صيدلة بغداد 88 رابعة "ملخصات" 💊
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Channel Posts
| 2 | Organic chemistry Dr.Mohammed
(Quiz) | 610 |
| 3 | حل اسئلة مواضيع دكتورة زينب لفاينل الرافدين
Q5/6
penicillins or their rearrangement products formed in vivo (e.g., penicillenic acids) react with lysine e-amino groups of proteins to form penicilloy proteins, which are major antigenic determinants
unpurified, amorphous preparations than with highly purified, crystalline forms, suggesting that small amounts of highly antigenic penicilloyl proteins
Q3/B
3-
A) methicillin
The absence of the benzyl methylene group of penicillin G and the steric protection afforded by the 2- and 6-methoxy groups make this compound particularly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Q3/B
2-
Substitution of an electron-withdrawing group in the a position of benzylpenicillin markedly stabilizes the penicillin to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Thus, phenoxymethylpenicillin, a-aminobenzylpenicillin (ampicillin), and a-halobenzylpenicillin better | 565 |
| 4 | Organic chemistry 🧪
Dr.mohammed
(ملخص)
كورس ثاني | 484 |
| 5 | Organic chemistry Dr.Zainab Final
(Quiz) | 671 |
| 6 | حل اسئلة د.محمد عضوية
فاينل كلية الرافدين | 1 738 |
| 7 | عضوية د.محمد بعد المد كاملة
التأشير هاي السنة
(اكو تكملة مهمة بالتعليق)
#عضوية | 853 |
| 8 | الباقي من الملخص 🤝 | 613 |
| 9 |  +1+الثاني نصا و الاول غير مباشر | 594 |
| 10 | +4 اجن | 486 |
| 11 | نصا 😂 | 366 |
| 12 | Lec4 Toxicology Heavy metals
د.علي فارس (ملخص)
Toxicology 👾
الملخص بدون ملاحظات البصمة* | 423 |
| 13 | Cadmium
Target: Liver is the primary
associated with lung and prostate cancers
lung damage and fatality
Mechanism:
oxidative stress or lipid
peroxidation of cell membranes
not form stable DNA adducts but stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits DNA repair.
Uses:
Cadmium (Cd) sulfate is used as an astringent
automatic sprinkler
systems
Cd salts are also used in
photography and in the manufacture of fireworks rubber, fluorescen
Signs and symptoms:
metal fume fever
Cd oxide fume is a severe pulmonary irritant
pulmonary edema and death
In bone:
osteoporosis and osteomalacia
yellow discoloration of the teeth
olfactory nerve loss sense - Kindy cancer
Lead Pb
كلش يشبه Ca اخطر المعادن الموجودة
Target:Pb toxicity affects virtually all organs and systems of the body
Mechanism:
-ability to inhibit or mimic the action of calcium (Ca)
-interfere with vital proteins by binding to sulfhydryl, amine,
phosphate, and carboxyl groups
Pb increases intracellular levels of Ca (Contraction)
In bone, Pb alters circulating levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, affecting Ca homeostasis and bone cell function.
heme biosynthesis by interfering with
ferrochelatase, ALAS (aminolevulinic acid synthetase), and
ALAD (aminolevulinic acid dehydrase)
Signs and Symptoms
stupor, coma, seizures, and optic neuritis
cramping colicky abdominal pain
Severe abdominal pain is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and
bloody stools.
infertility in men, spontaneous
abortions
method of choice for determination of Pb exposure was the erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP)
Insensitive 10-25
not recommended for tracking childhood
Treatment
DMSA (succimer) is the only FDA-approved orally for 45 Pb
dimercaprol
CaNa2-EDTA
Penicillamine | 331 |
| 14 | Copper (Cu)
curative powers (antibacterial and antifungal properties)
Promote wound healing in NSAIDs
part of the prosthetic group of proteins
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, Cu protects against free radical damage
necessary for aerobic enzymes
cytochrome c oxidase
lysyl oxidase
dopamine b-hydroxylase
Cu deficiency:
bone fragility
hypothermia
anemia
Mechanism
-direct irritation of stomach by Cu ions
-Fenton-type reactions (lysosomal lipid peroxidation)
Signs and Symptoms
Acute
acute hemolysis
hemoglobinuria
bleeding (ulceration)
Chronic
-liver is the major target of chronic
Wilson’s disease (accumulation of Cu)
jaundice
hypotension
tachycardia
tachypnea
Treatment
milk or water prior to gastric lavage
activated charcoal
CaNa2-EDTA or intramuscular dimercaprol | 266 |
| 15 | Mercury (Hg)
organic mercurial as the most toxic forms
major pollutants of the biosphere
accumulates in fish
و بالطحالب
Minamata disease
Most human exposure to Hg is by inhalation
Signs and Symptoms
Acute:
Contact dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, acrodynia (pink disease)
shock, and cardiovascular collapse
Chronic:
major Hg toxicity are neurologic
include, in order
paresthesia
ataxia
dysarthria
deafness
Degeneration in occipital cortex
major clinical symptoms of methyl Hg toxicity are neurologic
Treatment:
protein solution
activated charcoal
Gastric lavage
Emesis although contraindicated
Mechanism
disruption of microtubule formation
الميكانزم 8 نقاط هاي اهم↗️
IRON (Fe)
Target:the liver, heart, and pancreatic beta cells
average adult human stores about 3.9 to 4.5 g of Fe
65% is bound to hemoglobin.
20-30% is bound to the Fe storage ferritin
Fe is required for oxidative phosphorylation and Myeloperoxidase
Fe tend to amplify oxidant damage via the Fenton
reaction.
Signs and Symptoms
1-GIT Toxicity occurs within a few hours of ingestion
2)relative stability 6 to 12 hr after ingestion
3)Acidosis & Cardiogenic shock
usually occurs 24 to 48 h
4)Hepatotoxicity occurs within 2 days of ingestion
5)GI scarring occurs 2 to 4 weeks after ingestion
Hemosiderosis
excess Fe intake
hematochromatosis
Cirrhosis
hepatoma
Treatment: Deferoxamine is an Fe chelator | 349 |
| 16 | +1 Immunotoxicants
Lec2
د.علي فارس (ملخص)
Toxicology 👾 | 555 |
| 17 | د.علي جبار محاضرة 7
(MCQ) | 506 |
| 18 | د.علي جبار محاضرة 6
(MCQ) | 484 |
| 19 | د.علي جبار محاضرة 5
(Review) | 442 |
| 20 | د.علي جبار محاضرة 4
(MCQ) | 461 |
