صيدلة بغداد 88 رابعة "ملخصات" 💊

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حل اسئلة مواضيع دكتورة زينب لفاينل الرافدين Q5/6 penicillins or their rearrangement products formed in vivo (e.g., penicillenic acids) react with lysine e-amino groups of proteins to form penicilloy proteins, which are major antigenic determinants unpurified, amorphous preparations than with highly purified, crystalline forms, suggesting that small amounts of highly antigenic penicilloyl proteins Q3/B 3- A) methicillin The absence of the benzyl methylene group of penicillin G and the steric protection afforded by the 2- and 6-methoxy groups make this compound particularly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. Q3/B 2- Substitution of an electron-withdrawing group in the a position of benzylpenicillin markedly stabilizes the penicillin to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Thus, phenoxymethylpenicillin, a-aminobenzylpenicillin (ampicillin), and a-halobenzylpenicillin better

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Cadmium Target: Liver is the primary associated with lung and prostate cancers lung damage and fatality Mechanism: oxidative stress or lipid peroxidation of cell membranes not form stable DNA adducts but stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits DNA repair. Uses: Cadmium (Cd) sulfate is used as an astringent automatic sprinkler systems Cd salts are also used in photography and in the manufacture of fireworks rubber, fluorescen Signs and symptoms: metal fume fever Cd oxide fume is a severe pulmonary irritant pulmonary edema and death In bone: osteoporosis and osteomalacia yellow discoloration of the teeth olfactory nerve loss sense - Kindy cancer Lead Pb كلش يشبه Ca اخطر المعادن الموجودة Target:Pb toxicity affects virtually all organs and systems of the body Mechanism: -ability to inhibit or mimic the action of calcium (Ca) -interfere with vital proteins by binding to sulfhydryl, amine, phosphate, and carboxyl groups Pb increases intracellular levels of Ca (Contraction) In bone, Pb alters circulating levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, affecting Ca homeostasis and bone cell function. heme biosynthesis by interfering with ferrochelatase, ALAS (aminolevulinic acid synthetase), and ALAD (aminolevulinic acid dehydrase) Signs and Symptoms stupor, coma, seizures, and optic neuritis cramping colicky abdominal pain Severe abdominal pain is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and bloody stools. infertility in men, spontaneous abortions method of choice for determination of Pb exposure was the erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) Insensitive 10-25 not recommended for tracking childhood Treatment DMSA (succimer) is the only FDA-approved orally for 45 Pb dimercaprol CaNa2-EDTA Penicillamine

Copper (Cu) curative powers (antibacterial and antifungal properties) Promote wound healing in NSAIDs part of the prosthetic group of proteins Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, Cu protects against free radical damage necessary for aerobic enzymes cytochrome c oxidase lysyl oxidase dopamine b-hydroxylase Cu deficiency: bone fragility hypothermia anemia Mechanism -direct irritation of stomach by Cu ions -Fenton-type reactions (lysosomal lipid peroxidation) Signs and Symptoms Acute acute hemolysis hemoglobinuria bleeding (ulceration) Chronic -liver is the major target of chronic Wilson’s disease (accumulation of Cu) jaundice hypotension tachycardia tachypnea Treatment milk or water prior to gastric lavage activated charcoal CaNa2-EDTA or intramuscular dimercaprol

Mercury (Hg) organic mercurial as the most toxic forms major pollutants of the biosphere accumulates in fish و بالطحالب Minamata disease Most human exposure to Hg is by inhalation Signs and Symptoms Acute: Contact dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, acrodynia (pink disease) shock, and cardiovascular collapse Chronic: major Hg toxicity are neurologic include, in order paresthesia ataxia dysarthria deafness Degeneration in occipital cortex major clinical symptoms of methyl Hg toxicity are neurologic Treatment: protein solution activated charcoal Gastric lavage Emesis although contraindicated Mechanism disruption of microtubule formation الميكانزم 8 نقاط هاي اهم↗️ IRON (Fe) Target:the liver, heart, and pancreatic beta cells average adult human stores about 3.9 to 4.5 g of Fe 65% is bound to hemoglobin. 20-30% is bound to the Fe storage ferritin Fe is required for oxidative phosphorylation and Myeloperoxidase Fe tend to amplify oxidant damage via the Fenton reaction. Signs and Symptoms 1-GIT Toxicity occurs within a few hours of ingestion 2)relative stability 6 to 12 hr after ingestion 3)Acidosis & Cardiogenic shock usually occurs 24 to 48 h 4)Hepatotoxicity occurs within 2 days of ingestion 5)GI scarring occurs 2 to 4 weeks after ingestion Hemosiderosis excess Fe intake hematochromatosis Cirrhosis hepatoma Treatment: Deferoxamine is an Fe chelator