Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor
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DR. PS YADUVANSHI (DOUBLE JRF/ 3 TIMES NET) (99.88 Percentile Scorer ) (PhD / LLB) 📲Wapp8559876786 #PoliticalScience_QUIZ #political_scienc @NET_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_NOTES @UGC_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ CUET_PG POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PYQ #CIVICS #POL_SCIENCE
نمایش بیشتر📈 تحلیل کانال تلگرام Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor
کانال Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor (@psyjrf) در بخش زبانی هندی بازیگری فعال است. در حال حاضر جامعه شامل 13 052 مشترک است و جایگاه 15 188 را در دسته آموزش و رتبه 30 435 را در منطقه الهند دارد.
📊 شاخصهای مخاطب و پویایی
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(DOUBLE JRF/ 3 TIMES NET)
(99.88 Percentile Scorer )
(PhD / LLB)
📲Wapp8559876786
#PoliticalScience_QUIZ
#political_scienc
@NET_POLITICAL_SCIENCE_NOTES
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#CIVICS #POL_SCIE...”
به لطف بهروزرسانیهای پرتکرار (آخرین داده در تاریخ 30 اوت, 2026)، کانال همواره بهروز و دارای دسترسی بالاست. تحلیلها نشان میدهد مخاطبان بهطور فعال با محتوا تعامل دارند و آن را به نقطه اثرگذاری مهم در دسته آموزش تبدیل کردهاند.
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پستهای کانال
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| 10 | 41 – 43 – 44 – 45 – 46 – 47 – 48 → Early Marx
50 – 52 – 57/58 – 59 → Political Economy & Revolution
67 – 71 – 75 → Mature Marx
85 – 94 → Posthumous Capital
📌 UGC NET/JRF Focus: Always remember Book + Year + Key Concept together.
DR. PS YADUVANSHI
📲 85598 76786 | 99827 35777 | 1 217 |
| 11 | 📚 CHRONOLOGY OF KARL MARX’S MAJOR WORKS
UGC NET | SET | JRF | Assistant Professor | PhD
🕰️ *KARL MARX — CHRONOLOGICAL REVISION*
1️⃣ 1841 — The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature
▪️ Marx’s doctoral dissertation
▪️ Examines the philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus.
2️⃣ 1843 — Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right
▪️ Critique of Hegel’s political philosophy
▪️ Important for Marx’s developing ideas on state, religion and society.
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3️⃣ 1843 — On the Jewish Question
▪️ Engages with Bruno Bauer’s arguments on Jewish emancipation.
▪️ Distinguishes political emancipation from broader human emancipation.
4️⃣ 1844 — Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
▪️ Major early philosophical work
▪️ Key concepts: Alienation, Labour, Private Property, Communism.
5️⃣ 1845 — The Holy Family
▪️ Co-authored with Friedrich Engels
▪️ Critique of the Young Hegelians.
6️⃣ 1845 — Theses on Feuerbach
▪️ Short but highly influential work
▪️ Critiques Feuerbach’s materialism and emphasizes praxis and transformative action.
7️⃣ 1845–46 — The German Ideology
▪️ Co-authored with Friedrich Engels
▪️ Develops the foundations of historical materialism and critiques German idealist philosophy.
8️⃣ 1847 — The Poverty of Philosophy
▪️ Critique of Proudhon’s economic and socialist ideas
▪️ Develops Marx’s analysis of class struggle and political economy.
9️⃣ 1848 — Manifesto of the Communist Party
▪️ Co-authored with Friedrich Engels
▪️ Key themes: Class Struggle, Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Revolution, Communism.
🔟 1850 — The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850
▪️ Analysis of the French Revolution of 1848 and its political consequences.
1️⃣1️⃣ 1852 — The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
▪️ Analysis of Louis Bonaparte’s 1851 coup
▪️ Important work on class, state and political power.
1️⃣2️⃣ 1857–58 — Grundrisse
▪️ Extensive preparatory manuscripts for Marx’s later critique of political economy
▪️ Important for understanding Capital and Marx’s economic theory.
1️⃣3️⃣ 1859 — A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
▪️ Major work in Marx’s development of his critique of political economy
▪️ Includes the famous base–superstructure formulation.
1️⃣4️⃣ 1867 — Capital: Volume I
▪️ Marx’s major work on capitalist production
▪️ Key concepts: Commodity, Surplus Value, Exploitation, Capital Accumulation.
