Environment & Ecology UPSC prelims mains

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🔆 BUXA TIGER RESERVE: TIGER REINTRODUCTION 📍 Why is Buxa Bringing Tigers Back? 🟢 On 2 October, a 3-year-old tigress (T138) was released in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, marking the beginning of a phased tiger reintroduction programme. 🟢 Three more tigers are likely to be introduced as part of efforts to establish a viable, self-sustaining tiger population. 🟢 T138 was translocated from Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar. 🟢 Initially, it will remain in an approximately 2.3-hectare enclosure for acclimatisation before release into the wider reserve. 🟢 Monitoring will use telemetry, camera trapping and field-based monitoring. 📍 Why is Buxa Significant? 🟢 Buxa was declared a Tiger Reserve in 1983 and is the 15th tiger reserve in India. 🟢 It covers about 760.87 sq km in Alipurduar, West Bengal. 🟢 It has ecological connectivity with the forests of Bhutan, Kochuangaon, Manas Tiger Reserve and Jaldapara National Park. 🟢 The reserve forms an important wildlife corridor in the eastern Himalayan landscape. 📍 Why Did Tigers Disappear from Buxa? 🟢 The reserve has not had a resident tiger population for several years, although occasional tiger sightings have been recorded. 🟢 Habitat degradation and fragmentation, changes in land use and declining prey availability affected the ecological conditions required to sustain resident tigers. 🟢 Buxa subsequently experienced a prolonged absence of a stable resident tiger population. 📍 Why Was Valmiki Tiger Reserve Selected? 🟢 NTCA found no tigers in Buxa, Dampa and Palamu tiger reserves and initiated tiger reintroduction programmes. 🟢 Valmiki Tiger Reserve was selected because its terrain and landscape were considered suitable for tiger augmentation in Buxa. 🟢 The easternmost part of the Terai Arc Landscape was considered particularly similar to Buxa. 📍 Why Not Translocate from Sundarbans? 🟢 West Bengal has a thriving tiger population in the Sundarbans, the only mangrove forest in the world to have tigers. 🟢 However, the Sundarbans–Buxa landscapes differ considerably in terrain and habitat. 🟢 Therefore, Sundarbans tigers may not have been suitable for reintroduction into Buxa. 📍 India’s Tiger Reintroduction Experience 🟢 Tiger reintroduction began in 2008 with successful releases in Sariska (Rajasthan) and Panna (Madhya Pradesh). 🟢 The programme has subsequently been implemented across 12 tiger reserves over two decades. 🟢 Successful reintroduction requires cooperation between NTCA, State Governments and WII. 📍 Major Challenges in Buxa 🟢 The reserve is surrounded by revenue villages and tea estates and about 300 families are proposed for relocation to facilitate conservation. 🟢 Habitat degradation, low prey availability and human–tiger conflict remain concerns. 🟢 Linear infrastructure, including a railway line, threatens wildlife; elephants have suffered significant casualties. 🟢 Heavy commercial traffic on the road connecting Bhutan with West Bengal through Buxa adds further pressure. 📍 Lessons from Tiger Reintroduction 🟢 Previous experiences show that translocated tigers may face difficulties adapting to new environments. 🟢 Human–tiger conflict, livestock depredation and negative local responses can undermine reintroduction. 🟢 NTCA has therefore prepared a protocol covering site selection, feasibility studies, release preparation, socio-economic requirements and post-release monitoring. 📍 UPSC MAINS Q. Tiger reintroduction is not merely about releasing animals but about creating conditions for a viable and self-sustaining population. Discuss with reference to Buxa Tiger Reserve. #Environment

