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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 25 AUGUST 2026 | TUESDAY 🔆 GEOGRAPHY 📍 Global Ocean Records Hottest Day 🟢 On 22 August 2026, global sea-surface temperature in extra-polar oceans (60°N–60°S) reached 21.104°C, the highest recorded 🟢 Surpassed the previous record of March 2024 🟢 The August peak is unusual as ocean temperatures normally peak during March–April 🟢 Linked to a developing strong El Niño along with long-term human-driven warming 🟢 Warmer oceans can intensify marine heatwaves, storms and sea-level rise, while weakening oceanic carbon absorption 🔆 ECONOMY 📍 Kanda Express for Onion Transportation 🟢 Centre launched ‘Kanda Express’ trains to transport onions from Nashik to Delhi, Chennai, Kochi and Guwahati 🟢 Onion prices rose 19% in a month amid lower output and tighter supplies 🟢 Aims to move onions from surplus to deficit markets 🟢 Intended to ease supply pressure, control food inflation and stabilise retail prices 🔆 AGRICULTURE 📍 India’s First Non-GMO High-Expansion Popcorn Maize Hybrid 🟢 India’s first indigenous non-GMO high-expansion popcorn maize hybrid was unveiled in Eluru, Andhra Pradesh 🟢 Features high-expansion kernels and premium popcorn quality 🟢 Integrated value chain covering processing, storage and packaging 🟢 Aims to reduce dependence on imported hybrids and conserve foreign exchange 🟢 Supports Aatmanirbhar Bharat and development of a globally competitive popcorn ecosystem 🔆 ENVIRONMENT 📍 ALTÉRRA – UAE Climate Fund 🟢 USD 30 billion climate fund launched by the UAE at COP28 🟢 Aims to finance clean-energy and climate-resilience projects in developing countries 🟢 Reflects the principle of CBDR-RC — Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities 🟢 Seeks to bridge the climate-finance gap by mobilising capital for developing economies 🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 📍 Green AI Data Centre – Andhra Pradesh 🟢 Andhra Pradesh Government sanctioned the AM AI Factory project 🟢 Location: Amanam village, Bheemunipatnam mandal, Visakhapatnam 🟢 Planned capacity: 512 MW 🟢 Targeted for completion in 2 years and 4 months 🟢 State support includes power infrastructure, water supply and fiscal incentives 🟢 Expected to generate up to 1,000 jobs 📍 First Module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) 🟢 Union Cabinet approved BAS-1 under the revised Gaganyaan Programme 🟢 BAS-1 targeted for launch in 2028 🟢 Eight missions planned by December 2028 🟢 Full Bharatiya Antariksh Station targeted by 2035 🟢 Vision includes an Indian crewed lunar mission by 2040 🟢 Expected to expand microgravity research, high-tech industrial participation and space-sector employment 📍 India’s First Indigenous 5 kN Air-Breathing RDE 🟢 Defence startup D-Propulse demonstrated a 5 kN Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE) with an aerospike nozzle 🟢 Hot-fire test conducted at a DRDO facility 🟢 Incubated at IIT Madras 🟢 Achieved Technology Readiness Level-5 (TRL-5) 🟢 Pressure-gain combustion can offer 15–25% higher efficiency 🟢 Target: flight-ready engine by December 2027 🟢 Potential applications include cruise missiles, drones and high-speed UAVs 🔆 INDEX 📍 IT Resilience Index – SEBI 🟢 SEBI introduced the Information Technology Resilience Index (ITRI) for Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs) 🟢 Covers stock exchanges and depositories 🟢 Assesses IT resilience across 9 parameters 🟢 Key parameters include availability, security, integrity, governance, reliability, monitoring and continuity 🟢 MIIs must calculate ITRI half-yearly and submit comparative analysis with corrective actions 🟢 Supported by an Early Warning System (EWS) for detecting deterioration 🟢 Full rollout targeted by 28 February 2027 🟢 Aims to strengthen resilience and governance of critical market IT infrastructure #CurrentAffairs

