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Channel Posts
#ملخصات
بايو ملخص amino acid على شرح د. احمد الطويل
محمد طويل / قائمه تشغيل
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1rwcXyr-ClBTr8m8KCywLMMoSIqZprjM
| 2 | #شروحات
الانزيمات اول ثلاث ملازم | 0 |
| 3 | #ملخص_سبورة
Lab 3+4
Part 4
7) Lead acetate test or unoxidizedsulfur test: amino acid will reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium sulfide and sodium sulfide will reacts with lead acetate and give lead sulfide which is black precipitate and also give sodium acetate
Result: cysteine ( sulfhydryl) and cystine ( disulfide) give positive result
Color: grey black precipitate
Reagent: sodium hydroxide and lead acetate
- It's specific test for cysteine and cystine
- Methionine is thioether don't give positive result because sodium hydroxide cannot break thioether bond
8) Sodium nitroprusside test: cysteine will reacts with sodium hydroxide to give serine and sodium sulfide and then sodium sulfide will reacts with sodium nitroprusside to give color complex
Result: Cysteine give positive result while cystine give negative result
Color: complex color
Reagent: sodium nitroprusside and sodium hydroxide
- Strong alkali ( Naoh) is added to release sulfhydryl from cysteine molecule
- حتى نفرق بين ال cysteine وال cystine بعد مانطوا اثنينهم positive result بال lead acetate test نستخدم هذا التيست
- ال casein الي هو ال millk protein مابيه cysteine فمراح ينطي positive لا بال lead acetate ولا بال sodium nitroprusside
- ال gelatin مابيه cysteine ولا tyrosine ولا tryptophan فيعني راح ينطي negative بال Millon وال Hopkins و lead acetate و sodium nitroprusside
- البروتينات تنطي positive بهذا التيست بس تحتاج Heating
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| 4 | #ملخص_سبورة
Lab 3+4
Part 3
5) Hopkins - Cole test : Is specefic test for tryptophan in this test oxidation of aldehyde group of glyoxylic acid occur and then dehydration and condensation and give pale violet ring
Result: Tryptophan give positive test
Color: pale violet ring
Reagent: glacial acetic acid and sulphuric acid. glacial acetic acid contain impurities that contain glyoxylic acid which is very instable substance so we add sulphuric acid to stablize the glyoxylic acid and prevent the decomposition
- اذا ردنة نفرق بين ال tyrosine وال tryptophan بعد مانطوا اثنينهم positive result بال xynthoproteic test نستخدم ال Hopkins- Cole test اذا طلع positive ف tryptophan واذا negative ف tyrosine
6) Pauly's test: Diazobenzene sulphanilic acid will reacts with Imidazole ring of histidine or phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine in alkali medium
Result: histidine give positive result if we use sulphanilic acid and sodium nitrate while tyrosine give positive result if we add sodium carbonate to sulphanilic acid and sodium nitrate
Reagent: Sulphanilic acid + sodium nitrate for histidine and Sulphanilic acid + sodium nitrate + sodium carbonate for tyrosine
- We add sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate to make the medium alkaline
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| 5 | #ملخص_سبورة
Lab 3+4
Part 2
3) Millon`s test : Is specefic for phenolic hydroxyl group like tyrosine and salicylic acid in this test nitration of phenol group occur and then condensation with mercury and give red color
Result: Tyrosine and salicylic acid give positive result
Color: red color
Reagent: Mercuric and mercurous nitrates in HNO3 and HNO2
- حتى نفرق بين ال salicylic acid وال tyrosine نستخدم ال Ninhydrin test ال tyrosine ينطي positive وال salicylic acid ينطي negative
4) Xynthoproteic test: is specefic test for aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan) in this test nitration of amino acid will occur.
Result: Tyrosine and tryptophan give positive result while phenyl alanine give negative result
Color: yellow.
Reagent: Nitric acid
- If we add alkali after nitration the color will change to orange because ionization will occurs
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| 6 | #ملخص_سبورة
#بايو_عملي
Lab 3+4
Part 1
1) Biuret test: based on reaction of cupric ion cu+2 in alkaline solution with peptide linkage of protein to give purple color this color is caused by the coordination complex of the copper atom and nitrogen atoms of two peptide chains.
Result : Give positive test for proteins only
Color: purple ( violet)
- This test is specefic for peptides bond only so only proteins gives positive result because they contain peptide bond
- It's quantitative and qualitative test
- المكونات المستخدمة بهذا التيست واستخداماتهن :
- Sodium hydroxide: makes the medium alkaline.
