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Rakshabandhan special i hope apko accha lgega https://www.instagram.com/reel/DckwMdRN_Oy/

Course start: 14 September Sunday off All questions with explanations (excluding Maths Reasoning) Subjects covered: English Current Affairs Maths Reasoning Science Computer Labour Law Industrial Relations Social Security Accounting, Auditing, Insurance History & Culture Polity Economy Details share 29 august

Course start: 14 September Sunday off All questions with explanations (excluding Maths Reasoning) Subjects covered: English Current Affairs Maths Reasoning Science Computer Labour Law Industrial Relations Social Security Accounting, Auditing, Insurance History & Culture Polity Economy Details to follow soon. All suggestions welcome in the comment box.

🔆 Types of Share Capital 📍 1. Equity Share Capital 🟢 Represents the ownership interest of shareholders in a company. 🟢 Equity shareholders are residual owners and generally have voting rights. 🟢 Dividends depend on the company’s profitability and are paid after preference shareholders’ fixed dividend. 🟢 Considered riskier as returns are not guaranteed. 📍 2. Preference Share Capital 🟢 Preference shareholders have preferential rights over equity shareholders regarding dividend payment and repayment of capital on liquidation. 🟢 Generally carry a fixed rate of dividend, making them relatively less risky than equity shares. 📍 Types of Preference Shares 🟢 Cumulative Preference Shares: Unpaid dividends accumulate and can be paid in subsequent years. 🟢 Non-Cumulative Preference Shares: Unpaid dividends do not accumulate if the company does not declare them. 🟢 Redeemable Preference Shares: Can be redeemed by the company after a specified period or on a specified date. 🟢 Convertible Preference Shares: Can be converted into equity shares after a specified period or on a specified date. 📍 Prelims Focus 🟢 Equity → Ownership + Voting rights + Variable dividend 🟢 Preference → Preferential dividend + Priority on liquidation 🟢 Cumulative → Unpaid dividend accumulates 🟢 Non-Cumulative → Unpaid dividend does not accumulate 🟢 Redeemable → Can be redeemed 🟢 Convertible → Can be converted into equity shares #epfo

🔆 Theories of Trade Unionism 📍 Job-Conscious Unionism — Selig Perlman 🟢 Workers prioritise job security over radical class struggle. 🟢 Unions focus on regulating hiring and promotions. 🟢 Emphasises the problem of limited job opportunities. 📍 Industrial Democracy — Sidney & Beatrice Webb 🟢 Trade unions emerge as a response to worker exploitation and market pressures. 🟢 Emphasises gradual reforms within capitalism. 🟢 Rejects the idea of a classless society advocated by Marx. 📍 Scarcity Consciousness — Selig Perlman 🟢 Stronger capitalist control encourages stronger unionisation. 🟢 Intellectual attempts to influence workers may be rejected. 🟢 Unions increasingly focus on practical economic benefits. 📍 Hoxie’s Classification — Robert Hoxie 🟢 Business Unionism: Focuses on economic benefits such as wages, safety and working conditions. 🟢 Revolutionary Unionism: Seeks to overthrow capitalism. 📍 Environmental Theory — John R. Commons 🟢 External factors shape patterns of unionisation. 🟢 Immigration and racial divisions initially delayed union development. 🟢 Greater industrial maturity strengthened union power. 📍 Revolutionary Unionism — Marxist & Socialist View 🟢 Trade unions should work towards overthrowing capitalism. 🟢 Rejects private ownership of the means of production. 🟢 Emphasises worker control over production. 📍 Tannenbaum’s Sociological Theory — Frank Tannenbaum 🟢 Trade unions arise organically from workplaces rather than being artificially created. 🟢 They become powerful institutions for controlling labour supply. 🟢 Help integrate workers into the industrial system. 📍 Gandhian Theory of Unions — Mahatma Gandhi 🟢 Trade unions should follow non-violence and trusteeship. 🟢 Emphasises class harmony rather than class struggle. 🟢 Strikes should be the last resort after peaceful negotiations. 🟢 Opposes excessive political involvement of workers. 📍 Prelims Focus 🟢 Selig Perlman → Job-Conscious & Scarcity Consciousness 🟢 Sidney & Beatrice Webb → Industrial Democracy 🟢 Robert Hoxie → Classification of Unionism 🟢 John R. Commons → Environmental Theory 🟢 Frank Tannenbaum → Sociological Theory 🟢 Mahatma Gandhi → Non-violence & Trusteeship #Industrial_Relation