🔥 PRELIMS: MASTER MEDIEVAL HISTORY IN JUST 24 PAGES! 🔥 Stop drowning in massive textbooks. Get ultra-dense, systematic short notes designed specifically to help you eliminate options and score more. 🔹 What You Get (आपको क्या मिलेगा): ✅24 Pages Only: Quick revision from Tripartite struggle to Marathas. ✅Bilingual Content: Complete notes available in both English & Hindi. ✅Terminologies & Administration Focused: ✅Art & Culture Integrated: Bhakti-Sufi saints l ✅PYQ-Oriented: Focused purely on high-yield UPSC patterns and keywords. ✅📚 Topics Covered (महत्वपूर्ण विषय): • Early Medieval Period (Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas) • Delhi Sultanate & Administrative Reforms • Mughal Empire & Land Revenue Systems (Zabti, Dahsala) • Vijayanagara & Bahmani Kingdoms • Bhakti & Sufi Movements • Maratha Administration • Medieval Art, Architecture, Literature & Foreign Travellers 💡 Formula: One-Liner Revision + Conceptual Clarity. 🪙 Fee: Just ₹79/- for First 200 Enrollments. 👉 Contact: https://t.me/Prelims_Notes_bot Read Smart • Revise Fast • Eliminate Better • Score More

🔆 Sanskrit Poet Kalidasa 📍 Why in News? 🟢 ‘Kaho Kalidasa!’, a novel by Yugul Joshi on the life and works of Kalidasa, was recently launched at IGNCA, New Delhi. 📍 About Kalidasa 🟢 Kalidasa was a celebrated Sanskrit poet and dramatist of ancient India. 🟢 His exact birthplace and date of birth remain unknown. 🟢 He is traditionally associated with regions such as Ujjain, the Himalayas and Kalinga. 🟢 He is generally placed around the late 4th–early 5th century CE. 🟢 His works influenced later Sanskrit literary traditions as well as modern Indian thinkers such as Swami Vivekananda and Rabindranath Tagore. 📍 Major Literary Works 🟢 Ritusamhara → Lyrical poem describing the six seasons of India. 🟢 Meghadutam → An exiled Yaksha sends a message to his beloved through a cloud; a landmark of the Sandesha-Kavya tradition. 🟢 Kumarasambhava → Epic poem dealing with Shiva, Parvati and the birth of Kumara. 🟢 Raghuvamsa → Epic celebrating the lineage of King Raghu, including Rama. 🟢 Malavikagnimitra → Drama centred on love, courtly life and mistaken identities. 🟢 Vikramorvasiya → Romantic drama depicting the love between King Pururavas and Urvashi. 🟢 Abhijnanasakuntalam → Seven-act drama based on the Shakuntala episode of the Mahabharata and regarded as Kalidasa’s most celebrated play. 📍 Literary Significance 🟢 Kalidasa is renowned for the lyrical beauty, imagery and refined expression of his Sanskrit poetry and drama. 🟢 His works portray courtly life, nature, love, mythology and human emotions. 🟢 Abhijnanasakuntalam was the first Sanskrit drama translated into a European language, helping introduce classical Indian literature to European audiences. 📍 Prelims Focus 🟢 Kalidasa → Sanskrit poet & dramatist 🟢 Meghadutam → Yaksha + Cloud messenger 🟢 Ritusamhara → Six seasons 🟢 Kumarasambhava → Shiva–Parvati–Kumara 🟢 Raghuvamsa → Raghu dynasty 🟢 Abhijnanasakuntalam → Shakuntala + Seven acts #history #prelims #mains Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 AUGUST 2026 | MONDAY 🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE 📍 Fifth-Century Hero Stone Inscription – Tenkasi 🟢 A 5th-century hero stone inscription was unearthed at Malayadipatti, Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu 🟢 Found in a brick well with steps dating to the Sangam period 🟢 Measures 1 m × 0.30 m 🟢 Script shows a transition from Tamil-Brahmi to Vattezhuthu 🟢 Four names mentioned: Karukkan, Sulagan, Nannang and Kodiyan 🟢 Erected in memory of Nannang Kodiyan, son of Karukkan Sulagan 🟢 Similar hero stones have been found at Pulimankombai, Aappanur and Mallikapuram 🔆 GEOGRAPHY 📍 India’s First Soil Texture Map 🟢 Developed by National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP), Nagpur, under ICAR 🟢 Prepared using field studies, remote sensing, satellite imagery and AI 🟢 Helps identify suitable crops for specific plots 🟢 Supports crop planning, land-use strategies and region-specific agricultural policies 🟢 Particularly significant for India’s small farms and diverse soil and terrain conditions 🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE 📍 New Panel