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🔆 WHY STUBBLE FIRES KEEP COMING BACK 📚 AnmolVachan1 🔆 ISSUE: Stubble Burning in North India 🟢 Stubble burning is the practice of setting fire to crop residue left after harvesting, particularly paddy straw. 🟢 It is prevalent in Punjab, Haryana and parts of Uttar Pradesh, mainly during October–November. 🟢 It releases particulate matter, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants, worsening air quality and harming human health. 🔆 WHY DO FARMERS BURN STUBBLE? 📍 1. Narrow Sowing Window 🟢 The short interval between paddy harvesting and wheat sowing leaves farmers with limited time to clear fields. 🟢 Manual removal is time-consuming, while residue-management machinery may be expensive or unavailable. 📍 2. Paddy–Wheat Cropping Cycle 🟢 Assured procurement and price support for rice and wheat encourage the continuation of the existing cropping pattern. 🟢 Water-intensive paddy cultivation also contributes to groundwater depletion. 📍 3. Economic Constraints 🟢 Machines such as Happy Seeders, Super Seeders and Rotavators can manage crop residue but involve significant costs. 🟢 Small farmers may lack access to affordable machinery and custom-hiring services. 🔆 LEGAL & POLICY FRAMEWORK 📍 Punjab Preservation of Sub-Soil Water Act, 2009 🟢 Delayed paddy transplantation and cultivation helped conserve groundwater but also compressed the time available between paddy harvesting and wheat sowing. 🟢 This has contributed to the narrow window in which farmers manage paddy residue. 📍 Supreme Court & Government Action 🟢 The Supreme Court upheld the exclusion of stubble-burning fines from the purview of the PM-KISAN scheme in 2023. 🟢 Policy responses include penalties, crop-residue management subsidies, machinery support and incentives for alternative uses of paddy straw. 🔆 SOLUTIONS & TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS 📍 1. In-situ Management 🟢 Crop residue is managed within the field using Happy Seeders, Super Seeders, Rotavators and direct-seeding techniques. 🟢 These methods can reduce the need for burning while improving soil management. 📍 2. Ex-situ Management 🟢 Paddy straw can be used for bioethanol production, compressed biogas, biomass energy and other industrial applications. 🟢 However, transportation, storage, processing costs and limited industrial capacity remain major barriers. 📍 3. Financial Incentives 🟢 Incentives for crop diversification can reduce excessive dependence on the paddy–wheat cycle. 🟢 Affordable machinery rental, custom-hiring centres and support for alternative crops can make residue management economically viable. 📍 4. Monitoring & Enforcement 🟢 Satellite-based monitoring helps detect and estimate stubble-burning incidents. 🟢 Reliable measurement is essential because satellite observations may miss short-lived fires or underestimate total burned area. 🔆 KEY DATA & GOVERNANCE 🟢 According to the article, Punjab and Haryana recorded a 90% reduction in stubble-burning incidents in 2025 compared with 2022, although the figures require cautious interpretation because of measurement limitations. 🟢 The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) plays a key role in coordinating air-pollution control measures across the National Capital Region and adjoining areas. 🔆 WAY FORWARD 🟢 Short term: Expand affordable residue-management machinery, improve enforcement and strengthen farmer awareness. 🟢 Medium term: Develop biomass supply chains, bioenergy industries and reliable markets for paddy straw. 🟢 Long term: Promote crop diversification, sustainable agriculture and less water-intensive cropping patterns. 🟢 Institutional reform: Combine farmer incentives, technological solutions and credible monitoring rather than relying mainly on penalties. 🟢 Scientific monitoring: Integrate satellite observations with ground-level verification for more accurate measurement of burning. 🔆 CONCLUSION 🟢 Stubble burning is a multidimensional problem involving economic, technological, agricultural and legal factors. #Environment