1️⃣5️⃣ 1871 — The Civil War in France
▪️ Analysis of the Paris Commune of 1871
▪️ Important for Marx’s understanding of revolutionary political power.
1️⃣6️⃣ 1875 — Critique of the Gotha Program
▪️ Critique of the program of the German workers’ movement
▪️ Famous for Marx’s discussion of socialism, communism and distribution.
1️⃣7️⃣ 1885 — Capital: Volume II
▪️ Published posthumously by Friedrich Engels
▪️ Focuses primarily on the circulation and realization of capital.
1️⃣8️⃣ 1894 — Capital: Volume III
▪️ Published posthumously by Friedrich Engels
▪️ Deals with the overall process of capitalist production, including profit and its transformation.
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🎯 ONE-LINE CHRONOLOGY FOR EXAM REVISION
1841 → Democritean & Epicurean Philosophy
⬇️
1843 → Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right
⬇️
1843 → On the Jewish Question
⬇️
1844 → Economic & Philosophic Manuscripts
⬇️
1845 → The Holy Family
⬇️
1845 → Theses on Feuerbach
⬇️
1845–46 → The German Ideology
⬇️
1847 → The Poverty of Philosophy
⬇️
1848 → Communist Manifesto
⬇️
1850 → Class Struggles in France
⬇️
1852 → Eighteenth Brumaire
⬇️
1857–58 → Grundrisse
⬇️
1859 → Critique of Political Economy
⬇️
1867 → Capital, Vol. I
⬇️
1871 → The Civil War in France
⬇️
1875 → Critique of the Gotha Program
⬇️
1885 → Capital, Vol. II
⬇️
1894 → Capital, Vol. III
🧠 QUICK MEMORY TRICK | 1 756 |
| 12 | 📚 TOP 10 POLITICAL SCIENCE THINKERS
UGC NET | JRF | Assistant Professor – Quick Revision
1️⃣ PLATO (428/427–348/347 BCE)
▪️ Major Work: The Republic
▪️ Key Concepts: Ideal State, Justice, Philosopher King, Theory of Forms
▪️ Core Idea: The ideal state should be governed by wise and virtuous philosophers.
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2️⃣ ARISTOTLE (384–322 BCE)
▪️ Major Work: Politics
▪️ Key Concepts: Classification of Governments, Citizenship, Rule of Law, Polity
▪️ Core Idea: Politics is concerned with achieving the good life and common good.
3️⃣ NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI (1469–1527)
▪️ Major Work: The Prince
▪️ Key Concepts: Political Realism, Power, Statecraft, Virtù, Fortuna
▪️ Core Idea: Politics should be studied realistically, based on how power actually operates.
4️⃣ JOHN LOCKE (1632–1704)
▪️ Major Work: Two Treatises of Government
▪️ Key Concepts: Natural Rights, Consent, Limited Government, Right to Resistance
▪️ Core Idea: Government derives its legitimacy from the consent of the governed.
5️⃣ JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712–1778)
▪️ Major Work: The Social Contract
▪️ Key Concepts: General Will, Popular Sovereignty, Social Contract, Freedom
▪️ Core Idea: Legitimate political authority rests on the General Will of the people.
6️⃣ KARL MARX (1818–1883)
▪️ Major Works: The Communist Manifesto, Capital
▪️ Key Concepts: Class Struggle, Historical Materialism, Alienation, State, Revolution
▪️ Core Idea: Political and social structures are deeply shaped by class relations and economic forces.
7️⃣ MAX WEBER (1864–1920)
▪️ Major Works: Economy and Society, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
▪️ Key Concepts: Authority, Bureaucracy, Legitimacy, Rational-Legal Authority
▪️ Core Idea: Modern political organization is strongly associated with bureaucracy and rational-legal authority.
8️⃣ JOHN RAWLS (1921–2002)
▪️ Major Work: A Theory of Justice
▪️ Key Concepts: Justice as Fairness, Original Position, Veil of Ignorance, Two Principles of Justice
▪️ Core Idea: A just society should be based on principles that free and equal persons would choose fairly.
9️⃣ MICHEL FOUCAULT (1926–1984)
▪️ Major Works: Discipline and Punish, The History of Sexuality
▪️ Key Concepts: Power/Knowledge, Discourse, Discipline, Surveillance, Governmentality
▪️ Core Idea: Power is not limited to the state; it operates through institutions, knowledge and everyday social practices.