Only state psc Epfo most probably next week

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🔆 1. Code on Wages, 2019: The Code On Wages applies to all establishments and to all employees in both organised and unorganised sectors. ✅This labour code envisages uniform applicability of the provisions of timely payment of wages and minimum wages to all employees and bonus payments in all employments where any industry, business, trade or manufacture is carried out. ✅It introduces the concept of a floor wage, which is to be determined by the Centre after taking into account the minimum living standards of workers which may be different for different geographical areas. The state government can, under no circumstance, fix a minimum wage rate lower than the floor rate determined by the Centre. ✅The minimum wages decided by the central or state governments should be above the floor wages. In case the existing minimum wages are higher than the floor wages, the central or state governments cannot reduce the minimum wages. While fixing the minimum wages, the government should take into account the difficulty level of the work, and the workers’ skill levels also. ✅The Code prohibits gender discrimination in wages and recruitment of people for the same work or work of similar nature. Work of a similar nature is defined as work for which the skill, effort, experience, and responsibility required are the same.  ✅Wages include salary, allowance or any other monetary component. It does not include bonuses and travelling allowances. ✅The number of working hours will be fixed by the central or state governments. In the case of overtime work, the worker is entitled to overtime compensation which should be at least twice the standard wages. ✅The employer can fix the wage period as either daily, weekly, fortnightly, or monthly. ✅Advisory boards will be constituted which will advise the governments on minimum wage fixing and increasing the employment opportunities for women. ✅The Code specifies penalties for offences committed by an employer for Contravention of any provision of the Code, Paying less than the minimum wage and the maximum punishment is three-month imprisonment along with a fine of Rs. 1 lakh

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🔆 Labour Rights Beyond the Shadow of BWSSB 📍 Why in News? 🟢 On August 20, 2026, the Supreme Court delivered its judgment on the correctness of Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board (BWSSB), 1978, which had established the Triple Test for defining “industry”. 📍 Key Supreme Court Position 🟢 The Industrial Relations Code (IRC), 2020 must be interpreted according to its own text, scheme and objectives. 🟢 The 1978 BWSSB judgment cannot act as the “sheet anchor” for interpreting the new Code. 🟢 The old Triple Test has relevance only to pending disputes under the repealed Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. 📍 Why BWSSB Still Matters? 🟢 BWSSB had significantly expanded the scope of labour protection by bringing many activities within the definition of “industry”. 🟢 Its broad approach helped extend labour rights and dispute-resolution mechanisms to workers across diverse sectors. 🟢 The concern now is that a narrower interpretation under the IRC could potentially exclude some workers from statutory protection. 📍 Labour Rights & Social Justice 🟢 Article 42 directs the State to secure just and humane conditions of work. 🟢 Article 23 prohibits forced labour. 🟢 Kesavananda Bharati (1973) recognised social and economic justice as part of the Constitution’s basic structure. 🟢 Labour legislation must therefore balance ease of doing business with protection against unequal bargaining power. 📍 Way Forward 🟢 The new labour framework should avoid both over-regulation and exclusion of vulnerable workers. 🟢 Courts must interpret the IRC in a manner consistent with constitutional values of social justice, dignity and fair labour conditions. 📌 Case Study / Example 🟢 BWSSB (1978) — The Triple Test became the foundation for determining whether an activity constituted an “industry”, significantly widening the reach of labour protections. 🎯 Mains Application Labour-law reform must ensure that economic efficiency does not come at the cost of social justice and workers’ bargaining power. 🎯 Mains Question “Labour reforms must balance ease of doing business with constitutional commitments to social justice.” Discuss in the context of the Supreme Court’s treatment of BWSSB and the Industrial Relations Code, 2020. #SocialJustice

🔆 Capital Receipts vs Revenue Receipts 📍 Capital Receipts 🟢 Funds received for long-term use or investment. 🟢 Generally not part of regular income. 🟢 Examples: Sale of shares, loans, sale of fixed assets, capital grants, issue of bonds/long-term debt. 🟢 Primarily used for business growth, development or capital expenditure. 🟢 May create a liability or reduce an asset. 🟢 May have tax implications depending on the nature of the receipt. 📍 Revenue Receipts 🟢 Funds received from regular operations and recurring activities. 🟢 Form part of the regular income of the organisation. 🟢 Examples: Sale of goods/services, rent, interest income, dividends and royalties. 🟢 Generally used to meet day-to-day operational expenses. 🟢 Do not normally create a liability. 🟢 Generally form part of taxable income, subject to applicable tax rules. 📍 Quick Recall 🟢 Capital Receipt → Long-term / Capital → Asset or Liability impact 🟢 Revenue Receipt → Recurring / Operational → Income impact #epfo #Accounting

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