Grammar Notes
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ā Kanal rivojiga hissa qo'shish uchun quyidagi havola orqali o'tib, donat (ehson) qilish mumkin. Bu mutlaqo xavfsiz. āļø https://tirikchilik.uz/grammarnotes Donat uchun karta raqami: 8600332998853000 š Kanal asoschisi: @kh_atajanov
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Channel Posts
ā”ļø Assalomu alaykum, hurmatli kanal a'zolari! Ko'pdan beri kanal bilan ishlay olmayapman.
Kanalni sotib olishga qiziquvchilar bo'lsa, kanalni ularga topshirishim mumkin.
Murojaat uchun @kh_atajanov ga yozing.
| 2 | šDars #132 every/each so'zlarining qo'llanishi
ā³ļø every - har degan ma'noni anglatadi va birlikdagi sanaladigan ot bilan qoŹ»llaniladi
šøEvery sentence must have a verb. (Har gapda (hamma gaplarda) fe'l boŹ»lishi lozim.)
ā³ļø each - har bir degan ma'noni anglatadi va birlikdagi sanaladigan otlar oldidan yoki oŹ»zi yolg'iz qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
šøStudy each sentence carefully. (Har bir gapni diqqat bilan oŹ»rganing)
š” Bu ikkala olmosh odatda bir xil qoŹ»llanadi.
šøEvery room/each room has a number. (Har xonaning/ har bir xonaning oŹ»z raqami bor)
ā³ļøAmmo ular orasida biroz farq bor. Every umumiylik ma'nosiga, each alohidalik ma'nosiga ega.
āŖļøevery person - hamma / har shaxs / hamma odam degan ma'noni beradi.
āŖļøeach person - har bir odam degan ma'noni bildiradi.
šøI go for a walk every day but each day seemed to pass very slowly. (Men har kuni sayrga chiqaman, lekin har bir kun juda sekin oŹ»tadigandek tuyulardi)
šøEvery guest watched as the President came in. (Hamma mehmon Prezident kirishini kuzatishdi)
šøEach guest shook hands with him. (Har bir mehmon u bilan qoŹ»l berib koŹ»rishdi)
ā³ļø every olmoshi uch va undan ortiq koŹ»p miqdordagi otlar uchun qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøThere were cars parked along every street in town.
ā³ļø each olmoshi ikki yoki kam miqdordagi otlar uchun qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøThere were cars parked along each side of the street.
ā³ļø each olmoshi yolg'iz holda yoki of soŹ»zi bilan qoŹ»llanilishi mumkin . every olmosh yolg'iz oŹ»zi yoki of soŹ»zi bilan qoŹ»llanilmaydi.
šøThere are six flats. Each has its own entrance. (every has emas.)
šøEach of the six flats has its own entrance. (every of the flats emas.)
ā³ļø each olmoshi gap oŹ»rtasida kela oladi.
šø We've each got our own desk.
šø They gave us each a desk.
ā³ļø every olmoshi birlikdagi, koŹ»plikdagi payt soŹ»zlari bilan kelib, biror ish-harakat qanchalik tez-tez sodir boŹ»lishini bildirib keladi.
šøWe go for a walk every evening. (har kuni kechqurun)
šøThe transportation system is very good. Buses run every ten minutes. (har oŹ»n minutda)
šø You should go to the dentist every six months. (har olti oyda)
ā³ļø every other day/week/month - har ikki kun/hafta/oydan bir degan ma'noni bildiradi.
šø We have an English lesson every other day. (Har ikki kundan bir ingliz tili darsimiz bor)
ā³ļø every soŹ»zidan kelib chiqqan olmoshlar quyidagilardir:
ā
everybody/everyone - hamma (odamlar uchun)
ā
everything - hamma narsa (predmetlar uchun)
ā
everytime - har vaqt, har gal (payt uchun)
ā
everywhere - har joyga, hamma yerda (joy uchun)
ā³ļø everyone/everybody olmoshlari birlikdagi fe'l, ammo koŹ»plikdagi olmosh bilan qoŹ»laniladi.
šøEverybody was present at the meeting. They were waiting for the President.
ā³ļøeverything olmoshi predmetlar, voqealar uchun birlikdagi fe'l bilan qoŹ»llanadi.
šø Everything is clean.
šøThe holiday was terrible. Everything went wrong.
šøMoney isn't everything.
ā³ļø everywhere olmoshi hamma joy/joyda/joyga ma'nolarida birlikdagi fe'li bilan qoŹ»llanadi.
šøEverywhere is clean.
šø He is afraid of flying. He goes everywhere by train.
šø I searched everywhere for my glasses but didn't find them.
ā³ļø every time/each time - har vaqt, har gal degan ma'noni anglatadi.
šøEvery time I see him, he is different .
ā³ļø each time/every time - har gal iborasini all the time - har doim iborasidan farqlash lozim.