🔟 HANNAH ARENDT (1906–1975)
▪️ Major Works: The Origins of Totalitarianism, The Human Condition
▪️ Key Concepts: Totalitarianism, Power, Political Action, Public Realm, Vita Activa
▪️ Core Idea: Politics is fundamentally connected with collective action, freedom and participation in the public realm.
UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
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🎯 EXAM REVISION TRICK
PLATO → Ideal State
ARISTOTLE → Classification of Governments
MACHIAVELLI → Political Realism
LOCKE → Natural Rights
ROUSSEAU → General Will
MARX → Class Struggle
WEBER → Authority & Bureaucracy
RAWLS → Justice as Fairness
FOUCAULT → Power/Knowledge
ARENDT → Totalitarianism & Political Action
📌 Remember the Thinker + Book + Key Concept — a high-value combination for UGC NET/JRF revision.
DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
📞 Call / WhatsApp: +91 85598 76786 | +91 99827 35777l | 1 078 |
| 13 | He strongly opposed caste discrimination, patriarchy and religious orthodoxy.
Q12. Who is associated with Hindutva as a political-cultural concept?
A. Deendayal Upadhyaya
B. V.D. Savarkar
C. Sri Aurobindo
D. M.S. Golwalkar
✅ Answer: B. V.D. Savarkar
📝 Explanation: Savarkar articulated his conception of Hindutva in Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu? (1923).
It presents a cultural-national conception of Hindu identity and nationhood.
Q13. Integral Humanism is associated with:
A. M.N. Roy
B. Ram Manohar Lohia
C. Deendayal Upadhyaya
D. B.R. Ambedkar
✅ Answer: C. Deendayal Upadhyaya
📝 Explanation: Integral Humanism emphasizes the integrated development of the human personality.
It seeks harmony between individual, society, nation and nature.
Q14. Which thinker is associated with Spiritual Nationalism?
A. Sri Aurobindo
B. Nehru
C. Tagore
D. Savarkar
✅ Answer: A. Sri Aurobindo
📝 Explanation: Aurobindo connected Indian nationalism with spiritual and cultural regeneration.
For him, national freedom was linked with a broader process of human and spiritual evolution.
Q15. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?
A. Gandhi — Trusteeship
B. Ambedkar — Constitutional Morality
C. M.N. Roy — Radical Humanism
D. Lohia — Integral Humanism
✅ Answer: D. Lohia — Integral Humanism
📝 Explanation: Integral Humanism is associated with Deendayal Upadhyaya.
Lohia is associated with socialism, Sapta Kranti and anti-caste politics. | 710 |
| 14 | 🇮🇳 INDIAN POLITICAL THINKERS — MCQs
UGC NET JRF Part 1
*Classical Liberalism*
UGC NET JRF/ Assistant professor
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Q1. Who developed the Mandala Theory of interstate relations?
A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. Kautilya
D. Rabindranath Tagore
✅ Answer: C. Kautilya
📝 Explanation: Kautilya's Arthashastra explains interstate relations through the Mandala framework.
It categorizes neighbouring states according to their strategic interests and alliances.
Q2. The concept of Satyagraha is primarily associated with:
A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. B.R. Ambedkar
C. M.N. Roy
D. Ram Manohar Lohia
✅ Answer: A. Mahatma Gandhi
📝 Explanation: Satyagraha means resistance based on truth and non-violence.
Gandhi used it as a method of political and social struggle against injustice. Dr PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
Q3. Which of the following is NOT associated with Gandhi?
A. Swaraj
B. Trusteeship
C. Sarvodaya
D. Historical Materialism
✅ Answer: D. Historical Materialism
📝 Explanation: Historical materialism is primarily associated with Karl Marx.
Gandhian thought emphasizes Swaraj, non-violence, trusteeship and Sarvodaya.
Q4. Annihilation of Caste was written by:
A. Jyotiba Phule
B. B.R. Ambedkar
C. Periyar
D. Gandhi
✅ Answer: B. B.R. Ambedkar
📝 Explanation: Ambedkar published Annihilation of Caste in 1936.
It provides a powerful critique of caste hierarchy and advocates radical social reform.
Q5. Which thinker emphasized liberty, equality and fraternity as foundations of social democracy?
A. Nehru
B. Gandhi
C. B.R. Ambedkar
D. Savarkar
✅ Answer: C. B.R. Ambedkar
📝 Explanation: Ambedkar considered these three principles essential to democratic society.
