesian notin of the international economic order
(c) It emerged as a total negation of Laissez-faire economics ✅
(d) Its emphasis is on free markets and liberal reforms.
295. *Which one of the following answers is correct regarding Post-Marxism?*
(a) The working class has not evolved into a revolutionary movement
(b) Economic class interests are relatively autonomous from ideology and politics
(c) The working class holds no basic position within socialism
(d) All of the above✅
296. *Which one of the following statements is incorrect regarding political ideology?*
(a) It is a belief system which helps to structure how the world is understood and explained
(b) It is a set of ideas which provides the basis for some kind of political action
(c) It is an action-oriented belief system
(d) Political ideology is to the same thing as political theory✅
297. *Who of the following said "Lenin's party was designed to be an elite, a minority chosen for intellectual and moral superiority, the most advanced part of the working class and so its vanguard"?*
(a) CB MacPherson
(b) D McLellan
(c) GH Sabine ✅
(d) R Milliband
298. *Identify the correct sequence of Marx's writings in ascending order.*
*1. Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*
*2. of Philosophy*
*3. Thesis on Feuerbach*
*4. Communist Manifesto*
Codes
A B C D
A 1 2 3 4
B 2 3 4 1
C 3 2 4 1✅
D 4 1 2 3
299. *Neo-liberalism does not believe in*
(a) deregulation
(b) debureaucratisation
(c) disinvestment
(d) statisation✅
300. *Who said that "Labour power equals the brain, muscle and nerve of the labourer"?*
(a) Lenin
(b) MN Roy
(c) Marx✅
(d) Jaya Prakash
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wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 581 |
| 5 | *New Institutional Approach Facts*
▪️James G. March and Johan P. Olsen as the two leading founders of the new institutionalism.
▪️The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life" *(1984)*
▪️Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics *(1989).*
▪️Democratic Governance *(1995)*
UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
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wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan | 533 |
| 6 | *India and its Neighbourhood*
*India-Nepal*
*Evolution of Relations*
*1950*
1⃣ The Republic of India and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal initiated their relationship with the Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950.
2⃣ Nepalese citizens avail facilities and opportunities on par with Indian citizens in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty.
3⃣ An Indian military mission was also established in Kathmandu for the organization and training of Nepalese army.
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*1962:* Nepal assumed greater importance in India's security perception after the *Sino-Indian border war of 1962.*
*1964:* Foreign Minister of India, Sardar Swaran Singh visited Nepal and signed an agreement of large economic assistance to Nepal.
*1965:* The King of Nepal also visited India. Nepal gave full support to India's position on Kashmir
*1966: Boundary Disputes:*
▪️Nepal-India relations came under stress because of boundary dispute relating to Susta region.
*1971: New Treaty of Transit:*
▪️Negotiations were opened and a New Treaty of Transit was signed in *Kathmandu in August 1971.* Thus, by the end of 1971, Indo-Nepal relations started looking brighter.
*Constitutional Monarchy in Nepal:*
▪️The age-old system of absolute monarchy in Nepal was replaced by constitutional monarchy on *April 8, 1990.*
▪️The King agreed to a new constitutional arrangement in which he would continue to be head of state, but the governance would be responsibility of a Cabinet answerable to Parliament.
▪️Elections would be held on the basis of multi-party system.
*2007* - Seven parties, including the former Maoist rebels and the ruling party, agreed to abolish the monarchy and declare Nepal a Federal Republic. In the elections held on *10 April 2008,* the Maoists secured a simple majority.
*2013* - A second election for a new Constituent Assembly was held under a non-partisan government led by former Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi.
*2015* -The Constitution of Nepal, passed making Nepal a federal democratic republic divided into seven unnamed provinces.
*2017* -Nepal Communist Party emerged as the ruling party with a strong majority at the federal level, as well as six of the seven provinces.
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| 7 | *Important Key Terms*
*Clausewitzean* -An adjective describing strategic thought influenced by the work of Prussian military officer, Carl von Clausewitz *(1780-1831)*. His On war, published posthumously in *1832,* is still widely recognised as the most important treatise ever written on military strategy. For Clausewitz, waris a decisive encounter between two or more armed forces of a state. His most famous proposition is that war is simply the contin- uation of politics by other, namely violent, means.
