اکنون در دسترس! پژوهش تلگرام ۲۰۲۵ — مهمترین بینشهای سال 
UPSC GEOGRAPHY
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No copyright material allowed.
Queries - @Upscgeographybot”
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■ SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY
#Interiorofearth
◇ Seismic discontinuities are the regions in the earth where seismic waves behave a lot different compared to the surrounding regions due to a marked change in physical or chemical properties.
◇ Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho): separates the crust from the mantle.
◇ Asthenosphere: highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile part of mantle.
◇ Gutenberg Discontinuity: lies between the mantle and the outer core.
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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY
■ THE INNER CORE
#Interiorofearth
◇ Inner core extends from the centre of the earth to 5100 km below the earth's surface.
◇ Inner core is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron (80%) and some nickel (nife).
◇ Since this layer can transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it is solid. (When P-waves strike the outer core – inner core boundary, they give rise to S-waves).
◇ Earth's inner core rotates slightly faster relative to the rotation of the surface.
◇ The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field.
◇ The density of the inner core ranges from 12.6 g/cm3 to 13 g/cm3.
◇ The core (inner core and the outer core) accounts for just about 16 per cent of the earth's volume but 33% of earth’s mass.
◇ Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth's centre to be 6000֯C.
◇ At 6000°C, this iron core is as hot as the Sun’s surface, but the crushing pressure caused by gravity prevents it from becoming liquid.
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67 240
■ THE INNER CORE
#Interiorofearth
◇ Inner core extends from the centre of the earth to 5100 km below the earth's surface.
◇ Inner core is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron (80%) and some nickel (nife).
◇ Since this layer can transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it is solid. (When P-waves strike the outer core – inner core boundary, they give rise to S-waves).
◇ Earth's inner core rotates slightly faster relative to the rotation of the surface.
◇ The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field.
◇ The density of the inner core ranges from 12.6 g/cm3 to 13 g/cm3.
◇ The core (inner core and the outer core) accounts for just about 16 per cent of the earth's volume but 33% of earth’s mass.
◇ Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth's centre to be 6000֯C.
◇ At 6000°C, this iron core is as hot as the Sun’s surface, but the crushing pressure caused by gravity prevents it from becoming liquid.
▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
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■ THE OUTER CORE
#interiorofearth
◇ The outer core, surrounding the inner core, lies between 2900 km and 5100 km below the earth's surface.
◇ The outer core is composed of iron mixed with nickel (nife) and trace amounts of lighter elements.
◇ The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to the inner core.
◇ The density of the outer core ranges from 9.9 g/cm3 to 12.2 g/cm3 .
◇ The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6000 °C near the inner core.
◇ Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field.
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■ THE MANTLE
#interiorofearth
◇ It forms about 83 per cent of the earth's volume and holds 67% of the earth’s mass.
◇ It extends from Moho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km.
◇ The density of the upper mantle varies between 2.9 g/cm3 and 3.3 g/cm3.
◇ The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in a solid state.
◇ The density ranges from 3.3 g/cm3 to 5.7 g/cm3 in the lower mantle.
◇ The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron.
◇ Regarding its constituent elements, the mantle is made up of 45% oxygen, 21% silicon, and 23% magnesium (OSM).
◇ Temperatures range from approximately 200 °C at the upper boundary with the crust to approximately 4,000 °C at the core-mantle boundary.
◇ Because of the temperature difference, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle (although solid, the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile).
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