Vitals 4th grade 🚒

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Authors place aesthetic needs and cognitive needs (need to know & understand) above esteem needs and below self-actualisation. Transcendence can be placed above self-actualisation. The need for self-actualisations is “the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.”💫💫

L11: Maslow identified deficiency needs called D motives and growth needs (or ‘being’) needs called B motives * Physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs and esteem needs are referred to as deficiency needs He proposed a hierarchy of human needs with phylogenic and ontogenic evolution through the hierarchy. The needs become less biological as one ascends through the hierarchy *Human wil not permanently regress to the lower level. Thorndike >> Law of Effect Drive-Reduction Theory (Hull) Yerkes-Dodson Law > U-shaped curve relates the level of arousal with the performance of an act The optimal discrepancy is the strongest curiosity when information appears different from what we know but is not so dissimilar as to be considered strange or irrelevant. Need for achievement (nAch) is a personality trait measured in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Ekman identified 6 primary human emotions – surprise, fear, sadness, anger, happiness and disgust * also seen in primates to some extent. Plutchik classified primary emotions-anger, disgust, joy, anticipation, fear, acceptance, surprise and sadness . Secondary emotions include love, contempt, submission and disappointment James-Lange theory of emotions>> stimulus leads to bodily (skeletal and visceral) changes. The peripheral responses send feedback to the cortex via thalamus leading to the perception of the emotion Cannon-Bard theory: On the perception of a stimulus, thalamus coordinates signals to cortex leading to a conscious experience and simultaneously sends signals to hypothalamus leading to physiological changes. The thalamus is considered to be cardinal in the emotional appraisal. Schachter-Singer labelling theory: interpreted to either positive or negative and labelled appropriately according to the situational cues, This is also called jukebox theory or two- factor theory. If an appropriate label is not found, by default, negative appreciation of arousal occurs (e.g. ‘dysphoria’ when experiencing boredom) Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory Roseman and Scherer propose eight cognitive appraisal dimensions to distinguish emotional understanding

L10: The mind is divided into three system, the conscious system, the pre-conscious and unconscious The conscious system receive a process information from the outside world its contents communicated via speech and behavior Cathexis is a stable in conscious mind Secondary process thinking mainly Governed by reality principle The unconscious system contains content of censored or repressed wishes primary cross thinking Governed by pleasure principle Shifts of cathexis happen very often and quickly Evidence via parapraxes (Freundian) and dreams The preconscious system maintains the repressive barrier * Freud believed the unconscious stored memories and desires that influenced an individual’s thought process *Carl Jung categorised the unconscious into personal unconscious (holding individual memories/experiences) and collective unconscious (holding memories/experiences of a species passed down through generations). Chronobiology refers to the study of biological rhythms. Processes repeating approximately every 24 h are considered to have a daily rhythm (circadian e.g. Sleep-wake cycle) lasting less than a day are called ultradian (e.g. Daily arousal levels, phased brain activity patterns during sleep) lasting more than a day are called infradian (e.g. Menstrual cycles last 28-30 days). Infradian as a result of seasonal changes in animals e.g. Migration cycles in birds and hibernation in some mammals – these are called circannual rhythms. Biorhythms: Biorhythms are driven mostly by endogenous factors but are entrained by external time cues (called ‘zeitgebers’ or time givers). For example, light is an important zeitgeber without which the sleep- wake circadian cycle may indeed be a 25h cycle instead of the entrained 24h cycle that we have *Life events that disrupt social zeitgebers can increase one’s vulnerability to depression/manic episodes. *The suprachiasmatic nucleus is an internal pacemaker located in the anterior hypothalamus that regulates many biorhythms. Sleep deprivation: perform poorly on monotonous tasks, but optimally on interesting tasks, indicating that the motivation to perform is more affected than one’s performance capacity. With further deprivation, 2-3 second periods of micro-sleep (wherein the individual is unresponsive) are noted. The individual also complains of ‘hat phenomenon’ a feeling that“something is gripping one’s forehead and temples”. Further deprivation this syndrome is termed sleep-deprivation psychosis. REM phases of sleep recover better than NREM sleep, a phenomenon known as REM rebound. Braid defined hypnotism as focused (conscious) attention upon a dominant idea (or suggestion).. Erickson who believed that responses are mediated through an‘unconscious mind’, employed indirect suggestions such as metaphors. Meditation It can help reduce blood pressure, help with anxiety and depression. Trance is a state of consciousness other than normal waking consciousness. It can be associated with hypnosis meditation, prayer and illicit substances.

Sohlberg and Mateer Hierarchy of Attention : Focused attention: The ability to perceive individual items of information (respond discretely to the specific modality of stimuli). Sustained attention: The ability to maintain a consistent behavioural response during continuous and repetitive activity. Also called as (vigilance or concentration ) Selective attention: The ability to avoid distractions from internal or external cues and maintain a behavioural or cognitive set in the face of competing stimuli. Alternating attention: The ability of mental flexibility that allows individuals to shift their focus of attention and move between tasks having different cognitive requirements. Divided attention: This is the highest level of attention ❣️and it refers to the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands. It is much more difficult to achieve within same modality (e.g. Visual) as it is between different modalities (visual and auditory)

Studies of attention in schizophrenia suggest that there is an underlying attentional abnormality for those with a genetic predisposition for psychosis. The overall reaction time is much slower in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives

•Stroop test and letter cancellation tasks can test selective attention

Automatic processing: +Does not require conscious attention +Unaffected by capacity limits +Difficult to modify +E.g. Driving a car or listening to the radio *Controlled processing: +Requires attention +Heavy demands +Slow and capacity limited +E.g. Reading this notes!🙁

Broadbent’s early selection filter theory *Pigeonholing is similar to filtering but selection is not based on physical characters; it is based on categorization. *E.g. If one is asked to attend to the names of animal (a category) from many stimuli, this will take place irrespective of physical characters such as volume, pitch etc. Deutsch-Norman late selection filter model: *This model rejects Broadbent and suggests that filtering occurs only later

visual acuity in newborns is about 20/300 At 2-4 months – depth perception is apparent (as evidenced by visual cliff experiments). By 4 months – accommodation and colour vision seems to be present in most children. By 6 months – 6:6 acuity is achieved

Innate visual processes such as visual scanning, tracking, fixating, figure-ground discrimination are present from birth

A hallucination is often indistinguishable from genuine perception.

Perception could be bottom up theory or top down theory Bottom up theory (Gestlat is an example) start with the optic array Top down theory (Gregory’s theory is an example) from higher cortical area illusions, such as Muller lyer when you compare >----< and<--_>, despite the horizontal line being of same length in both instances, the first one may appear to be longer) support top-down processing

Autokinesis>> This visual illusion can explain UFO sightings and can also affect pilots

The phi phenomenon is a perceptual illusion described by Wertheimer.

All non-pictorial cues are binocular except accommodation monocular❣️❣️

Proximity: •Objects close to each other are perceived as one figure Closure: •Incompletely closed figures are perceived as fully closed Continuity: •Continuous items are perceived as one object. Similarity: •Similar items are grouped together based on colour or shape etc. Common fate: •Things moving together are perceived as one object. This is true at least for 2 dimensional objects though ecological validity is lower for 3D objects

cocktail party phenomena shadowing are called ((dichotic listening test)) *Shadowing (first used by Cherry) * cocktail party effect shows that certain types of stimuli can elicit switching between messages e.g. The physical location of the speaker, the pitch of the voice or the use of familiar stimuli such as the listener’s name. (Lunch-queue effect)