- Copper sulphate: form copper atom.
- Sodium potassium tartrate : stabilize the Copper atom
2) Ninhydrin test : Ninhydrin will reacts with an alpha amino acids to give blue violet products in this reaction Ninhydrin will oxidize amino acid to liberate ammonia and carbon dioxide and Ninhydrin will be reduced.
Result : Give positive test for all amino acids except proline and hydroxyproline
Reagent: Ninhydrin in water saturated butanol
Color: Blue violet except proline give pale yellow
- It's quantitative and qualitative test
- Proline and hydroxyproline give negative result because they contain an imino acids instead of an alpha amino acid
- Ninhydrin is an oxidizing agent
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| 7 | #ملخص_سبورة
#بايو_عملي
Lab 5
- Fibrous proteins are insoluble example collagen, elastin and fibrin
- Globular proteins are water soluble examples : hemoglobin and albumin
- The shape of globular proteins: globules round or spherical
- The shape of fibrous proteins: Long and narrow strands
- The arrangement of amino acids in globular proteins is irregular
- The arrangement of amino acids in fibrous proteins is repetitive
- Globular proteins are affected by pH, ionic strength, salts of heavy metals, the dielectric constant of the solvent and heating. While fibrous proteins are not effected by these changes
- Globular proteins function: are functional proteins
- Fibrous proteins function: are structural proteins
- At low pH ( acidic) amino groups of protein will ionized and protein will contain positive charge and repulsion will accure
- At isoelectric point the precipitation of protein will occurs
- At high pH ( basic) the carboxyl group of protein will ionized and protein will contain negative charge and repulsion will accure
- Effect of pH on proteins is reversible
- Salting in : increase solubility of protein by addition of neutral salt at low concentration
- Salting out : decrease solubility of protein by addition of neutral salt at high concentration
- The solubility of neutral salt is higher than protein
- Effect of ionic strength on proteins is reversible
- At low concentration the neutral salt will cause salting in and in high concentration will cause salting out
- cupper sulphate is 4 times more effective on ionic strength than sodium chloride
- When dielectric constant increase the solubility will increase
- Water have the highest dielectric constant then ethanol then acetone then diethyl ether then chloroform then carbon tetrachloride
- Alcohols cause denaturation to globular proteins
- Microorganism is globular protein
- Alkaloids reacts with the amino group of protein while heavy metals reacts with carboxyl group
- Heating effect on proteins is irreversible
- There is Inverse relationship between dielectric constant and attractive force
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| 8 | Autoimmunity lec4
- Antibody that forms in hyperthyroidism will make blocking to feedback process
- Cortisone act as anti inflammatory by stabilizing the plasma membrane of lymphocytes
Q/ Describe the pathophysiology of Graves’ disease.
Ans: The body will form antibodies against thyroid stimulating hormone receptor which will stimulate thyroid gland to produce large amounts of thyroid hormones and it leads to hyperthyroidism
Q/ Describe the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Ans: The body will form antibodies against DNA and RNA which will cause widespread inflammation and tissue damage to the affected organs.
Q/ Describe the pathophysiology of pernicious anemia.
Ans: Antibodies will form against parietal cells and thus will lead to decrease in intrinsic factor secretion and thus will lead to decrease vitamin B12 absorption which lead to megaloblastic anemia.
- Megaloblastic anemia: is characterized by very large blood cells and decrease in the number of those cells
- Favism is genetic disease that affects people with deficiency in enzyme G6PD
( glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase) cause decrease in blood platelets
- Rheumatoid arthritis can occurs in heart
Q/ Describe the edema formation in chronic diabetic patient.
Ans: Because of proteinuria decrease in osmotic colloidal pressure will occur which will cause edema.
- Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a slow-progressing form of autoimmune diabetes. Like the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes, LADA occurs because your pancreas stops producing adequate insulin, most likely from some "insult" that slowly damages the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
انتهى | 0 |
| 9 | Autoimmunity lec3
Q/ Describe the pathophysiology of Nephritic syndrome in case of Goodpasture’s syndrome.
Ans: Antibody will form against alpha 3 chain of type 4 collagen in the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes which will damage lung and kidney and it will cause hemorrhage in the lung and hematuria
- Gram negative bacteria activate B cells because of lipopolysaccharide
- Gram positive bacteria contain exotoxins
- Central tolerance is a state of immune tolerance that is induced originally in the thymus and bone marrow.
