UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY #Interiorofearth ◇ Seismic discontinuities are the regions in the earth where seismic waves behave a lot different compared to the surrounding regions due to a marked change in physical or chemical properties. ◇ Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho): separates the crust from the mantle. ◇ Asthenosphere: highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile part of mantle. ◇ Gutenberg Discontinuity: lies between the mantle and the outer core. ▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ THE INNER CORE #Interiorofearth ◇ Inner core extends from the centre of the earth to 5100 km below the earth's surface. ◇ Inner core is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron (80%) and some nickel (nife). ◇ Since this layer can transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it is solid. (When P-waves strike the outer core – inner core boundary, they give rise to S-waves). ◇ Earth's inner core rotates slightly faster relative to the rotation of the surface. ◇ The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field. ◇ The density of the inner core ranges from 12.6 g/cm3 to 13 g/cm3. ◇ The core (inner core and the outer core) accounts for just about 16 per cent of the earth's volume but 33% of earth’s mass. ◇ Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth's centre to be 6000֯C. ◇ At 6000°C, this iron core is as hot as the Sun’s surface, but the crushing pressure caused by gravity prevents it from becoming liquid. ▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ THE INNER CORE #Interiorofearth ◇ Inner core extends from the centre of the earth to 5100 km below the earth's surface. ◇ Inner core is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron (80%) and some nickel (nife). ◇ Since this layer can transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it is solid. (When P-waves strike the outer core – inner core boundary, they give rise to S-waves). ◇ Earth's inner core rotates slightly faster relative to the rotation of the surface. ◇ The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field. ◇ The density of the inner core ranges from 12.6 g/cm3 to 13 g/cm3. ◇ The core (inner core and the outer core) accounts for just about 16 per cent of the earth's volume but 33% of earth’s mass. ◇ Scientists have determined the temperature near the Earth's centre to be 6000֯C. ◇ At 6000°C, this iron core is as hot as the Sun’s surface, but the crushing pressure caused by gravity prevents it from becoming liquid. ▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ THE OUTER CORE #interiorofearth ◇ The outer core, surrounding the inner core, lies between 2900 km and 5100 km below the earth's surface. ◇ The outer core is composed of iron mixed with nickel (nife) and trace amounts of lighter elements. ◇ The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to the inner core. ◇ The density of the outer core ranges from 9.9 g/cm3 to 12.2 g/cm3 . ◇ The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6000 °C near the inner core. ◇ Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ THE MANTLE #interiorofearth ◇ It forms about 83 per cent of the earth's volume and holds 67% of the earth’s mass. ◇ It extends from Moho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km. ◇ The density of the upper mantle varies between 2.9 g/cm3 and 3.3 g/cm3. ◇ The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in a solid state. ◇ The density ranges from 3.3 g/cm3 to 5.7 g/cm3 in the lower mantle. ◇ The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron. ◇ Regarding its constituent elements, the mantle is made up of 45% oxygen, 21% silicon, and 23% magnesium (OSM). ◇ Temperatures range from approximately 200 °C at the upper boundary with the crust to approximately 4,000 °C at the core-mantle boundary. ◇ Because of the temperature difference, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle (although solid, the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile). ▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes