MCQs || B21

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'tumor heterogeneity'?

Which of the following is a direct consequence of the activation of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) in tumor cells?

What is the significance of the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Which inherited condition is associated with a defect in DNA mismatch repair, increasing the risk for the development of cancer?

What is the role of the TP53 gene in the context of apoptosis?

What is the primary mechanism by which cancer cells achieve replicative immortality?

Which factor is activated under hypoxic conditions in tumors and leads to the transcription of VEGF genes, promoting angiogenesis?

During the process of metastasis, what is the sequence of steps that tumor cells undergo?

Which gene is primarily involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and is often found activated in follicular lymphoma, protecting tumor cells from apoptosis?

What is the clinical significance of the HER2/neu receptor in breast cancer?

Which of the following best describes the role of driver mutations in cancer?

In the context of cancer, what is the significance of the 'two-hit hypothesis' for tumor suppressor genes?

Which gene is commonly mutated in human cancers and plays a crucial role in cell cycle arrest and DNA repair?

What distinguishes oncogenes from proto-oncogenes?

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of oncogenesis?

What percentage of all human cancers is constituted by hereditary cancers?

Which enzyme family plays a crucial role in the activation of carcinogens to ultimate carcinogens within the liver?

What is the primary cause of skin cancer as identified in the study of carcinogenic agents?

Which lifestyle factor has been directly linked to a reduction in breast cancer risk according to epidemiological studies?

Which carcinogenic agent is responsible for the majority of lung cancer cases attributable to occupational exposure?