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🔆 KERALA’S CAPTIVE ELEPHANTS UNDERGO MASTER HEALTH CHECKS 🔆 NEWS 🟢 17 captive elephants from different parts of Kerala underwent the first round of comprehensive health screening at Sree Vadakkunnathan Temple, Thrissur. 🟢 The initiative was organised by the Kerala Elephant Owners Federation, with technical support from the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU). 🔆 KEY FEATURES OF THE INITIATIVE 📍 1. Comprehensive Health Screening 🟢 Elephants were screened for blood sugar, cholesterol and creatinine levels. 🟢 Their liver and kidney functions were also assessed. 📍 2. Sample Collection & Analysis 🟢 Blood, urine and faecal samples were collected and sent to the KVASU laboratory for analysis. 📍 3. Individual Health Cards 🟢 Each elephant will receive a health card documenting its medical findings and supporting follow-up examinations and treatment. 📍 4. Expansion of the Programme 🟢 The organisers plan to extend the medical camps to Kottayam and Kollam and eventually establish a regular health-monitoring system. 🔆 WHY IS PREVENTIVE CARE IMPORTANT? 🟢 Early diagnosis: Helps detect metabolic disorders and organ-related problems before they become severe. 🟢 Animal welfare: Supports timely veterinary intervention and better health management. 🟢 Prevention of sudden deaths: Addresses concerns about captive elephants collapsing and dying unexpectedly. 🟢 Systematic monitoring: Individual health records enable continuity of veterinary care. 🔆 CONCERN: DECLINING CAPTIVE ELEPHANT POPULATION 🟢 According to figures cited by the organisers, Kerala’s captive elephant population declined from more than 1,000 in 2008 to around 366. 🟢 This highlights the need for improved veterinary care and systematic monitoring of captive elephants. 🔆 SIGNIFICANCE 🟢 Preventive veterinary medicine: Shifts the focus from treating illness to early detection and continuous monitoring. 🟢 Scientific animal management: Encourages evidence-based healthcare through laboratory testing and individual records. 🟢 Institutional collaboration: Demonstrates cooperation between animal owners and veterinary research institutions. 🔆 MAINS QUESTION 📍 GS Paper III – Environment | Biodiversity & Animal Welfare “Preventive veterinary care and scientific monitoring are essential for improving the welfare of captive wildlife.” Discuss with reference to the health-screening initiative for captive elephants in Kerala. #Environment

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🔆 COAL STOCKS CRITICALLY LOW AS POWER DEMAND RISES 📍 Coal Stock Position 🟢 As of 30 September 2026, 84 out of 191 thermal power plants were critically low on coal stocks, according to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA). 🟢 CEA considers a power plant critically low when its coal inventory falls below 25% of the required normal stock or cannot support power generation for more than 3 days. 🟢 The figure represents more than 44% of India’s thermal power plants. 📍 Rising Power Demand 🟢 India witnessed a 10% increase in power demand in 2026, the highest year-on-year increase in the past decade. 🟢 India recorded a record-high power demand of 270.8 GW on 21 May 2026. 🟢 Rising temperatures have increased electricity consumption, particularly due to greater use of fans and air-conditioners. 🟢 Average temperatures rose sharply, with the national average mean temperature in August 2026 reaching 28.01°C. 📍 Role of Coal in Power Generation 🟢 Coal accounted for 79% of India’s total primary energy generation in 2024–25. 🟢 This high dependence makes adequate coal availability crucial for thermal power generation and grid stability. 📍 Weather & Coal Stress 🟢 India experienced its hottest August since nationwide record-keeping began in 1901. 🟢 Strong El Niño events have contributed to higher temperatures and altered atmospheric circulation. 🟢 Weaker monsoon conditions in recent years have also affected the availability of hydropower, increasing pressure on coal-fired thermal plants. 🟢 India experienced a rainfall deficit in June 2026, the highest for that month since 2014, during another strong El Niño event. 📍 Power Shortages 🟢 India recorded its highest power shortages since August 2023 in September 2026. 🟢 Increased dependence on coal-fired plants amid declining hydro generation has intensified pressure on coal stocks. 🟢 Although coal stocks generally rise during the later months of the year as temperatures decline, this does not necessarily indicate a reduction in the structural shortage of supply. 📍 Key Concern 🟢 The situation highlights the vulnerability created by the combination of rising electricity demand + climate-driven heat + dependence on coal + variability in hydropower. 🟢 Ensuring adequate fuel stocks while accelerating clean and reliable power capacity remains crucial for energy security. 📍 UPSC MAINS Q. India’s rising electricity demand amid climate variability highlights the challenges of ensuring energy security. Discuss the factors behind the stress on coal-fired power plants and suggest a sustainable way forward. #Environment

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