For him, political democracy required corresponding social democracy.
Q6. Hind Swaraj was written in:
A. 1919
B. 1925
C. 1936
D. 1909
✅ Answer: D. 1909
📝 Explanation: Gandhi wrote Hind Swaraj in 1909.
The text contains his critique of modern civilization and his conception of Swaraj.
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Q7. Which thinker is most closely associated with Democratic Socialism and Non-Alignment?
A. Jawaharlal Nehru
B. V.D. Savarkar
C. M.N. Roy
D. Deendayal Upadhyaya
✅ Answer: A. Jawaharlal Nehru
📝 Explanation: Nehru combined democratic institutions with socialism and economic planning.
He was also one of the principal architects of India's Non-Aligned foreign policy.
Q8. Rabindranath Tagore was critical of:
A. Universal humanism
B. Cultural exchange
C. Aggressive nationalism
D. Individual freedom
✅ Answer: C. Aggressive nationalism
📝 Explanation: Tagore criticized narrow and aggressive forms of nationalism.
He emphasized universal humanism, cultural interaction and freedom of the individual.
Q9. Radical Humanism is associated with:
A. Periyar
B. M.N. Roy
C. Ram Manohar Lohia
D. Sri Aurobindo
✅ Answer: B. M.N. Roy
📝 Explanation: M.N. Roy developed Radical Humanism after becoming critical of orthodox Marxism.
It emphasizes reason, individual freedom, science and ethical politics.
Q10. Who formulated the idea of Sapta Kranti?
A. Gandhi
B. Ambedkar
C. Nehru
D. Ram Manohar Lohia
✅ Answer: D. Ram Manohar Lohia
📝 Explanation: Lohia proposed seven interconnected revolutions against different forms of exploitation and inequality.
His socialism also addressed caste, gender, colonialism and economic inequality.
Q11. The Self-Respect Movement is associated with:
A. Periyar E.V. Ramasamy
B. M.N. Roy
C. Jyotiba Phule
D. B.R. Ambedkar
✅ Answer: A. Periyar E.V. Ramasamy
📝 Explanation: Periyar launched the Self-Respect Movement to challenge caste hierarchy and social oppression. | 769 |
| 15 | 39. Mahatma Gandhi
📖 Journal: Harijan (1933–1948)
💡 Concept: Trusteeship
40. B.R. Ambedkar
📖 Work: Annihilation of Caste (1936)
💡 Concept: Anti-Caste Ideology
41. Deendayal Upadhyaya
📖 Work: Integral Humanism Lectures (1965)
💡 Concept: Integral Humanism
42. M.N. Srinivas
📖 Book: India’s Villages (1955)
💡 Concept: Dominant Caste
43. Rajni Kothari
📖 Article: The Congress System (1964)
💡 Concept: One-Party Dominance / Congress System
🏛️ *POLITICAL SCIENCE — APPROACHES & SYSTEMS*
44. Gabriel Almond
📖 Book: Politics of the Developing Areas (1960)
💡 Concept: Structural-Functional Approach
45. Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba
📖 Book: The Civic Culture (1963)
💡 Concept: Political Culture
46. David Easton
📖 Book: The Political System (1953)
💡 Concept: Input–Output Model / Systems Approach
47. Anthony Downs
📖 Book: An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957)
💡 Concept: Rational Choice Theory
48. Robert Putnam
📖 Book: Making Democracy Work (1993)
💡 Concept: Social Capital
49. David Held
📖 Book: Democracy and the Global Order (1995)
💡 Concept: Cosmopolitan Democracy
50. Pope Gelasius I
📅 Year: 494 AD
💡 Concept: Two Swords Theory / Doctrine of Two Powers
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| 16 | 📚 50 KEY THINKERS
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🏛️ *WESTERN POLITICAL THINKERS*
1. Aristotle
📖 Book: Politics
💡 Concept: Classification of Constitutions
2. Niccolò Machiavelli
📖 Book: The Prince (c. 1513)
💡 Concept: Political Realism, Ethics–Politics Divide
3. Thomas Hobbes
📖 Book: Leviathan (1651)
💡 Concept: State of Nature, Social Contract
4. John Locke
📖 Book: Two Treatises of Government (1689)
💡 Concept: Natural Rights
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5. J.J. Rousseau
📖 Book: The Social Contract (1762)
💡 Concept: General Will
6. Montesquieu
