Библиотека Python разработчика | Книги по питону
Погружение в CPython и архитектуру. Разбираем неочевидное поведение (GIL, Memory), Best Practices (SOLID, DDD) и тонкости Django/FastAPI. Решаем задачи с подвохом и оптимизируем алгоритмы. 🐍 По всем вопросам @evgenycarter РКН clck.ru/3Ko7Hq
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“Погружение в CPython и архитектуру. Разбираем неочевидное поведение (GIL, Memory), Best Practices (SOLID, DDD) и тонкости Django/FastAPI. Решаем задачи с подвохом и оптимизируем алгоритмы. 🐍
По всем вопросам @evgenycarter
РКН clck.ru/3Ko7Hq”
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__del__, который вызовется автоматически при удалении объекта.
Вообще деструкторы крайне редко переопределяется в Python, но полезно знать, что именно эти методы отвечают за очистку при удалении объекта.sorted with the custom key function:
>>> d = dict(a=1, c=3, b=2)
>>> sorted(d.items(), key=lambda item: item[1])
[('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
However, such function already exists in the operator module:
>>> sorted(d.items(), key=itemgetter(1))
[('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
You can also sort keys instead of items:
>>> sorted(d, key=lambda k: d[k])
['a', 'b', 'c']
Again, this lambda can be replaced with the already existing method:
>>> sorted(d, key=d.get)
['a', 'b', 'c']__new__ method. Even if you provide custom __new__ for your class, you have to call super().__new__(...).
You might think that object.__new__ is a root implementation that is responsible for the creation of all objects. That is not entirely true. There are several such implementations, and they are incompatible. For example, dict has its own low-level __new__ and objects of types derived from dict can't be created with object.__new__:
In : class D(dict):
...: pass
...:
In : class A:
...: pass
...:
In : object.__new__(A)
Out: <__main__.A at 0x7f200c8902e8>
In : object.__new__(D)
...
TypeError: object.__new__(D) is not safe,
use D.__new__()itertools.islice. It lets you iterate over the part of the list, but doesn't support indexing or modification.
To achieve more than this, we have to write a custom class. Luckily Python provides the suitable abstract base class: collections.abc.MutableSequence. You only need to override __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__, __len__ and insert.
This is the example of how you do it. It doesn't support deletion and inserting, but supports slicing slices and modifications.next(x) returns the new value from the x iterator unless an exception is raised. If this is StopIteration, it means the iterator is exhausted and can supply no more values. If a generator is iterated, it automatically raises StopIteration upon the end of the body:
>>> def one_two():
... yield 1
... yield 2
...
>>> i = one_two()
>>> next(i)
1
>>> next(i)
2
>>> next(i)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration
StopIteration is automatically handled by tools that calls next for you:
>>> list(one_two())
[1, 2]
The problem is, any unexpected StopIteration that is raised within a generator causes it to stop silently instead of actually raising an exception:
def one_two():
yield 1
yield 2
def one_two_repeat(n):
for _ in range(n):
i = one_two()
yield next(i)
yield next(i)
yield next(i)
print(list(one_two_repeat(3)))
The last yield here is a mistake: StopIteration is raised and makes list(...) to stop the iteration. The result is [1, 2], surprisingly.
However, that was changed in Python 3.7. Such foreign StopIteration is now replaced with RuntimeError:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 10, in one_two_repeat
yield next(i)
StopIteration
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 12, in <module>
print(list(one_two_repeat(3)))
RuntimeError: generator raised StopIteration
You can enable the same behavior since python3.5 by from __future__ import generator_stop.stdout instead of providing some API that is usable within a program (returning a string, for example).
Instead of refactoring such code you may use the contextlib.redirect_stdout context manager that allows temporary redirecting stdout to any custom file-like object. In conjuncture with io.StringIO, it allows capturing output to a variable.
from contextlib import redirect_stdout
from io import StringIO
s = StringIO()
with redirect_stdout(s):
print(42)
print(s.getvalue())
There is also contextlib.redirect_stderr available for redirecting sys.stderr.
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