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| 8 |  Robert Nozick | 708 |
| 9 | UGC NET DECEMBER 2026 EXAM
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
Plato (427–347 BCE)
Plato, the disciple of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, is regarded as the Father of Political Philosophy. He founded the Academy at Athens (387 BCE), the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. His political ideas are expressed mainly in The Republic, where he presented his vision of an ideal state based on justice and philosopher-kings. Plato combined metaphysics, ethics, and politics into a single framework to establish harmony between individual and state.
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🔹 Major Works
▪️ The Apology
▪️ Crito
▪️ Phaedo
▪️ The Republic (c. 380 BCE) → Most famous
▪️ The Laws (c. 348 BCE)
▪️ The Statesman
🔹 Theory of Justice (The Republic)
▪️ Justice = Everyone performing the function suited to their nature.
▪️ Individual justice = harmony among three parts of the soul (Reason, Spirit, Appetite).
▪️ Political justice = harmony among three classes of society.
🔹 Ideal State
▪️ Three classes of citizens:
• Rulers (Philosopher-Kings) → Wisdom
• Auxiliaries (Warriors/Guardians) → Courage
• Producers (Farmers, Artisans, Traders) → Appetite/Desires
▪️ Justice = Each class performing its own role without interfering in others.
🔹 Philosopher-King
▪️ Only philosophers possess true knowledge of the Forms (especially the Form of the Good).
▪️ Therefore, they are best suited to rule.
▪️ “Until philosophers become kings, or kings become philosophers, cities will have no rest from evils.”
🔹 Theory of Education
▪️ Education shapes citizens for their respective roles.
▪️ Stressed censorship of literature and music.
▪️ Education is lifelong, with philosophy reserved for the most gifted.
🔹 Later Work (The Laws)
▪️ More practical than The Republic.
▪️ Advocated rule of law instead of rule of philosopher-kings.
▪️ Accepted private property and family life with regulations.
🔹 Key Concepts
▪️ Theory of Ideas / Forms → Ultimate reality is ideal, not material.
▪️ Justice → Harmony between individual and society.
▪️ Communism of Wives and Property (for Guardians).
▪️ Censorship of art, poetry, and drama.
▪️ Rule of Law (in The Laws).
🔹 Impact and Contribution
▪️ Laid the foundation of Western political philosophy.
▪️ Inspired utopian and idealist traditions.
▪️ His theory of justice influenced later thinkers like Augustine and Hegel.
▪️ Provided a model of education and governance still debated today.
🔹 Key Quotes
▪️ “Justice means minding one’s own business and not interfering with others.”
▪️ “The price good men pay for indifference to public affairs is to be ruled by evil men.”
▪️ “Until philosophers are kings, cities will never have rest from evils.”
🔸 Conclusion
Plato’s philosophy built the idealist tradition in political thought. His Republic presented the vision of a just state ruled by philosopher-kings, while his Laws highlighted the importance of legal institutions. Plato remains central to political theory for his integration of ethics, education, and politics into one coherent system.
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| 10 |  Нет текста... | 608 |
| 11 |  BRICS
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| 12 | BRICS
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| 13 | 🌍 BRICS
▪️ Full Form: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
▪️ BRIC Term: Coined by economist Jim O’Neill in 2001.
▪️ First BRIC Summit: 2009, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
▪️ South Africa: Joined the grouping in 2010; participated in the 2011 Sanya Summit as BRICS.
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🔹 Expansion
▪️ 2024: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and UAE became full members.
▪️ 2025: Indonesia became the 10th full member.
▪️ Current full members (2026): 11 — Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Indonesia.
🔹 Important Institutions
▪️ New Development Bank (NDB): Established in 2015, Headquarters — Shanghai, China.
▪️ Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Created in 2014, designed to provide liquidity support during balance-of-payments difficulties.