šøThey never go out. They are at home all the time. (Ular hech qachon tashqariga chiqmaydilar. Ular har doim uydalar)
šø Every time I go out, I go to the park. (Har gal tashqariga chiqqanimda, parkga boraman)
ā³ļø not/nearly/almost ā yoŹ»q/deyarli soŹ»zlaridan keyin faqat every olmoshi qoŹ»llanishi lozim.
šø Nearly every shop is shut today.
šø Not every train-driver is on strike today.
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 1 241 |
| 3 | šDars #131 both/either/neither so'zlarining qo'llanishi
ā³ļø both/either/neither olmoshlari faqat ikkita shaxs yoki predmet uchun qoŹ»llaniladi .
ā³ļø Quyidagi misollarda bu olmoshlarning otlar bilan ishlatilishiga e'tibor bering.
šøWe went to two restaurants. Both restaurants were excellent. (Biz ikkita restoranga bordik. Ikkala restoran ham a'lo edi....koŹ»plikdagi ot va fe'l)
šøYou can go to either restaurant. (Ikkalasidan xohlagan biriga borishingiz mumkin...birlikdagi ot)
šøNeither restaurant was expensive. (Ikkala restoran ham qimmat emas edi....birlikdagi ot va fe'l )
ā³ļø Bu olmoshlar savollarga javob sifatida qoŹ»llanishiga e'tibor bering.
šøI see you have two books, which book can you give me? (Men koŹ»ryapmank,i sizda ikkita kitob bor. Men qaysisini oŹ»qishim kerak?)
āBoth. I have already read them. (Ikkalasini ham. Men ularni allaqachon oŹ»qiganman.)
āEither. (unisi yoki bunisini, lekin birini)
šøIs he British or American? (U britaniyalikmi yoki amerikalikmi?)
āNeither. He is Italian. (Ikkalasi ham emas. U italiyalik.)
ā³ļøBu olmoshlar both/either/ neither of +(my / the / these ) + noun qurilmasida ham qoŹ»llaniladi. Bunday vaziyatlarda ularning qoŹ»llanishi quyidagicha boŹ»ladi.
šøBoth of these books are written by A. Christie.
šøI didn't like either of the films.
šøNeither of my brothers is/are married.
ā ļø Yuqoridagi ikkinchi misolda either soŹ»zi inkor gaplarda 'ikkalasi ham emas' degan ma'noni bildiradi. Inkor gaplarda both soŹ»zini qoŹ»llab boŹ»lmaydi.
š” Yuqoridagilardan xulosa qilamizki, both olmoshi har doim koŹ»plikdagi fe'l bilan darak gaplarda, either boŹ»lishsiz fe'l bilan inkor gaplarda, neither boŹ»lishli fe'l bilan lekin inkor ma'no ifodalab qatnashadi.
ā³ļø Bu olmoshlar bog'lovchi sifatida ham qoŹ»llanishi mumkin, unda ular quyidagicha juftlanadi.
1ļøā£ both ā¦ and - ham ā¦ ham
šøBoth European and oriental languages are taught at London University.
2ļøā£either ā¦ or - yo ā¦ yo
šøEither you apologize or I will never forgive you.
3ļøā£ neither ... nor - na ā¦ na
šøNeither Tom nor Ann wants to leave school.
ā ļø either ā¦ or va neither ā¦ nor bog'lovchilari gap egalarini bog'lab kelganida fe'l ikkinchi, ya'ni fe'lga yaqin turgan ega bilan moslashadi.
šøEither Tom or his friends are coming to the party .
šøNeither the Wilsons nor I am happy about the new billing system.
ā³ļø either soŹ»zi ikki tomonli predmetlar uchun qoŹ»llanilganda har ikki tarafda/ikkala tarafda ham degan ma'noda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøThere were a lot of trees on either side of the road. (YoŹ»lning ikkala tarafidan ham koŹ»p daraxtlar bor edi)
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 1 458 |
| 4 | šDars #130 no/none/nobody/nothing so'zlarining qo'llanishi
ā³ļø Bu olmoshlar ingliz tilida inkor ma'nodagi soŹ»zlar hisoblanib, ular gapda boŹ»lishli fe'l bilan keladi.
1ļøā£ no - hech qancha, yoq degan ma'noda ot bilan qoŹ»llanishi lozim.
šøThere is no tea in the cup. It's empty. (Chashkada choy yoŹ»q. U boŹ»sh)
šøThere were no cups in the cupboard.
šøThere is no pencil.
2ļøā£ none - hech qancha degan ma'noni bildiradi. Oldindan aniq boŹ»lgan otga ishora qiladi va qayta takrorlanmasligi uchun qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøHow much money have you got ? None. (Sizda qancha pul bor? Hech qancha)
šøAll the tickets were sold and none was left.
