UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ ELEMENTS OF EARTH #Interiorofearth 1. Iron – 34.6% 2. Oxygen – 29.5 % 3. Silicon – 15.2 % 4. Magnesium – 12.7% 5. Nickel – 2.4 % 6. Sulphur – 1.9% 7. Titanium – 0.05% ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST #Interiorofearth ELEMENT - APPROXIMATE % BY WEIGHT ◇ Oxygen - 46.6% ◇ Silicon (Si) - 27.7% ◇ Aluminium (Al) - 8.1% ◇ Iron - 5.0% ◇ Calcium (Ca) - 3.6% ◇ Sodium (Na) - 2.8% ◇ Potassium (K) - 2.6% ◇ Magnesium (Mg) - 1.5% ▪︎ @upsc_geography_notes

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■ MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST #Interiorofearth ELEMENT - APPROXIMATE % BY WEIGHT ◇ Oxygen - 46.6% ◇ Silicon (Si) - 27.7% ◇ Aluminium (Al) - 8.1% ◇ Iron - 5.0% ◇ Calcium (Ca) - 3.6% ◇ Sodium (Na) - 2.8% ◇ Potassium (K) - 2.6% ◇ Magnesium (Mg) - 1.5% ▪︎ @upsc_geography_notes

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■ THE CRUST #interiorofearth ◇ The crust is the outermost layer of the earth making up 0.5-1.0 per cent of the earth’s volume and less than 1 per cent of Earth’s mass. ◇ Density increases with depth, and the average density is about 2.7 g/cm3 (average density of the earth is 5.51 g/cm³). ◇ The thickness of the crust varies in the range of 5-30 km in case of the oceanic crust and as 50- 70 km in case of the continental crust. ◇ The continental crust can be thicker than 70 km in the areas of major mountain systems. It is as much as 70-100 km thick in the Himalayan region. ◇ The temperature of the crust increases with depth, reaching values typically in the range from about 200 °C to 400 °C at the boundary with the underlying mantle. ◇ The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C for every kilometre in the upper part of the crust. ◇ Outer covering of the crust is of sedimentary material and below that lie crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks which are acidic in nature. ▪︎ @upsc_geography_notes