Hand Out | FOM 2025

أسئلة الجراحه اللي كانت مبعوته ليلة امتحان الإند 1. Haematuria is a known side effect of which tuberculosis medication A. Ethambutol *B. *Rifampicin** C. Pyrazinimide D. Isoniazid E. Gentamicin 2. A 75-year-old woman being investigated for recurrent urinary tract infections (Proteus on culture) has a staghorn calculus on CT. What is the most likely stone composition? A. Cysteine B. Uric acid *C. Struvite* D. Calcium oxalate E. Hydrogen 3. A 62-year-old woman presents to the GP with intermittent loin to groin pain and visible haematuria. She had also recently been admitted to hospital with acute pancreatitis. What is the likely cause? A. Hyperthyroidism B. Diverticulitis. C. Appendicitis *D. Hyperparathyroidism* E. Pyelonephritis 4. A 22-year-old medical student has recently returned from his elective in Africa and is complaining of fever, abdominal pain and blood in the urine. What is the likely causative organism? A. Plasmodium falciparum *B. Schistosomiasis haematobium* C. Aedes aegypti D E. coli E Pseudomonas 5. A 68-year-old man presents with recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). He has a history of recurrent renal stones and has three previous percutaneous nephrolithotomies in the right kidney. Current evaluation confirms a recurrent 3 cm stone in the right renal pelvis. An isotope study (DMSA) performed 3 months after treatment of his UTI shows 5% function in the right kidney. What is the best treatment strategy for the right renal stone? A. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) B. Flexible ureterorenoscopy (FURS) with stone fragmentation C. Percutaneuos nephrolithotomy (PCNL) *D. Nephrectomy* E. Conservative treatment 6. Which of the following drugs does NOT cause renal failure? A. Gentamicin B. Lithium *C. Tamsulosin* D. Amphotericin B E. ACE inhibitor 7. Which of the following UTIs is a common risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder? A. Staphylococcus aureus *B. Schistosomiasis* C. Escherichia coli D. Proteus mirabilis E. All of the above 8. Which of the following is the most common cause of UTIs? A. Klebsiella B. Proteus mirabilis *C. Escherichia coli* D. Staphylococcus aureus E. None of the above 9. Which of the following steps is NOT required in obtaining a midstream urine (MSU)? *A. Collect the first part of the urinary stream* B. Avoid touching the inside of the sample container C. Clean around the urethral meatus D. Retract the foreskin E. Label the sample bottle with the correct patient details. 10. Fournier's gangrene is uniquely associated with which of these signs? *A. Gas formation between tissue planes* B. Tissue necrosis C. Abscess formation D. Positive urine culture E. None of the above 11. A teenage boy presents with left testicular pain. Which of the following options need to be excluded first? A. Orchitis B. Epididymitis C. Torsion of epididymal appendage *D. Testicular torsion* E. Testicular tumour 12. A 30-year-old man is referred with infertility. Examination revealed epididymal swelling bilaterally. Semen analysis showed azoospermia. What is the most likely the cause of his infertility? A. Orchitis B. Cancer *C. Müllerian duct cyst* D. Cryptorchidism E. Idiopathic 13. Varicocele is present in 10% of patients with infertility A. True *B. False* 14. Which gland is luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from? A. Thyroid gland B. The hypothalamus *C. Pituitary gland* D. Parotid gland E. None of above 15. What is the most important risk of exposure to ionising radiation? *A. Induction of malignancy* B. Alopecia C. Cataracts D. Diarrhoea E. Skin irritation

Causes of Nephritic syndrome للأحتياط ي شباب Primary: 1-Membrano-Proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) 2- IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) 3-Focal Segmental Glomerulonephritis (FSGN) 4-Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Goodpasture syndrome) - very rare Secondary: 1-Post infections: Acute Post Streptococcal glomerulonephritis PSGN (commonest cause) 2-Collagen Vascular Diseases: SLE or Henoch shonlein purpura HSP or "Vasculitis" #Nephro_Questions

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أسئلة المسالك اللي الدكتور بعتهم قبل كدا

كلاكيت أخر مرة.

CAUSES OF POST-INFECTIOUS GN: »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» 1. Group A ẞ-hemolytic streptococci: • Infection occurs in the pharynx or skin (impetigo). • Age group: 6 to 10 yrs. 2. Non-streptococcal post-infectious glomerulonephritis (less common): » Bacteria: 📍Staphylococcus aureus. 📍Pneumococcus. 📍Meningococcus. 📍Endocarditis. » Viral: 📍Hepatitis B and C. 📍Mumps. 📍HIV. 📍Varicella. 📍CMV. 📍EBV. » Parasitic: 📍Malaria. 📍Toxoplasmosis.

CAUSES OF HEMATURIA: »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» 1. Glomerular causes: A. Isolated renal disease: 📍IgA nephropathy. 📍Alport syndrome. 📍Thin glomerular BM nephropathy. 📍Post-infectious GN. B. Multi-system disease: 📍SLE nephritis. 📍HSP nephritis. 📍Polyarteritis nodosa. 📍Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. 📍Sickle cell glomerulopathy. 2. Extra-glomerular causes: 📍Pyelonephritis. 📍Interstitial nephritis. 📍Acute tubular necrosis. 📍Vascular disorders. 📍Polycystic kidney disease. 📍Hydronephrosis. 📍Tumor: Wilms' tumor. 3. Lower urinary tract disorders: 📍Inflammation: • (Infectious and Non-infectious). 📍Cystitis. 📍Urethritis. 📍Urolithiasis. 📍Trauma. CAUSES OF HEMATURIA: »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» 1. Glomerular causes:      A. Isolated renal disease:            📍IgA nephropathy.            📍Alport syndrome.            📍Thin glomerular BM nephropathy.            📍Post-infectious GN.      B. Multi-system disease:            📍SLE nephritis.            📍HSP nephritis.            📍Polyarteritis nodosa.            📍Hemolytic-uremic syndrome.            📍Sickle cell glomerulopathy. 2. Extra-glomerular causes:    📍Pyelonephritis.    📍Interstitial nephritis.    📍Acute tubular necrosis.    📍Vascular disorders.    📍Polycystic kidney disease.    📍Hydronephrosis.    📍Tumor: Wilms' tumor. 3. Lower urinary tract disorders:    📍Inflammation:           • (Infectious and Non-infectious).    📍Cystitis.    📍Urethritis.    📍Urolithiasis.    📍Trauma. #Nephro_Questions

CAUSES OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME: »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» 1. Genetic & Congnital. 2. Idiopathic: 📍Minimal change disease (>80%). 📍Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. 📍Membranous nephropathy. 📍Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis. 📍Mesangial proliferation. 3. Secondary: 📍Infectious: Hepatitis (B,C), HIV, Malaria, Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Endocarditis, CMV. 📍Inflammatory: Glomerulonephritis. 📍Immunological & Allergic: Castleman Disease, Food allergens, Vasculitis syndrome. 📍Neoplastic: Lymphoma, Leukemia 📍Drugs: Penicillamine, Gold, NSAIDs, Mercury, Lithium, Captopril. #Nephro_Questions

أضيفوا عليهم AKI #Nephro_Notes

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