ā³ļø none olmoshi ot bilan toŹ»g'ridan-toŹ»gri bog'lanmaydi va none + of + [my / the /these]+noun qurilmasida qoŹ»llanadi.
šøNone of my friends came to the party. (DoŹ»stlarimdan hech biri ziyofatga kelmadi)
šøNone of this money is mine. (Bu pulning hech qanchasi meniki emas)
ā ļø Yuqoridagi qurilmada ot koŹ»plikda boŹ»lsa, birlikdagi yoki koŹ»plikdagi fe'l qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
šøNone of the guests was/were enjoying the party. (Mehmonlarnig hech biri ziyofatdan zavqlanmayotgan edi)
3ļøā£ Endi no soŹ»zidan yasalgan olmoshlarni koŹ»rib chiqamiz:
ā
nobody/no-one - hech kim
ā
nothing - hech narsa
ā
nowhere - hech qayerga
šø Nobody is perfect. (Hech kim mukammal emas)
šøNothing was stolen, all the things were in their place. (Hech narsa oŹ»g'irlanmadi, hamma narsa oŹ»z joyida edi)
šøWhere did you go for your holidays? Nowhere. I stayed at home. (Ta'tilga qayerga bording? Hech qayerga. Uyda qoldim)
ā ļø Yuqoridagi soŹ»zlar inkor ma'noga ega bo'lgani uchun ular gapda boŹ»lishli fe'l bilan qoŹ»llanishi lozim. Bu soŹ»zlar gapda fe'ldan keyin (toŹ»ldiruvchi, hol) boŹ»lib kelganida ularni not + any (body/one/thing /where ) soŹ»zlari bilan almashtirib boŹ»ladi. Masalan:
šø I saw nobody in the room. (boŹ»lishli fe'l+nobody) āļø I didn't see anybody. (boŹ»lishsiz fe'l + anybody)
šøShe took nothing with her. (boŹ»lishli fe'l+nothing) āļø She didn't take anything. (boŹ»lishsiz fe'l+anything)
Ammo bu soŹ»zlar (nobody, nothing) gapda ega vazifasida kelganlarida bunday oŹ»rniga qoŹ»yish mumkin emas, bu holatda ma'no chiqmaydi.
šøNobody came to visit him when he was in hospital. (anybody didn't emas)
šøThe Dead sea is so salty that nothing can live in it. (anything can't emas)
ā³ļø nobody, no-one soŹ»zlari o'zidan keyin birlikdagi fe'l, ammo koŹ»plikdagi olmoshni talab qiladi.
šøThere was nobody at the house, so I left them a message. (Uyda hech kim yoŹ»q edi. Shuning uchun men ularga xat qoldirdim)
šøNobody in the class did their homework.
ā³ļø nothing soŹ»zi esa o'zidan keyin birlikdagi fe'l va olmoshni talab qiladi.
šøNothing was stolen, was it?
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 1 590 |
| 5 | šDars #129 few (a few) va little (a little) so'zlarining qo'llanishi
1ļøā£ few - oz, kam degan ma'noda sanaladigan koŹ»plikdagi otlar oldidan salbiy (yetarli emas) degan ma'noda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøBeing a newcomer, the boy had few friends there. (Yangi kelgani uchun bolaning bu yerda doŹ»stlari kam edi)
šøFew customers came into the shop. It was quiet. (DoŹ»konga kam xaridor kirardi. U sokin edi)
ā³ļø a few - bir qancha degan ma'noda sanaladigan koŹ»plikdagi otlar oldidan ijobiy (yetarlicha) ma'noda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøHe enjoyed his life. He had a few friends and they met quite often. (U oŹ»zining hayotidan zavqlanardi. Uning yetarlicha doŹ»stlari bor edi va ular tez-tez uchrashishardi)
šøA few customers have come into the shop. It has been fairly busy. (DoŹ»konga bir necha xaridorlar keldilar. U biroz qizg'in)
2ļøā£ little - oz, kam degan ma'noda sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan salbiy (yetarli emas) ma'noda qoŹ»llanadi.
šøHurry up! We have got little time. (Shoshiling! Bizning vaqtimiz oz)
šøVicky has made little progress and so is not feeling pleased.
ā³ļø a little - biroz degan ma'noda sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan ijobiy (yetarlicha) ma'noda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøWe had a little time and went for a drink. (Bizning yetarlicha vaqtimiz bor edi va biz ichimlik ichishga ketdik)
šøShe is not hungry. She has just had a little soup.
ā³ļø a little/little soŹ»zlari gapda ravish boŹ»lib ham kelishlari mumkin.
