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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 24 OCTOBER 2026 🔆 GEOGRAPHY 📍 Earthquake in China 🟢 A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Baqên County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, on 22 October 2026. 🟢 Epicentre: Baqên County, Nagqu City, at an altitude of approximately 4,864 metres. 🟢 The shallow earthquake occurred at a depth of less than 10 km. 🟢 At least 16 people were reported dead, with dozens injured and over 12,000 residents evacuated. 🟢 Authorities activated a Level-II earthquake emergency response to conduct rescue and relief operations. 🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES 📍 United Nations Day 2026 🟢 Observed on 24 October, marking the 81st anniversary of the UN Charter’s entry into force in 1945. 🟢 UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for dialogue, cooperation and solidarity to address global challenges. 🟢 In India, the UN hosted a special reception in New Delhi attended by Kirti Vardhan Singh, Minister of State for External Affairs and Environment, Forest and Climate Change. 🟢 External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar reaffirmed India’s commitment to the UN Charter. 📍 Social Media Ban in Greece 🟢 Greece approved legislation on 23 October 2026 restricting social media access for children under 15 years. 🟢 The ban is scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2027. 🟢 Platforms mentioned include Instagram, Facebook, TikTok and LinkedIn. 🟢 Digital age-verification mechanisms will be used to confirm eligibility while protecting users’ identities. 🟢 The legislation restricts social media access, not general internet use or educational digital services. 📍 Alberta’s Referendum, Canada 🟢 A non-binding referendum examined support for remaining in Canada versus initiating a legal process towards an independence referendum. 🟢 Nearly 75% of counted votes favoured remaining within Canada. 🟢 Approximately 1.54 million of 2.06 million counted votes supported Canadian unity. 🟢 Separatist sentiment is linked to Alberta’s oil wealth, federal environmental regulations and perceived fiscal imbalance. 🟢 Alberta produces over 80% of Canada’s crude oil, making it strategically important to national energy security. 🔆 ECONOMY & BLUE ECONOMY 📍 India’s First Full-Fledged Open-Sea Mussel Longline Farm 🟢 Launched on 21 October 2026 by the ICAR–Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) at Vizhinjam, Kerala. 🟢 Part of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)-funded Blue Growth Project. 🟢 Sanctioned funding: ₹152 lakh. 🟢 The unit uses specially designed HDPE floats, parallel mainlines, suspended mussel-culture ropes and an anchoring system. 🟢 A multi-species shellfish hatchery supplies seeds of green mussel (Perna viridis) and brown mussel (Perna indica). 🟢 Aims to promote sustainable aquaculture and reduce dependence on seasonal wild seed collection. #CurrentAffairs

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🔆 IMPORTANT CASTE MOVEMENTS | MODERN INDIAN HISTORY 📍 1. Gopal Baba Walangkar 🟢 Retired Mahar army officer from Maharashtra. 🟢 Established Anarya Dosh Parihar Samaj at Dapoli, Ratnagiri. 🟢 Published Vital Vidvansak, a work of protest against Brahmanism. 📍 2. Iyothee Thass 🟢 Anti-caste activist from Tamil Nadu and practitioner of Siddha medicine. 🟢 Embraced Buddhism and encouraged oppressed castes to follow it. 🟢 Founded the Dalit Mahajan Sabha against caste discrimination. 🟢 Newspaper: Tamilan. 📍 3. Aravippuram Movement (1888) 🟢 Originated in Kerala under Sri Narayana Guru. 🟢 Challenged caste restrictions through the consecration of a Shiva idol by a member of a lower caste. 🟢 Encouraged the Ezhavas to abandon toddy-tapping and abstain from liquor. 🟢 Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP Yogam) was established in 1902–03. 📍 4. Justice Party Movement (1916) 🟢 Founded in the Madras Presidency as the South Indian Liberal Federation. 🟢 Opposed Brahmin dominance in government services, education and politics. 🟢 Sought non-Brahmin advancement through constitutional methods. 🟢 Contributed to the development of the Dravidian movement. 🟢 A 1930 Government Order provided for reservations for certain groups. 🟢 In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice Party into Dravidar Kazhagam, withdrawing it from electoral politics. 🟢 Leaders: Dr. T.M. Nair, P. Tyagaraya Chetty and C.N. Mudaliar. 📍 5. Nair Movement (1891 onwards) 🟢 Emerged in Kerala against the social and political dominance of Nambudiri and non-Malayali Brahmins. 🟢 Malayali Memorial was formed in 1891 by the initiative of Raman Pillai. 🟢 The Nair Service Society (NSS) was established in 1914 under Mannathu Padmanabhan. 🟢 Associated figures: C.V. Raman Pillai, K. Ramakrishna Pillai and Mannathu Padmanabhan. 📍 6. Self-Respect Movement (1925) 🟢 Launched in Tamil Nadu by E.V. Ramasamy Naicker (Periyar). 🟢 Challenged Brahminical dominance and promoted equality for backward classes and women. 🟢 Encouraged rationalism, social reform and the revitalisation of Dravidian languages. 🟢 Kudi Arasu was an important journal associated with Periyar. 🟢 Helped popularise Tamil nationalism and self-respect marriages. 📍 7. Nadar Movement 🟢 Originated in Tamil Nadu among the community formerly known as Shanans. 🟢 Nadars increasingly entered trade and commerce and adopted the title Nadar to assert higher social status. 🟢 Established the Nadar Mahajana Sangam in 1910. 🟢 Used Sanskritisation and organised educational and social welfare activities. 📍 8. Depressed Classes (Mahars) Movement (1924 onwards) 🟢 Led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra. 🟢 Demanded access to public places, temple entry, abolition of the Mahar Watan system and political representation. 🟢 Important organisations and publications: • Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924) — established to promote the welfare of the Depressed Classes. • Bahishkrit Bharat (1927) — Marathi fortnightly. • Samaj Samata Sangh (1927). • All-India Scheduled Castes Federation (1942). 📍 9. Congress-led Anti-Untouchability Movement (1917 onwards) 🟢 In 1917, the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution against untouchability. 🟢 In 1929, the Congress Working Committee appointed an Anti-Untouchability Sub-Committee, with Madan Mohan Malaviya as president and Jamnalal Bajaj as secretary. 🟢 All-India Anti-Untouchability League was established by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932. 🟢 Gandhi launched the weekly Harijan in 1933. 🟢 All-India Depressed Classes League was established under the leadership of Babu Jagjivan Ram. 🔆 UPSC MAINS QUESTION Discuss the role of caste-based social movements in challenging social hierarchies and advancing equality in modern India. #history #prelims #mains Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history

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