🔹 Recent Updates
▪️ 2026 Chair: India
▪️ 18th BRICS Summit: New Delhi, 12–13 September 2026
▪️ 2026 Theme: Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability
▪️ 2027 Chair: China
▪️ 19th BRICS Summit: China, 2027 | 745 |
| 14 | UGC NET December 2026 Exam
Q. Who among the following authors is most closely associated with the concept of “Basic Structure Doctrine” in Indian Constitutional Law?
नीचे दिए गए किस व्यक्ति का नाम भारतीय संविधान कानून में “बेसिक स्ट्रक्चर डॉक्ट्रिन” की अवधारणा के साथ सबसे अधिक जुड़ा है?
A. Kesavananda Bharati
B. A.K. Gopalan
C. Minerva Mills
D. Indira Gandhi
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🔹 Answer Explanation
The Basic Structure Doctrine was established in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), which stated that Parliament cannot alter the fundamental framework of the Constitution even by constitutional amendments.
बेसिक स्ट्रक्चर डॉक्ट्रिन केसवानंद भारती केस (1973) में स्थापित की गई थी, जिसमें कहा गया कि संसद संवैधानिक संशोधनों के माध्यम से संविधान की मूल संरचना को बदल नहीं सकती।
This case is landmark and often referenced in books on constitutional law.
यह मामला बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है और इसे संवैधानिक कानून की किताबों में बार-बार उद्धृत किया जाता है।
For more clarity read DR PS YASUVANSHI notes; they simplify complex legal doctrines and make them exam-focused.
और अधिक स्पष्टता के लिए डॉ पी एस यदुवंशी नोटस पढ़ें; ये जटिल कानूनी सिद्धांतों को सरल बनाते हैं और परीक्षा-केंद्रित दृष्टिकोण देते हैं।
🔹 Key Points / मुख्य बिंदु
1⃣ The doctrine restricts Parliament from destroying or altering the basic structure of the Constitution.
यह सिद्धांत संसद को संविधान की मूल संरचना को नष्ट या बदलने से रोकता है।
2⃣ Established by the Supreme Court of India in 1973.
1973 में इसे भारतीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा स्थापित किया गया।
3⃣ Kesavananda Bharati was the petitioner challenging constitutional amendments.
केसवानंद भारती उस याचिकाकर्ता थे जिन्होंने संवैधानिक संशोधनों को चुनौती दी।
4⃣ Linked with Articles 13 and 368 of the Indian Constitution.
यह भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 13 और 368 से जुड़ा है।
5⃣ Serves as a safeguard for fundamental rights and democracy.
यह मूलभूत अधिकारों और लोकतंत्र की सुरक्षा के लिए एक गारंटी के रूप में कार्य करता है।
🔥Answer- ✅ A. Kesavananda Bharati
🔹 Option Analysis / विकल्प विश्लेषण
❌ Option A. Correct – Kesavananda Bharati case laid the foundation of the Basic Structure Doctrine.
सही – केसवानंद भारती केस ने बेसिक स्ट्रक्चर डॉक्ट्रिन की नींव रखी।
❌ Option B. Incorrect – A.K. Gopalan case was about preventive detention, not basic structure.
गलत – A.K. गोपालन केस रोकथाम संबंधी हिरासत से संबंधित था, बेसिक स्ट्रक्चर से नहीं।
❌ Option C. Incorrect – Minerva Mills case reinforced basic structure but Kesavananda Bharati laid it.
गलत – मिनेर्वा मिल्स केस ने बेसिक स्ट्रक्चर को मजबूत किया लेकिन इसकी स्थापना केसवानंद भारती ने की।
❌ Option D. Incorrect – Indira Gandhi, as PM, is unrelated as an author of the doctrine.
गलत – इंदिरा गांधी, प्रधानमंत्री के रूप में, इस सिद्धांत की रचना से संबंधित नहीं हैं | 671 |
| 15 | *Political Regimes*
▪️ *Robert Dahl* - "On Democracy" *(1998)*
▪️ *Larry Diamond* - " Developing Democracy" *(1999)*
▪️ *S.P Huntington* - " The Third Wave- Democratization in late Twentieth-century"- *(1991)*
▪️ *C.B Macpherson* - "The Real-world of Democracy" *(1965)*
▪️ *The Origins of Totalitarianism* - by Hannah Arendt *(1951)*
▪️ The Open Society and Its Enemies - by Karl Popper *(1945)*
▪️ *H.J. Laski* - A Grammar of Politics - *1938* and Authority in Modern State - *1970*
▪️ *S.E. Finer* - Comparative Govt. - *1970*
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| 16 | *QUOTATION PRACTICE QUESTIONS*
➡️ Freedom is the real possibility of being relevant, ofbeing meaningful, of being total.
▪️Gramsci
➡️ Liberty is the opposite of Over Government.
▪️Seeley
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➡️ Liberty carried to extreme becomes anarchy and destroys Sovereignty
▪️Gettel
➡️ Political liberty without economic equality is a myth
▪️G. D. H. Cole
➡️Where there is no law there is no freedom.
▪️Locke
➡️Liberty is the freedom of individual to express, without external hindrances, his personality.
▪️G. D. H. Cole
➡️ Negative liberty as an opportunity concept
▪️Charles Taylor
➡️ Liberty itself is not one but manifold.
▪️Maclver
➡️Collective aspect of liberty.
▪️Cohen
➡️ Liberty is the absence of coercion.
▪️Nozick
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| 17 | *India and its Neighbourhood*
*India-Bangladesh*
*A Historical Background*
*1947*: British colonial rule over India ends. A largely Muslim state comprising East and West Pakistan is established, either side of India.
*1949*: The Awami League is established to campaign for East Pakistan's autonomy from West Pakistan.
*1970*: The Awami League, under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, wins an overwhelming election victory in East Pakistan. The government in West Pakistan refuses to recognise the results.
*1971*: India intervened in the civil war in East Pakistan and liberated it. It was proclaimed as Bangladesh by Awami league leaders.
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| 18 | *India and its Neighbourhood*
*India-Canada*
➡️ *History*
▪️Faultlines first emerged in *1948* when Canada supported a plebiscite, followed by a ceasefire, in Indian state of Kashmir, a position that was antithetical to India's interests.
▪️Canadian security interests were anchored with those of US; its strategic objectives aligned closely to US'. Thus, despite considerable opportunity, Canada could not foster closer relations with India owing to latter's non-aligned status, which limited its outreach towards the Western bloc countries.
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▪️In *1974* , Canada was infuriated when India carried out nuclear tests.
▪️In *1980s* , India's relevance in Canada's foreign policy rose as Punjab accounted for a significant number of immigrants to Canada. However, India soon expressed concerns regarding activities of Khalistan sympathisers in Canada. Bilateral ties reached one of its lowest ebbs in *1985* , when Sikh extremists blew up Air India Flight *182* .
▪️The cessation of Cold War hostilities provided an opportunity for India and Canada to improve their relationship. In *1990s* , India embraced gradual economic liberalisation, rekindling Canada's interest in its economic prospects.
▪️In 1995, Ottawa released its "Focus India" document, identifying India as "an emerging economic power."
▪️In *1997* , both sides decided to create a bilateral Joint Working Group on Counter- Terrorism (JWGCT) to coordinate against Khalistan separatist groups.
▪️India subsequently conducted nuclear tests in 1998. In response, Canada suspended talks on trade expansion, banned all military exports, suspended tentative nuclear cooperation with India and opposed India's bid for a permanent seat at UNSC.
➡️ *History: Re-Engagement*
▪️In *2000* , Canada sought broader economic partnership with India, eventually removing all economic sanctions in *2001* .
▪️Canada *(2003-06)* announced International Policy Statement that identified India as an emerging economy with which Canada sought to broaden cooperation.
▪️In *2009* , both sides announced creation of a Joint Study Group to probe the possibility of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and initiated negotiations on a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPPA).
▪️In *2010* , India and Canada reached an agreement on civil nuclear cooperation. This was a watershed in bilateral relations.
▪️In *2015* , Indian PM visited Canada and signed multiple MoU in areas including space, railways, civil aviation, and S&T. Also, Saskatchewan's Cameco industries reached an agreement to supply *3,000* tonnes of uranium to India.