on Gorkhaland 🟢 A new committee has been proposed to draft a political and constitutional solution to the Gorkhaland issue 🟢 Gorkhaland demand seeks a separate state or autonomous arrangement for the northern hill areas of West Bengal 🟢 Key areas include Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Terai and Dooars 🟢 Committee will consult stakeholders and work towards a permanent constitutional solution 🟢 Centre assured a constitutional solution and adequate funding, while the West Bengal Government remains opposed to state division 🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES 📍 BRICS Sports Ministers Meeting – Visakhapatnam 🟢 BRICS Sports Ministers met in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, under India’s 2026 BRICS Chairship 🟢 Focus on youth development, inclusion, sports technology and cultural exchange 🟢 Proposed a BRICS Working Group on Sports Technology 🟢 Areas include AI, sports science, digital transformation and athlete performance 🟢 Proposed Sports Manufacturing Conclave in Udaipur and Traditional & Indigenous Sports Demonstration Games in Ahmedabad 📍 7.5 Trillion Cubic Feet Gas Reserve – Iran 🟢 Iran discovered over 7.5 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of natural gas reserves in southern Fars province 🟢 Around 5.7 TCF is estimated to be recoverable 🟢 Discovery also contains significant gas condensates 🟢 The reserve is reportedly equivalent to around 15 years of production from one South Pars phase 📍 8th BRICS Ocean & Polar Science and Technology Meeting 🟢 The 8th BRICS Working Group on Ocean and Polar Science & Technology (OPST) meeting was held in Goa 🟢 Organised by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) 🟢 Participating countries included Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Russia, South Africa and UAE 🟢 Focus: scientific cooperation, knowledge exchange, capacity building and collaborative research 🟢 Discussions covered coastal resilience, Global Ocean Observing System, polar biodiversity, Antarctic expeditions and youth researcher training 🔆 ECONOMY 📍 1,800-km LPG Pipeline Network 🟢 PNGRB authorised around 1,800 km of LPG pipelines 🟢 Projects cover Telangana, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Karnataka and Goa 🟢 Major projects: Cherlapally–Nagpur (556 km), Jhansi–Sitarganj (611 km), Shikrapur–Goa & Hubli (633 km) 🟢 GAIL (India) Ltd. will execute the projects 🟢 LPG pipeline network expected to expand by around 24%, from 7,700 km to 9,500 km 🟢 Expected benefits include reduced LPG truck movement, lower logistics costs, improved road safety and reduced congestion #CurrentAffairs

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🔆 Chlorpheniramine + Phenylephrine Combination 📍 Why in News? 🟢 The Union Health Ministry has tightened rules for Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) containing chlorpheniramine maleate and phenylephrine. 🟢 Labels must now carry a warning against their use in children below 4 years. 📍 What is this Combination? 🟢 It is an FDC commonly available as oral drops, syrups and tablets for symptomatic relief from common cold, allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion. 🟢 It combines an antihistamine with a nasal decongestant. 📍 Chlorpheniramine Maleate 🟢 A first-generation antihistamine that blocks H1 histamine receptors. 🟢 Helps relieve sneezing, runny nose and watery eyes. 🟢 Can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause drowsiness/sedation. 📍 Phenylephrine Hydrochloride 🟢 A sympathomimetic decongestant. 🟢 Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the nasal passages, helping reduce nasal congestion. 🟢 Systemic effects may include increased blood pressure and heart rate. 📍 Why Restricted Below 4 Years? 🟢 Immature metabolism: Developing liver and kidney functions can increase the risk of drug accumulation and toxicity. 🟢 Serious adverse effects: Young children may be vulnerable to tachycardia, convulsions and paradoxical excitation. 