- Peripheral tolerance is a state of immune tolerance that is induced originally in the lymph nodes and other tissues.
Q/ Explain the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
Ans: IgM-IgG complement complex will form against the synovial membrane of the joint and it will become inflamed and swollen and will cause cartilage destruction
Q/ Describe the pathophysiology of vegetative endocarditis.
Ans: In vegetative endocarditis streptococcus pneumonia have similarity in antigenic determinants within the mitral valve of the heart when the body form antibody against this antigen consequently will cause reaction with mitral valve so will appear like antigen antibody complex that will cause vegetative endocarditis | 0 |
| 10 | Autoimmunity Lec2
- Type of tissue in central nervous system is white matter in medulla and grey matter in cortex in brain and in spinal cord is reverse white matter outside and grey matter inside
- White matter contains nerve fibers axons
- Grey matter contains cell bodies of neurons
- Myelin sheath is produced by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS
- Type of necrosis in the brain is liquefactive necrosis
- nerve cells initiate action potential but can’t undergo to postmitotic
- glial clls can’t initiate action potential but undergo to postmitotic
- Sclerosis in the CNS means gliosis and means glial cells proliferation
- Multiple sclerosis is related to infections like bacteremia, septicemia and toxemia
- Bacteremia means bacteria in blood.
- Septicemia means pyogenic microorganism, it’s toxin and it’s clinical manifestations presence in blood
- Toxemia is presence of toxin in the blood
- Scaring in general means : deposition of fibrous connective tissue
- Scaring in the brain means : increase of glial cells( astrocyte )dividing
- Goodpasture’s syndrome characterized by pulmonary hemorrhage and hematuria
- Type of glomerulonephritis in Goodpasture’s syndrome is nephritic syndrome
Q/ Describe the pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis due to chronic influenza A infection
Ans: Infection by influenza type A cause damage to basement membrane of kidney and lung alpha 3 chain of type 4 collagen will appear and the body will make antibody against it which will damage kidney and lung which will cause hematuria and hemorrhage of lung
- Alpha benzo pyrene is carcinogenic material found in cigarettes | 0 |
| 11 | Autoimmunity lec1
- Humoral immunity B lymphocytes responsible for this type of immunity
- Cellular immunity T lymphocytes responsible for this type of immunity
Q/ Describe the pathophysiology of Addison’s disease.
Ans: In Addison’s disease the immune system attack the cortex of adrenal gland where cortisol and aldosterone are made.
- antigen = xenobiotic = foreigen body
- diabetes mellitus type 1 is autoimmune disease
- Paratope: is part of antibody which recognize and binds to antigen
- Synovitis: is inflammation of synovial membrane
- In myasthenia gravis autoantibody production is type of cellular immunity | 0 |
| 12 | #ملخصات
#بايو_نظري
#Immunity
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| 13 | Renal system lec5
- Lose of potassium in diabetes insipidus due to polyurea
- Carcinoma means the cancer cell arise from epithelial or endothelial tissue
- Sarcoma means the cancer cells arise from connective tissue
- Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the place were they first formed to another part of the body.
- Metastases is spread of cancer cells from one organ to another and implantation of cells will occur | 0 |
| 14 | Renal system lec4
- The most common cause of glomerulonephritis is autoimmune reaction
- The major immunoglobulin in glomerulonephritis is IgG
- polyartritis : inflamation of all arteries in the body
- Hypoproteinemia will lead to decrease in plasma colloid osmotic pressure so edema will occur
- Uremia is presence of urea in blood
- hematuria is presence of blood in the urine
- Azotemia presence of waste products of nitrogen in blood
- streptococcus cause glomerulonephritis
- Generalized edema called anasarca
Q/ Describe the type of edema induced by nephrotic syndrome.
ANS: It’s clinical manifestations characterized by hypoalbuminemia which will lead to decrease in osmotic colloidal pressure which will lead to edema formation and the type of edema is anasarca
- Oliguria occurs in nephrotic syndrome due to edema which is retention of fluid so small amounts of fluids will excreted | 0 |
| 15 | Renal system Lec3
- Ischemia: is partial or complete lack of blood supply which leads to hypoxia
Stenosis: narrowing of glomeruolar artery which leads to decrease in blood that pass through glomeruolar artery and causing decrease in GFR
-JGC produce rennin
- Conditions that effects arterial circulation to the kidneys are shock, thrombosis, embolism, atherosclerosis.