📖 Book: The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
💡 Concept: Separation of Powers
7. J.S. Mill
📖 Book: On Liberty (1859)
💡 Concept: Harm Principle
8. Mary Wollstonecraft
📖 Book: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
💡 Concept: Early Feminism
9. Harold Laski
📖 Book: A Grammar of Politics (1925)
💡 Concept: Pluralism
10. Max Weber
📖 Book: Economy and Society (1922)
💡 Concept: Bureaucracy, Types of Authority
11. Karl Popper
📖 Book: The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)
💡 Concept: Critique of Historicism
12. Hans J. Morgenthau
📖 Book: Politics Among Nations (1948)
💡 Concept: Classical Realism
13. Hannah Arendt
📖 Book: The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
💡 Concept: Totalitarianism
14. John Rawls
📖 Book: A Theory of Justice (1971)
💡 Concept: Veil of Ignorance, Justice as Fairness
15. Robert Nozick
📖 Book: Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
💡 Concept: Minimal State
16. C.B. Macpherson
📖 Book: The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (1962)
💡 Concept: Possessive Individualism
17. Robert Dahl
📖 Book: Who Governs? (1961)
💡 Concept: Polyarchy
18. Iris Marion Young
📖 Book: Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990)
💡 Concept: Group-Differentiated Justice
19. Susan Moller Okin
📖 Book: Justice, Gender, and the Family (1989)
💡 Concept: Gender & Family Injustice
20. Carole Pateman
📖 Book: The Sexual Contract (1988)
💡 Concept: Feminist Critique of Social Contract
🌍 *CONTEMPORARY / CRITICAL THINKERS*
21. Antonio Gramsci
📖 Work: Prison Notebooks
💡 Concept: Cultural Hegemony
22. Frantz Fanon
📖 Book: The Wretched of the Earth (1961)
💡 Concept: Colonialism & Colonial Psychology
23. Michel Foucault
📖 Book: Discipline and Punish (1975)
💡 Concept: Power/Knowledge, Panopticism
24. Jürgen Habermas
📖 Book: The Theory of Communicative Action (1981)
💡 Concept: Communicative Rationality
25. Benedict Anderson
📖 Book: Imagined Communities (1983)
💡 Concept: Imagined Nation / Imagined Communities
26. Edward Said
📖 Book: Orientalism (1978)
💡 Concept: Postcolonial Critique
27. Partha Chatterjee
📖 Book: Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World (1986)
💡 Concept: Derivative Discourse
28. James C. Scott
📖 Book: Weapons of the Weak (1985)
💡 Concept: Everyday Forms of Resistance
29. Simone de Beauvoir
📖 Book: The Second Sex (1949)
💡 Concept: Social Construction of Gender
30. Amartya Sen
📖 Book: Development as Freedom (1999)
💡 Concept: Capability Approach
🌐 *INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & DEVELOPMENT*
31. Kenneth Waltz
📖 Book: Theory of International Politics (1979)
💡 Concept: Neorealism / Structural Realism
32. Samuel P. Huntington
📖 Book: Political Order in Changing Societies (1968)
💡 Concept: Political Order & Political Decay
33. Samuel P. Huntington
📖 Book: The Clash of Civilizations (1996)
💡 Concept: Civilizational Conflict
34. Andre Gunder Frank
📖 Work: The Development of Underdevelopment (1966)
💡 Concept: Dependency Theory
35. Daniel Bell
📖 Book: The End of Ideology (1960)
💡 Concept: End of Ideology / Post-Ideological Politics
36. Francis Fukuyama
📖 Essay: The End of History? (1989)
💡 Concept: Triumph of Liberal Democracy
37. E.F. Schumacher
📖 Book: Small Is Beautiful (1973)
💡 Concept: Appropriate Technology
🇮🇳 *INDIAN THINKERS*
38. Kautilya
📖 Book: Arthashastra
💡 Concept: Mandala Theory, Saptanga Theory | 867 |
| 17 | 🏳️ IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES & SUMMITS
📚 UGC NET / SET / JRF – Current Affairs
🔳 G7 SUMMITS
▪️ 50th G7 Summit, 2024 – Apulia (Borgo Egnazia), Italy
▪️ 51st G7 Summit, 2025 – Kananaskis, Canada
▪️ 52nd G7 Summit, 2026 – Évian-les-Bains, France
📌 15–17 June 2026
🔹 2026 Theme/Focus: International crises, economic security, sustainable growth, digital security and safe deployment of Artificial Intelligence.