🟢 Overdose risk: Multiple cough-and-cold products may contain the same active ingredients, increasing the risk of accidental double dosing. 🟢 Safer alternatives: Common viral colds are generally self-limiting; measures such as saline nasal drops and adequate hydration are preferred for young children. 📍 Prelims Focus 🟢 Chlorpheniramine → H1 antihistamine → Allergy symptoms 🟢 Phenylephrine → Vasoconstrictor → Nasal decongestion 🟢 FDC → Two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients in a fixed ratio 🟢 Restriction → Warning for children below 4 years #GS3 #prelims #science_technology #science_and_technology Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology

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🔥 PRELIMS: MASTER ANCIENT HISTORY IN JUST 31 PAGES! Stop drowning in massive textbooks. Get ultra-dense, systematic short notes designed specifically to help you eliminate options and score more. 🔹 What You Get: ✅31 Pages Only: Cover everything from IVC to South Indian Kingdoms. ✅Art & Culture Integrated: No need to read separate compilations. ✅PYQ-Oriented: Focused purely on high-yield UPSC patterns. ✅Quick Revision Friendly: Built for last-minute memory mapping. 📚 Topics Covered: • Indus Valley Civilization • Vedic Age • Mahajanapadas • Buddhism & Jainism • Mauryan & Post-Mauryan • Sangam Age • Gupta Age • South Indian Kingdoms • Ancient Art, Architecture & Literature. 💡 Formula: One-Liner Revision + Conceptual Clarity. 🪙 Fee: Just ₹79/- for First 200 Enrollment 👉 contact https://t.me/Prelims_Notes_bot Read Smart • Revise Fast • Eliminate Better • Score More

🔆 MQ-9B Sea Guardian: India Leases HALE Maritime Drones 📍 Why in News? ✅ India has contracted to lease 2 MQ-9B Sea Guardian HALE RPAS for the Indian Navy for ₹1,943 crore. ✅ The 30-month lease aims to strengthen Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and persistent surveillance across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). ✅ Contract signed on 17 August 2026 in New Delhi with General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. (GA-ASI), USA. 📍 MQ-9B Sea Guardian – Key Features ✅ Class: High-Altitude Long-Endurance (HALE) RPAS ✅ Endurance: 35+ hours of surveillance ✅ Operating altitude: Typically 40,000–50,000 ft ✅ Primary role: Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance (ISR) ✅ Sensors: Maritime surface-search radar, EO/IR, AIS receiver and optional sonobuoys. ✅ Weapons: No weapons under the present lease. ✅ SeaGuardian vs SkyGuardian: SeaGuardian is optimised for maritime surveillance, while SkyGuardian is primarily oriented towards land surveillance. 📍 Why HALE Drones Matter for India? ✅ Enable persistent surveillance over large maritime areas without the endurance limitations of manned aircraft. ✅ Complement the Navy’s P-8I Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft. ✅ Strengthen monitoring of strategic chokepoints such as: → Strait of Hormuz → Bab-el-Mandeb → Strait of Malacca ✅ Support India’s Maritime Domain Awareness and SAGAR vision in the IOR. 📍 India–US Defence Cooperation ✅ LEMOA – 2016 ✅ COMCASA – 2018 ✅ BECA – 2020 ✅ BECA facilitates exchange of geospatial intelligence, improving navigation and precision applications. 📍 India’s MQ-9B Journey ✅ India previously leased MQ-9B platforms during 2020–22, giving the armed forces operational experience. ✅ This experience contributed to India’s subsequent decision to pursue acquisition of 31 MQ-9B aircraft. ✅ India’s indigenous TAPAS-BH (MALE) programme remains under development, while a deployment-ready indigenous HALE capability is still absent. 📍 Strategic Significance ✅ Persistent MDA: Enhances India’s ability to monitor movements across the vast IOR. ✅ Rapid capability: Leasing provides an immediate capability while indigenous systems and long-term procurement mature. ✅ Blue-water surveillance: Particularly useful for tracking surface vessels and supporting wider maritime security operations. ✅ Net Security Provider: Strengthens India’s ability to contribute to security and stability in the IOR. #Defence