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جدول يوضح contact areas of all teeth Note :- Contact areas are not normally located in the cervical third. _ On most teeth, the distal contact is more cervical than its mesial contact.

A diastema is a space that exists between two adjacent teeth in the same arch that is not the result of a missing tooth.

What are Black Triangles? Black triangle is a space or a gap seen at the cervical embrasure, this creates triangular gap between the teeth and gums. It is seen when interdental gingiva doesn’t fully fill the void between teeth at gingival margin. Causes- 1. It happens with any method of alignment, therefore in orthodontic treatment it is a natural consequence of alignment correction. 2. Shape of teeth 3. Position of teeth 4. Gingival recession 5. Lack of papilla once teeth gets aligned after orthodontic treatment. Solution- 1. IPR (Interproximal reduction) can be done at point of contact to allow affected teeth to come together. 2.Restorative therapy- to fill small gaps by composites. 3.Reconstruction Periodontal therapy -known as gingival graft can be done ,to increase interdental papilla height and volume to fill the black triangle void.

Incisal / occlusal view Anterior teeth ➡️ in middle third ( centered ) Posterior teeth ➡️ in middle third ( slightly buccal to center )

Embrasure space :- when adjacent teeth contact, the continuous space that surrounds each contact area can be divided into four separate triangular . Posterior teeth :- 🔻 facial ( buccal ) embrasure space 🔺️lingual embrasure space ➡️ larger than facial embrasure space. Anterior teeth :- 🔻incisal embrasure space 🔺️interproximal space ( cervical embrasure space or gingival embrasurespace ) ➡️ this space is completely filled with the interdental papilla in periodontally healthy person. 🔸️Embrasures surrounding well-formed proximal contact areas serve as spillways to direct food away from the gingiva. تبعد جزيئات الطعام عن اللثة

Three types of gingival embrasure are seen: a) Type I: Embrasures are completely occupied by healthy interdental papilla. b) Type II: About 75% of embrasure is occupied by the gingiva. c) Type III: About 50% of the embrasure is occupied by gingival .

Upper central incisor جهه mesial تكون contact area بال incisal third اما بجهه distal تكون عند التقاء incisal و middle third

The curve of Wilson is the across arch curvature or posterior occlusal plane. It is convex (محدب)in the maxillary arch, but concave(مقعر) in the mandibular arch.