Economics an addiction( Dr. Vibhas jha)

Ans6.) VB G RAM G has been announced from 2025 and will be implemented from 2026 to replace MNREGA. The objective is to assure modern architecture of rural development with aim of being in synchronization with viksit Bharat. Its main features are -, It increases the number of guaranteed days of work of rural employment from 100 days in MNREGA to 125 days to provide livelihood security and income stability. - It will allow smooth transition for workers by accepting their mnrega job card until they get valid grameen rozgar guarantee card - Workers can demand job orally, digitally and in writing. There is also provision of unemployment allowance at 1/4 of notified wage in first month of financial year and 1/2 of notified wage thereafter. - There has to be weekly wage payment and after a fortnight interest at 0.05% per day will be given. Wage will be paid through DBT. - It has been converted to a centrally sponsored scheme where states have to contribute 40%. - It is based on theme of employment as well as dignity. The work has thematic distribution like focusing on water security, core rural infrastructure works, livelihood related infrastructure and climate resilience. - The states can notify an aggregate pause of 60 days in the year for smooth availability of agricultural workers. - It provisions for rest area, safety and creche facilities if more than 5 children of 5 years are present. - Use of modern technology like biometric authentication, real time dashboard, digital recording etc to assure less corruption - Central government will have the right to make temporary relaxation during natural calamity and extraordinary situations to suspend or expand the act. This is targeted to improve not only rural employment but also rural infrastructure, skills and support of development policies to promote alignment with goals of Viksit Bharat

Q9.) What are the reasons for lack of crop diversification in agricultural system in India? How it can be resolved? 250 words Q10.) What are the reasons for lack of sustainable development? Do you think large projects are always against environment? 150 words Q11.) Examine the challenges of agricultural marketing in India. How can it be resolved?

Ans5.) PDS operates under NFSA with the objective of life cycle support for nutrition and hunger affliction. It covers approximately 80 crore people in India's population and it is regarded as world's largest food security program in terms of coverage. It has been instrumental in following benefits - It has given food security to India as reflected improvement observed in continuous NFHS where number of people reporting lack of access to food has come down from 12% in 2009 to 0.02% of population in 2024. - It has created supply chain for distribution of food grains which assures employment and continuous availability of food grain. - It has improved disposable income of people by saving their expenses on food. - It is useful for farmers as it is creating an assured market for crops. - It has also been useful in improving targeted food coverage in remote areas. - Better nutrition support to children However the challenges are - Lack of nutrition improvement reflected in stunting and wasting of more than 20% among children - Ecological degradation due to high production of wheat and rice. - Exclusion error due to lack of biometric authentication, closure of shop and non availability. - Inclusion error as the number of people covered is very high - Leakages observed due to corruption - Very high budgetary burden on government without creating commensurate benefits. The total budgetary support in last 5 years is more than 10 lakh crore. This can be improved by - Digitisation of records for better delivery. - Alternative identification possibility to avoid exclusion error - Option of shifting to DBT to reduce transfer cost - Gradually rationalising the number of beneficiaries to use resources for nutrition improvement. Therefore pds can be used for saving people from sudden distress and hence government has focused on improved targeting with focused delivery.

Dear all Thanks for the massive support to revision come test series and pyq course that I am starting from tomorrow. We will have the class tomorrow at 3. I have created 30-35 questions in each of 9 modules which we will discuss over 18 classes of 2.5 hours each. At the end of 2 modules there will be test. The series also has pyq video discussion of all questions from 2013-2025. I am sharing the course details again for your convenience. Blessings.

Ans4.) Globalisation has led to interconnected Labour market with proportion of workers working in international market rising from less than 9% of total workforce in 1991 to more than 29% of Labour force by 2022 according to UNCTAD. However most of the rise in workforce is in gig market, freelance workers, contract labor and casual labor connected through software or platforms. There has been rising inequality due to this because - wage rates fluctuate and generally remain on lower side as workers are scattered over a large geography - social security like pension, accident compensation and insurance is missing and workers have to purchase it themselves which reduces their real wage rate. - Reduced bargaining and lack of control on duration of work On the other hand profit earning class and skilled workers in formal sector have recorded high growth in their income due to larger market, promise of assured wage hike and added social security. Thus growth after globalisation has been unequal and requires social protection for workers in informal sector to assure equitable living standard by taxing the profit making class at higher level through a global consensus

Ans3.) Careless employment means the type of employment with no certainty of occupation, absence of social security and lack of bargaining power with the worker. It consists of people working as casual labor, gig workers, construction labor, vendors etc. Useless employment is low level employment which may provide consistent work but may not provide enough training, keeps the workers at low wages and doesn't add any value to their work These are unorganized sector workers working with low skills like gate keepers, cooks, drivers etc. It leads to lack of inclusion because: - Workers get no employment security which keeps them backward - Workers are deprived of social security like insurance, pension etc - Workers have less bargaining power as they r not organised as trade union - There is lack of training and skill development Therefore workers are stuck in low paying, low skill work which continuously keeps them backward compared to organized workers. Thus focus should be on training, skill development and promotion of self employment to free workers from careless and useless employment along with govt provisions of social security to promote equity.

