UPSC GEOGRAPHY
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“This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc
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Queries - @Upscgeographybot”
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■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.
#Soil
3. CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature and rainfall are the most important factors in soil formation.
◇ They determine the effectiveness of weathering of the parent material, the quantity of water seeping through the soil and the type of micro-organisms present therein.
◇ Two different parent materials may develop the same soil in the same type of climate.
▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar (Chapter-7)
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66 469
■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.
#Soil
1. PARENT MATERIAL.
◇ The rocks from which soils are formed are called parent materials.
◇ In most of the cases, the parent material determines the colouration, mineral composition and texture
of the soil.
◇ In some cases, the soil formed may or may not have the same physical properties as the parent rock.
◇ Climatic factors induce chemical changes which also affect the physical properties of the soil.
◇ The surface rocks are exposed to the process of weathering. In this process, the rocks are converted into
fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation.
◇ In Indian Conditions, parent material is generally categorized into :-
1. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
2. Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks.
3. Gondwana rocks.
4. Deccan basalts.
5. Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India {Rock System}.
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■ HIMALAYAN DRY TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Precipitation is below 100 cm and is mostly in the form of snow.
□ CHARACTERSTICS.
◇ Coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs in which deodar, oak, ash, olive, etc are the main trees.
◇ Such forests are found in the inner dry ranges of the Himalayas where south-west monsoon is very feeble.
◇ Such areas are in Ladakh, Lahul, Chamba, Kinnaur, Garhwal and Sikkim.
▪︎SOURCE - D.R. KHULLAR [CHAPTER -7 ]
66 469
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■ HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Annual rainfall varies from 150 cm to 250 cm.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Occurs in the temperate zone of the Himalayas between 1500 and 3300 metres.
◇ Cover the entire length of this mountain range in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Darjeeling and
Sikkim.
□ CHARACTERSTICS.
◇ Mainly composed of coniferous species.
◇ Species occur in mostly pure strands.
◇ Trees are 30 to 50 m high.
◇ Pines, cedars, silver firs, spruce, etc. are most important trees.
◇ They are fairly open forests with shrubby undergrowth including oaks, rhododendrons and some bamboos.
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66 469
■ MONTANE WET TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Grows at a height of 1800 to 3000 m above sea level.
◇ Mean annual rainfall is 150 cm to 300 cm.
◇ Mean annual temperature is about 11 to 14 °C.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
• Higher hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, in the Eastern Himalayan region.
Characteristics
◇ These are closed evergreen forests. Trunks have a large girth.
◇ Branches are clothed with mosses, ferns and other epiphytes.
◇ The trees rarely achieve a height of more than 6 metres.
◇ Deodar, Chilauni, Indian chestnut, birch, blue pine, oak, hemlock, etc. are important species.
▪︎D.R. KHULLAR { CHAPTER -7 }
