Vitals 4th grade 🚒
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| 2 | The International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE):
*Psychometric trait instrument for the clinical assessment of personality disorders (for those > 5 years age).
*IPDE comprises both a pencil-and-paper self-report screening questionnaire (77 true/false), and semi-structured diagnostic interview rated by trained clinician.
*Compatible with both ICD and DSM classifications of psychiatric disorders.
*Allows for a definite, probable, or negative diagnosis with respect to each personality disorder
*Translated into several foreign languages
*Ratings can be based either on the patient’s answers or informant responses.
*Allows a “past personality disorder” diagnosis prior to the past 12 months
*Allows a “late onset” diagnosis when the diagnostic criteria have only been met after age
25 years. | 191 |
| 3 | Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) is a popular
inventory for measuring personality. It has 10 scales with clinical labels.
It is NOT a projective test.
*Self-report inventory
*Most researched personality inventory
*Developed by Hathaway & McKinley
*567 statements included
*Also contains lie scale (validity component) | 140 |
| 4 | Typology: Early personality theorists such as Sheldon and Kretschmer used body shape based physical types to describe associated personality traits. Kretschmer related body types to personality variations and dispositions to major psychoses (1921).
*Asthenic – thin body; aloof individuals; correlated with schizophrenia
*Pyknic – plump individuals; childish with swings in mood; correlated with manic-
depression
*Athletic – well-built individuals with a steady temperament.
Based on the study of thousands of nude photographs of first year college students, Sheldon proposed three body types (1954).
*Endomorphic – plump and round people who are relaxed and outgoing.
*Mesomorphic – strong and muscular people who are energetic and assertive.
*Ectomorphic – tall and thin people who are fearful and restrained; associated with schizophrenia | 134 |
| 5 | Commonly used tests for measuring IQ
*Stanford-Binet Scale is the first formal IQ test introduced before 1st World War in
1905(used for ages 2 to 18).
*Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-Revised version) is for individuals aged older than 16.
*Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-Revised) is for those aged 6 to 16.
*Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) is for children aged
4 to 6 years old.
*To determine premorbid IQ NART – National Adult Reading Test can be used.
*Raven’s progressive matrices test is a multiple-choice intelligence tests of abstract reasoning that provide culturally unbiased IQ estimates. It is used to test general intellectual ability. It usefully provides an assessment of non-verbal ability, an important feature in ethnically diverse populations | 139 |
| 6 | Liz Sayce (‘Psychiatric patient to citizen’) provides four different models for addressing stigma and social exclusion. These are:
A. Brain disease model – also known as ‘no fault’ approach – it’s an illness like any other. This has the danger of lacking credibility, is too paternalistic and may make ill-person ‘a victim of fate’.
B. Individual growth model – considers a continuum or spectrum of mental health and illness. In this model, good mental health, emotional distress triggered by bereavement and enduring psychosis are related experiences (dimensional). The continuum approach has been critiqued as advocating for the status quo rather than attitude shifts involving cultural change though it is a popular approach particularly in mental health promotion.
Stigma
Liz Sayce (‘Psychiatric patient to citizen’) provides four different models for addressing stigma and social exclusion. These are:
C. Libertarian model – advocates equal rights and equal criminal responsibility for mental health service users. The biggest concern is that the net result will be a series of losses for people with mental health problems rather than gains particularly in the courts and workplace.
D. Disability inclusion model – the favoured approach that promotes the concept of social inclusion on civil rights grounds and not just paternalistic ‘help’. Disability is the impairment plus the effects of socially imposed barriers and prejudices faced by the individual. | 154 |
| 7 |  No text... | 172 |
| 8 | Note 28 May 2024.pdf | 80 |
| 9 | BS:
L2
L9
L10
L11
L14 | 520 |
| 10 |  No text... | 171 |
| 11 |  No text... | 144 |
| 12 |  No text... | 133 |
| 13 | SLEEP & AGEING
*Newborns sleep about 16 hours a day. They spend >50% of sleep time in REM sleep. Sleep onset REM is also seen in neonates.
*By 3-4 months of age, the pattern shifts so that the total percentage of REM sleep drops to less than 40, and entry into sleep occurs with an initial period of NREM sleep.
*By late teens adult pattern of sleep is established.
*In older people: Absolute reduction occurs in both slow-wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep. An increase in frequency of awakenings after sleep onset
also occurs. Older people also experience an increase in sleep latency and a decrease in sleep efficiency | 128 |
| 14 | V waves:
* sharp waves that occur during sleep
* symmetrical
* most evident at the vertex bilaterally | 114 |
| 15 | K complexes:
* large-amplitude delta frequency waves with a sharp apex
* more prominent in the bifrontal regions.
*Usually symmetric
*Semiarousal often follows brief noises | 113 |
| 16 | Sleep spindles
*upper alpha or lower beta frequency
*Duration usually <1second.
*They usually are symmetric
*parasagittal regions. | 111 |
| 17 | NREM (75%)
Stage 1 NREM sleep
- 5% of sleep
- Drowsy period. When awoken from this stage one denies being asleep.
- Shows low voltage theta activity.
Stage 2 NREM sleep
- 45% of sleep
- Shows the development of sleep spindles and K complexes.
Stage 3 NREM sleep
- 12% of sleep
- Shows <50% delta waves.
Stage 4 NREM sleep
- 13% of sleep
- Shows >50% delta waves.
- Physiological functions are at the lowest.
*3&4 initial part of sleep
* Increased parasympathetic activity
* Reduced recall of dreams if awaken.
REM sleep
-25% of adult sleeping time is REM
-EEG shows low-voltage, mixed-frequency (theta and slow alpha) activity similar to an awake state. Sawtooth waves are also seen.
* Darting eye movements are noted in REM despite other muscles being paralysed
*Increased sympathetic activity
*Autonomic functions are active with penile erection or increased
vaginal blood flow
*Increased protein synthesis
*Vivid recall of dream if awaken.
(EEG activity of an awake person: Beta waves during active mental concentration. Alpha waves
when relaxed with eyes closed whilst still awake. Theta waves mark the start of stage 1 of NREM
Sleep). | 134 |
| 18 | Actigraphy: This is used to quantify circadian sleep-wake patterns and to detect movement disorders during sleep; it uses a motion sensor.
*Polysomnography (PSG): This includes EEG, electromyogram (EMG), electrooculogram EOG. ECG, oximetry and respiratory monitor can also be added. PSG helps in the diagnosis and monitoring of sleep apnoea, narcolepsy, restless legs & REM behavioural disorder.
Some of the terms used in PSG are:
•Sleep latency: Time from ‘lights out’ to sleep onset (typically less than 10 minutes in a normal adult).
•REM latency: Time from sleep onset to first REM episode. Normally ~90 minutes in adults.
•Non-REM latency: Time from sleep onset to first Non-REM episode.
•Sleep efficiency: (Total sleep time/total time in bed) X 100.
•Multiple sleep latency test: This is used to assess daytime somnolence and daytime REM onset in narcolepsy | 139 |
| 19 | L14: | 138 |
| 20 |  No text... | 154 |