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🔳 G20 SUMMITS
▪️ 18th G20 Summit, 2023 – New Delhi, India
▪️ 19th G20 Summit, 2024 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
▪️ 20th G20 Summit, 2025 – Johannesburg, South Africa
▪️ 21st G20 Summit, 2026 – United States
📌 Miami, Florida – December 2026
⭐ Current Update: The United States holds the G20 Presidency in 2026.
🔳 BRICS SUMMITS
▪️ 16th BRICS Summit, 2024 – Kazan, Russia
▪️ 17th BRICS Summit, 2025 – Brazil
▪️ 18th BRICS Summit, 2026 – India
📌 New Delhi, India
⭐ Current Update: India holds the BRICS Chairship in 2026.
🔳 NAM – NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT SUMMITS
▪️ 19th NAM Summit, 2024 – Kampala, Uganda
▪️ 20th NAM Summit, 2027 – Uzbekistan
⭐ Current Update: Uganda holds the NAM Chairmanship for the 2024–2027 period.
🔳 QUAD SUMMITS
▪️ 2024 QUAD Leaders’ Summit – Wilmington, United States
▪️ 2025 QUAD Leaders’ Summit – India
▪️ 2026 QUAD Leaders’ Summit – India
🔹 QUAD Members:
🇮🇳 India | 🇺🇸 United States | 🇯🇵 Japan | 🇦🇺 Australia
⭐ Important: QUAD is a four-country strategic grouping focused on a Free and Open Indo-Pacific.
🔳 COP – UN CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCES
▪️ COP28, 2023 – Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
▪️ COP29, 2024 – Baku, Azerbaijan
▪️ COP30, 2025 – Belém, Brazil
▪️ COP31, 2026 – Antalya, Türkiye
📌 9–20 November 2026
▪️ COP32, 2027 – Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⭐ MOST IMPORTANT 2026 EXAM UPDATES
▪️ G7 2026 → France → Évian-les-Bains
▪️ G20 2026 → United States
▪️ BRICS 2026 → India → New Delhi
▪️ NAM 20th Summit → Uzbekistan → 2027
▪️ QUAD 2026 → India
▪️ COP31 2026 → Türkiye → Antalya
▪️ COP32 2027 → Ethiopia → Addis Ababa
📌 Quick Revision:
G7 – France
G20 – USA
BRICS – India
NAM – Uzbekistan
QUAD – India
COP31 – Türkiye
COP32 – Ethiopia
📚 Join Dr. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES
📲 WhatsApp: 8559876786 / 9982735777
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| 18 | Major events in political science:
1. _Indian Independence Movement (1857-1947)_: India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule, led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose.
2. _Adoption of the Indian Constitution (1950)_: The adoption of India's Constitution, which established the country as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.
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3. _Nehruvian Economic Policies (1950-1990)_: Jawaharlal Nehru's economic policies, which emphasized state-led development, industrialization, and socialism.
4. _Green Revolution (1960-1970)_: The introduction of high-yielding crop varieties and modern agricultural practices, transforming India's food security.
5. _The Emergency (1975-1977)_: The Emergency declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, which suspended civil liberties and led to widespread protests.
6. _Mandal Commission Report (1979)_: The report recommending reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in education and employment.
7. _Economic Liberalization (1991)_: India's economic liberalization, which opened up the economy to foreign investment, trade, and market forces.
8. _Kashmir Conflict (1947-present)_: The unresolved conflict between India, Pakistan, and Kashmiri separatists.
9. _Nuclear Tests (1998)_: India's nuclear tests, establishing the country as a nuclear power.
10. _Aadhaar and Digital India (2009-present)_: The introduction of Aadhaar, a biometric identification system, and the Digital India initiative.
11. _Demonetization (2016)_: The demonetization of high-value currency notes, aimed at curbing black money and corruption.
12. _Goods and Services Tax (2017)_: A comprehensive tax reform aimed at simplifying indirect taxation.
13. _Citizenship Amendment Act (2019)_: A controversial amendment to the Citizenship Act, sparking protests and debates on citizenship, identity, and belonging.
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| 19 |  بدون متن... | 1 291 |
| 20 |  UGC NET Answer Key Out
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