Q5.) Critically analyse the functioning of pds. 250 words Q6.) Explain the main features of VB G RAM G scheme to be introduced from July 2026.250 words Q7.) Describe jal jeevan mission. 150 words. Q8.) Explain how inclusive growth can happen in market economy. 250 words

Ans2.) Infrastructure consists of physical infrastructure, social and infrastructure and digital public infrastructure. India has observed high govt expenditure rising from ₹2.5 trillion to ₹12 trillion in physical infrastructure, large growth of housing(approximately 4 crore houses) , urbanisation, drinking water facility(reaching 15 crore families) and large presence of digital infrastructure ranging from Adhar, ONDC, E Sanjeevani to digilocker and agri stack. Infrastructure promotes growth in following ways - It reduces logistical cost by developing connectivity as observed with India's logistical cost going down from 14% of gdp to 8% by 2026. - It creates business opportunities through increase in transportation as observed by addition of 56000 km of national highway and 14 lakh kms of navigational rivers in last 11 years. - It promotes employment through better efficiency of business by electrification and directly through construction - It promotes ease of doing business for MSME as observed by growth of DPI. It promotes inclusion by - Connectivity allowing people in backward region to get employed in developed regions but still live in their native place which keeps income high but cost of living low - Electrification promotes employment, increases productivity, provides better health and education - communication provides more information as Kerala state development report credited mobile phone penetration for 40% growth in fishery productivity in Kerala. - Housing provides shelter and protection of life - Sanitation provides health benefits - clean drinking water prevents disease - dpi like Adhar helps in participating through identity - ONDC makes it easier for small business to participate in e commerce - E Sanjeevani is the largest telemedicine portal. Therefore infrastructure provides sound growth as observed by India's healthy growth of above 7% in last four years and inclusion as more than 415 million people have been uplifted from poverty in last 15 years as reported by Niti Ayog.

Ans1.) India has more than 55 crore jandhan account, more than $90 of insurance density and more than 35 crore MUDRA loan beneficiaries showing depth and presence of improved financial inclusion where more people from vulnerable groups are now participating in financial systems. Financial inclusion promotes growth by - mobilisation of savings, for investment - long term funds through insurance&pension for infrastructure - promoting entrepreneurs which creates employment - encouraging people to take calculated risks, like farmers grow high value crops with insurance. It promotes development as - bank account is useful for DBT and credit transfer as it gives financial identity - credit provides employment, education, health and financial support for promotion of living std among poors - insurance saves from sudden shocks like death of only earning member, illness, crop destruction etc - pension supports in case of old age vulnerability. Hence according to RBI’s financial inclusion report, high inclusion not only protects from vulnerability but also generates high gdp growth.

I will be giving you the model answers to these questions in next two days. Do not use AI to search for answer, do brainstorming and apply yourself to think over them. Your creativity matters.

Q1.) What is the role of financial inclusion in development?150 words Q2.) Explain how infrastructure development leads to both efficiency and inclusion? 250 words Q3.) How does careless and useless employment lead to lack of inclusive growth?150 words Q4.) Explain how rise of informal workforce after globalisation has lead to inequality? 150 words

*📈 Webinar Alert!* *Indian Economic Outlook: Navigating Global Turbulence & Emerging Opportunities* *🎙️ Speaker: Dr. Vibhas Jha* Renowned UPSC Educator & Economics Expert 🗓 Saturday, 6th June 2026 🕕 6:00 PM IST 📍 Google Meet Join us for an insightful discussion on India's economic future and the opportunities that lie ahead. *🎓 E-Certificate for all confirmed participants* *🔗 Register Now:* https://forms.gle/KSPTPpX3SPzDxxps8 *⚠️ Limited Seats | Share this form for future refferals* @all

Q1.) What is the role of financial inclusion in development?150 words Q2.) Explain how infrastructure development leads to both efficiency and inclusion? 250 words

Dear all I am initiating a revision and answer writing practice program for economics optional students from first week June. The objective is to give you very good answer writing training, complete revision, updating notes and making u mains ready. Main features 1. The course is in 9 modules, to be covered with 30 questions each and I will give you answers to those. 2. 8 tests with model answers and discussion. 3. Access to my video discussion of pyq from 2013-25.. I have tried developing it to assure that economics optional becomes more scoring. Thanks for always supporting. Blessings.