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UPSC GEOGRAPHY
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This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc No copyright material allowed. Queries - @Upscgeographybot
Show more📈 Analytical overview of Telegram channel UPSC GEOGRAPHY
Channel UPSC GEOGRAPHY (@upsc_geography_notes_optional) in the English language segment is an active participant. Currently, the community unites 67 251 subscribers, ranking 2 437 in the Education category and 4 977 in the India region.
📊 Audience metrics and dynamics
Since its creation on невідомо, the project has demonstrated rapid growth, gathering an audience of 67 251 subscribers.
According to the latest data from 21 June, 2026, the channel demonstrates stable activity. Although there has been a change in the number of participants by -1 064 over the last 30 days and by -17 over the last 24 hours, overall reach remains high.
- Verification status: Not verified
- Engagement rate (ER): The average audience engagement rate is 3.45%. Within the first 24 hours after publication, content typically collects 1.79% reactions from the total number of subscribers.
- Post reach: On average, each post receives 2 324 views. Within the first day, a publication typically gains 1 202 views.
- Reactions and interaction: The audience actively supports content: the average number of reactions per post is 0.
- Thematic interests: Content is focused on key topics such as prelim, hindu, sanctuary, upsc, polity.
📝 Description and content policy
The author describes the resource as a platform for expressing subjective opinions:
“This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc
No copyright material allowed.
Queries - @Upscgeographybot”
Thanks to the high frequency of updates (latest data received on 22 June, 2026), the channel maintains relevance and a high level of publication reach. Analytics show that the audience actively interacts with content, making it an important point of influence in the Education category.
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■ SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY
#Interiorofearth
◇ Seismic discontinuities are the regions in the earth where seismic waves behave a lot different compared to the surrounding regions due to a marked change in physical or chemical properties.
◇ Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho): separates the crust from the mantle.
◇ Asthenosphere: highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile part of mantle.
◇ Gutenberg Discontinuity: lies between the mantle and the outer core.
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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY
■ THE INNER CORE
#Interiorofearth
◇ Inner core extends from the centre of the earth to 5100 km below the earth's surface.
◇ Inner core is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron (80%) and some nickel (nife).
◇ Since this layer can transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it is solid. (When P-waves strike the outer core – inner core boundary, they give rise to S-waves).
◇ Earth's inner core rotates slightly faster relative to the rotation of the surface.
◇ The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field.
◇ The density of the inner core ranges from 12.6 g/cm3 to 13 g/cm3.
◇ The core (inner core and the outer core) accounts for just about 16 per cent of the earth's volume but 33% of earth’s mass.
◇ Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth's centre to be 6000֯C.
◇ At 6000°C, this iron core is as hot as the Sun’s surface, but the crushing pressure caused by gravity prevents it from becoming liquid.
▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
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67 240
■ THE INNER CORE
#Interiorofearth
◇ Inner core extends from the centre of the earth to 5100 km below the earth's surface.
◇ Inner core is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron (80%) and some nickel (nife).
◇ Since this layer can transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it is solid. (When P-waves strike the outer core – inner core boundary, they give rise to S-waves).
◇ Earth's inner core rotates slightly faster relative to the rotation of the surface.
◇ The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field.
◇ The density of the inner core ranges from 12.6 g/cm3 to 13 g/cm3.
◇ The core (inner core and the outer core) accounts for just about 16 per cent of the earth's volume but 33% of earth’s mass.
◇ Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth's centre to be 6000֯C.
◇ At 6000°C, this iron core is as hot as the Sun’s surface, but the crushing pressure caused by gravity prevents it from becoming liquid.
▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
67 240
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■ THE OUTER CORE
#interiorofearth
◇ The outer core, surrounding the inner core, lies between 2900 km and 5100 km below the earth's surface.
◇ The outer core is composed of iron mixed with nickel (nife) and trace amounts of lighter elements.
◇ The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to the inner core.
◇ The density of the outer core ranges from 9.9 g/cm3 to 12.2 g/cm3 .
◇ The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6000 °C near the inner core.
◇ Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field.
▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
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■ THE MANTLE
#interiorofearth
◇ It forms about 83 per cent of the earth's volume and holds 67% of the earth’s mass.
◇ It extends from Moho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km.
◇ The density of the upper mantle varies between 2.9 g/cm3 and 3.3 g/cm3.
◇ The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in a solid state.
◇ The density ranges from 3.3 g/cm3 to 5.7 g/cm3 in the lower mantle.
◇ The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron.
◇ Regarding its constituent elements, the mantle is made up of 45% oxygen, 21% silicon, and 23% magnesium (OSM).
◇ Temperatures range from approximately 200 °C at the upper boundary with the crust to approximately 4,000 °C at the core-mantle boundary.
◇ Because of the temperature difference, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle (although solid, the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile).
▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
67 240
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