Physiotherapy 3rd Year Notes

Gout is a type of arthritis that results from the deposition of uric acid crystals in joints, leading to inflammation and pain. It is characterized by recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis, most commonly affecting the big toe. Epidemiology: • Gout is a common form of arthritis, affecting 3-4% of the population. • It is more common in men than women and typically occurs after the age of 30. Pathophysiology: • Gout is caused by an accumulation of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia). • When the concentration of uric acid exceeds its solubility limit, it precipitates as monosodium urate crystals in the joints, causing inflammation and pain. • The big toe is the most commonly affected joint, but gout can also affect the ankles, knees, wrists, and elbows. Clinical features: • The hallmark of gout is acute onset of severe joint pain, swelling, and redness, usually affecting the big toe. • The affected joint is often warm to the touch and extremely tender. • Fever may be present in some cases. • If left untreated, gout can lead to chronic joint damage and deformity. Diagnosis: • Diagnosis of gout is based on the presence of characteristic symptoms and the identification of uric acid crystals in joint fluid under a microscope. • Blood tests can help to confirm the diagnosis by demonstrating elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. • Imaging tests such as X-ray or ultrasound may be used to assess for joint damage. Management: • Treatment of acute gout attacks typically involves nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, or steroids to reduce inflammation and pain. • Long-term management of gout involves lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, dietary changes (such as limiting purine-rich foods), and increasing fluid intake. • Medications such as allopurinol or febuxostat may be used to lower uric acid levels and prevent further attacks. Complications: • Chronic gout can lead to joint damage and deformity. • In some cases, tophi (collections of uric acid crystals) can form under the skin or in the joints, causing chronic inflammation and pain. • Kidney stones may also develop in individuals with gout due to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the kidneys.

Osteoporosis (Ortho)

Difference between Osteoporosis and Osteomyelitis?