- Dysplasia: abnormal growth of cells caused by fibromuscular reaction, genetic, toxic and lipid peroxidation
- metaplasia and dysplasia are first step to growth cancer
- Another name for lipid peroxidation is oxido reductive stress
- Growth factors: insulin and growth hormone
- Endothilin is cytokine
- The most important lipid profile in diabetic patient is triglyceride
Q/ What are the factors that participate in pathogenesis of Ischemic nephropathy?
Ans: Renin angiotesnsin system, growth factors ,cytokines and chemokines
-Podocytes: Are specialized epithelial that cover the outer surfaces of glomeruolar capillaries
- The important part in kidny that effects in Diabetic Nephropathy is glomerulus
- Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a slow-progressing form of autoimmune diabetes. Like the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes, LADA occurs because your pancreas stops producing adequate insulin, most likely from some "insult" that slowly damages the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Edema in nephrotic syndrome is due to decrease in osmotic pressure
- Cisplatin: is anticancer drug shifting of cells to apoptosis
- Active ingredient of vitamin E is tocopherol
- Methotrexate: use as anticancer and for rheumatoid arthritis | 0 |
| 16 | Renal system lec2
- ال acute renal failure يعتبر reversible وال chronic يعتبر irreversible
- السبب الرئيسي لل chronic renal failure هو ال autoimmune disease الي هو glomerulonephritis يعتبر
Antigen antibody complement complex reaction
- Pylelonephritis is caused by pyogenic microorganism
- ال obstruction مال ال tubules هم يسبب chronic renal failure والتعرض لل chemicals هم يسبب chronic renal failure
Q/ Why hypertension in diabetic patients can lead to renal failure?
Ans: The diabetic patients have hyperglycemia which will effect the osmolarity of afferent glomeruolar artery and excessive production of renin will occur so increase in hypertension will occurs.
- Gout disease cause increase in urate, calcium and deposition in joints
Q/ Desecribe the pathophysiology of urolithiasis in patient with hyperparathyroidism.
Ans: Parathyroid is responsible for the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and hyperparathyroidism there is excessive production of parathyroid hormone so increase of calcium in blood will occurs and deposition of calcium will occurs in kidney so urolithiasis will occurs
- Calculogenic are factors induce crystal formation
- Cushing's syndrome: is disorder occurs when your body makes too much of hormone cortisol ( stress hormone). Signs and symptoms abdominal obesity, hypertension, thin legs and arms and reddish stretch marks , round face
-Paget's disease: is chronic bone disorder in this disease there's excessive breakdown and regrowth of bone
- Aneurysm occurs in aorta and decrease in smooth muscle cells and bundles , elastic tissue and retroplasia will occurs muocoid like cells will accumulate | 0 |
| 17 | Renal system Lec1
- ال hilum يدخل من خلالهة ال vein وال artery وال ureter
- Medulla : are pyramidal structures
- Calyx forms renal pelvis
- Kidney is endocrine organ
تفرز ال renin الي يروح للدم مباشرة فيعني يعتبر endocrine
- Kidney secrete erythropoietin which stimulate the production of red blood cells.
- Kidney secrecte active form of vitamin D3 which called cholecalciferol
- secreation of renin from JGC ( juxtaglumrular cell )
- Glomerulus are tough of capillaries
- Renal corpuscle = glomerulus + Baumann capsule
- proximal conoluted tubule contains Brush border whrease distal convoluted tubule doesnt contain .
👆🏻 وظيفتها تزيد المساحة السطحية
- Nephron consist of renal corpuscle , proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of henle and macula densa
- Hematuria: presence of blood in urine.
- Hemoglobinuria: presence of hemoglobin in the urine
- Proteinuria: presence of protein in urea
- Macula densa: is certain part of distal convoluted tubule undergoes modification give signal to juxtaglomerular cell in afferent glomeruolar artery to secrete renin
- Calcification in kidney is metastatic or dystrophic
- Thirst stimulate the secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Q/Why is creatinine a biomarker for kidney function test?
Ans: Creatinine is found in serum, plasma, and urine and is excreted by glomerular filtration at a constant rate and in the same concentration as in plasma. Creatinine is a more reliable indicator of renal function than BUN because it is less influenced by other factors such as diet and hydration. | 0 |
| 18 | #ملخصات
#بايو_نظري
#renal
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| 19 | #ملخصات
#باثو_نظري د. اجود
Lec 1
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| 20 | +5 #ملخصات الانزيمات اول اربع ملازم
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