➡️ *India-Canada Co-operation*
▪️During *2015* visit of Canadian PM Trudeau to India, Canada affirmed its support for India's entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
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| 19 |  NTA NET EXAM calender 2026/27
get complete list pdf
Join 👇🏻👇🏻
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| 20 | 🌍 TOP INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS — UGC NET/JRF EXAM
▪️ UNDP — United Nations Development Programme
🔹 Headquarters: New York, USA
🔹 Established: 1965
🔹 Focus: Poverty reduction, human development & sustainable development.
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▪️ UNEP — United Nations Environment Programme
🔹 Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya
🔹 Established: 1972
🔹 Focus: Global environment & sustainable development.
▪️ WFP — World Food Programme
🔹 Headquarters: Rome, Italy
🔹 Established: 1961
🔹 Focus: Food assistance & combating hunger.
▪️ IFAD — International Fund for Agricultural Development
🔹 Headquarters: Rome, Italy
🔹 Established: 1977
🔹 Focus: Rural poverty reduction & agricultural development.
▪️ ILO — International Labour Organization
🔹 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
🔹 Established: 1919
🔹 Focus: Labour rights & international labour standards.
▪️ UPU — Universal Postal Union
🔹 Headquarters: Bern, Switzerland
🔹 Established: 1874
🔹 Focus: International postal cooperation.
▪️ WHO — World Health Organization
🔹 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
🔹 Established: 1948
🔹 Member States: 194
🔹 Focus: Global health & international health cooperation.
▪️ UN Women
🔹 Headquarters: New York, USA
🔹 Established: 2010
🔹 Focus: Gender equality & women's empowerment.
⚠️ Exam Fact: UN Women is a UN entity, not a UN Specialized Agency.
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▪️ ADB — Asian Development Bank
🔹 Headquarters: Manila, Philippines
🔹 Established: 1966
🔹 Focus: Economic & social development in Asia-Pacific.
▪️ BIS — Bank for International Settlements
🔹 Headquarters: Basel, Switzerland
🔹 Established: 1930
🔹 Focus: International monetary & financial stability.
🔹 63 central banks are currently members.
▪️ ICAO — International Civil Aviation Organization
🔹 Headquarters: Montreal, Canada
🔹 Established: 1947
🔹 Focus: International civil aviation standards & safety.
▪️ IPB — International Peace Bureau
🔹 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
🔹 Established: 1891
🔹 Focus: Peace & disarmament.
▪️ OPEC — Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
🔹 Established: 1960
🔹 Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
🔹 Focus: Petroleum policies & oil-market cooperation.
▪️ FAO — Food and Agriculture Organization
🔹 Headquarters: Rome, Italy
🔹 Established: 1945
🔹 Focus: Food security & agriculture.
▪️ WWF — World Wide Fund for Nature
🔹 Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland
🔹 Established: 1961
🔹 Focus: Wildlife conservation & environmental protection.
▪️ UNODC — United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
🔹 Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
🔹 Established: 1997
🔹 Focus: Drugs, organized crime, corruption & terrorism.
⚠️ Exam Fact: UNODC is a UN Office, not a Specialized Agency.
▪️ UNICEF — United Nations Children's Fund
🔹 Headquarters: New York, USA
🔹 Established: 1946
🔹 Focus: Children’s rights, health, education & welfare.
▪️ Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
🔹 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
🔹 Established: 2002
🔹 Focus: AIDS, TB & malaria.
▪️ World Health Assembly (WHA)
🔹 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
🔹 Established: 1948
🔹 WHO highest decision-making forum.
⭐ EXAM CORRECTIONS
🔸 BIS → 1930, Basel
🔸 UN Women → 2010, New York — Specialized Agency नहीं
🔸 UNODC → 1997, Vienna — Specialized Agency नहीं
🔸 WHO → 1948, Geneva — 194 Member States
🔸 ICAO → Montreal
🔸 FAO → Rome
🔸 IFAD → Rome
🔸 ILO → Geneva
🔸 UPU → Bern
🔸 OPEC → Vienna
🔸 UNDP → New York
🔸 UNEP → Nairobi
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