UPSC GEOGRAPHY
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This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc No copyright material allowed. Queries - @Upscgeographybot
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تُعد قناة UPSC GEOGRAPHY (@upsc_geography_notes_optional) في القطاع اللغوي الإنكليزية لاعباً نشطاً. يضم المجتمع حالياً 66 489 مشتركاً، محتلاً المرتبة 2 465 في فئة التعليم والمرتبة 4 961 في منطقة الهند.
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“This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc
No copyright material allowed.
Queries - @Upscgeographybot”
بفضل وتيرة التحديث المرتفعة (أحدث البيانات بتاريخ 11 يوليو, 2026) تحافظ القناة على حداثتها ومستوى وصول مرتفع. وتُظهر التحليلات تفاعلاً نشطاً من الجمهور، ما يجعلها نقطة تأثير مهمة ضمن فئة التعليم.
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■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.
#Soil
3. CLIMATE.
◇ Temperature and rainfall are the most important factors in soil formation.
◇ They determine the effectiveness of weathering of the parent material, the quantity of water seeping through the soil and the type of micro-organisms present therein.
◇ Two different parent materials may develop the same soil in the same type of climate.
▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar (Chapter-7)
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■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.
#Soil
1. PARENT MATERIAL.
◇ The rocks from which soils are formed are called parent materials.
◇ In most of the cases, the parent material determines the colouration, mineral composition and texture
of the soil.
◇ In some cases, the soil formed may or may not have the same physical properties as the parent rock.
◇ Climatic factors induce chemical changes which also affect the physical properties of the soil.
◇ The surface rocks are exposed to the process of weathering. In this process, the rocks are converted into
fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation.
◇ In Indian Conditions, parent material is generally categorized into :-
1. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
2. Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks.
3. Gondwana rocks.
4. Deccan basalts.
5. Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India {Rock System}.
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■ HIMALAYAN DRY TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Precipitation is below 100 cm and is mostly in the form of snow.
□ CHARACTERSTICS.
◇ Coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs in which deodar, oak, ash, olive, etc are the main trees.
◇ Such forests are found in the inner dry ranges of the Himalayas where south-west monsoon is very feeble.
◇ Such areas are in Ladakh, Lahul, Chamba, Kinnaur, Garhwal and Sikkim.
▪︎SOURCE - D.R. KHULLAR [CHAPTER -7 ]
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■ HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Annual rainfall varies from 150 cm to 250 cm.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Occurs in the temperate zone of the Himalayas between 1500 and 3300 metres.
◇ Cover the entire length of this mountain range in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Darjeeling and
Sikkim.
□ CHARACTERSTICS.
◇ Mainly composed of coniferous species.
◇ Species occur in mostly pure strands.
◇ Trees are 30 to 50 m high.
◇ Pines, cedars, silver firs, spruce, etc. are most important trees.
◇ They are fairly open forests with shrubby undergrowth including oaks, rhododendrons and some bamboos.
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■ MONTANE WET TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Grows at a height of 1800 to 3000 m above sea level.
◇ Mean annual rainfall is 150 cm to 300 cm.
◇ Mean annual temperature is about 11 to 14 °C.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
• Higher hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, in the Eastern Himalayan region.
Characteristics
◇ These are closed evergreen forests. Trunks have a large girth.
◇ Branches are clothed with mosses, ferns and other epiphytes.
◇ The trees rarely achieve a height of more than 6 metres.
◇ Deodar, Chilauni, Indian chestnut, birch, blue pine, oak, hemlock, etc. are important species.
▪︎D.R. KHULLAR { CHAPTER -7 }