šøI was a little annoyed. (Men biroz achchiqlangan edim)
šøShe knows little about it. (U bu haqda kam biladi)
ā³ļø very few/ very little va so few/so little - juda oz, juda kam iboralari ham salbiy (yetarli emas) ma'noda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøWe couldn't do all the work. We had very little time. (Biz hamma ishni qilolmadik. Bizning vaqtimiz juda kam edi)
šøShe had very few customers, so she had to close the shop.(Uning xaridorlari juda kam edi, shuning uchun u do'konni yopishga majbur bo'ldi)
ā³ļø Agar a few, a little soŹ»zlari oldidan only soŹ»zi qatnashsa, ularning ma'nolarini yana salbiy qiladi.
āŖļøonly a few = few
āŖļøonly a little= little
šøLondon only gets a little snow in winter. (Qishda Londonda kam qor yog'adi)
šøOnly a few students were able to pass the exam. (=few students)
šøShe didn't say much, only a few words. (=few words)
ā³ļø few/little soŹ»zlarini qoŹ»llashdan oldin otlarning sanaladigan va sanalmaydiganligi va gapda salbiy yoki ijobiy ma'noda kelayotganini aniqlash lozim.
ā
few (only a few) - sanaladigan koŹ»plikdagi otlar (salbiy)
ā
little (only a little) - sanalmaydigan otlar (salbiy )
ā
a few - sanaladigan koŹ»plikdagi otlar (ijobiy)
ā
a little - sanalmaydigan otlar (ijobiy)
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 1 926 |
| 6 | šDars #128 much/many/a lot of so'zlarining qo'llanishi
1ļøā£ much - koŹ»p soŹ»zi sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan inkor va soŹ»roq gaplarda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøDo you get much rain here? (Bu yerda koŹ»p yomg'ir yog'adimi?)
šøShe didn't get much money for her car. (U mashinasi uchun koŹ»p pul olmadi)
ā³ļø much soŹ»zi rasmiy va badiiy uslubda darak gaplarda ham qoŹ»llanadi.
šøMuch was said but little was done.
šøThere is much enthusiasm for the idea.
ā³ļø how much - qancha soŹ»roq olmoshi boŹ»lib, sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøHow much bread did you buy?
ā³ļø much soŹ»zi kuchaytirish va qiyoslash ma'nosini beruvchi too/as/so soŹ»zlaridan keyin kelib, darak gaplarda qoŹ»llanadi.
šøI've got too/so much work to do. (Mening bajaradigan ishim juda koŹ»p)
šøYour car costs as much as mine.
2ļøā£ many - koŹ»p soŹ»zi sanaladigan koŹ»plikdagi otlar oldidan inkor va soŹ»roq gaplarda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøDoes he have many friends here? (Bu yerda uning koŹ»p doŹ»stlari bormi?)
šøWe don't get many storms here. (Bu yerda koŹ»p boŹ»ron boŹ»lmaydi)
ā³ļø many soŹ»zi rasmiy va badiiy uslubda darak gaplarda ham qoŹ»llanadi.
šøMany students have financial problems.
ā ļø Odatda muddatlarni bildirishda many years / many weeks / many days etc birikmalari ishlatiladi.
šøWeāve lived here for many years. (a lot of years emas)
ā³ļø how many - qancha soŹ»roq olmoshi sanaladigan koŹ»plikdagi otlar oldidan kelib, miqdorni bildirib keladi.
šøHow many eggs do we need? (Bizga qancha tuxum kerak?)
ā³ļø many soŹ»zi kuchaytirish va qiyoslash ma'nosini beruvchi too/so/as soŹ»zlaridan keyin kelib darak gaplarda qoŹ»llanadi.
šøYou have made too many mistakes in your dictation. (Siz diktantingizda juda koŹ»p xato qilgansiz)
šøBill has got as many cars as Cecilia.
3ļøā£ a lot of/lots of - koŹ»p soŹ»zi sanaladigan koŹ»plikdagi va sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan darak gaplarda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøWe get a lot of storms here. (Bu yerda biz juda ko'p bo'ronlarni boshimizdan o'tkazamiz)
šøWe get a lot of rain here. (Bu yerda biz juda ko'p yomg'irni boshimizdan o'tkazamiz)
4ļøā£ plenty - yetarli va undan ham ko'proq degan ma'noda sanalmaydigan va sanaladigan ko'plikdagi otlar oldidan ishlatiladi.
šøThereās no need to hurry. Weāve got plenty of time.
šøPlenty of shops sell batteries.
5ļøā£ much/many/a lot/plenty soŹ»zlari otsiz qoŹ»llanishlari mumkin. Bunday vaziyatda ular oldin ishlatilgan otga ishora qiladilar yoki otlashadi.
šøI take photos, but not as I used to. At one time I took a lot. (=a lot of photos)
šøThey asked me for some money but I myself haven't got much. (=much money)
šøThey have caught some fish but not many. (=many fish)
šøThereās plenty to do in this town.
ā ļø Yuqoridagi soŹ»zlarni qoŹ»llashda asosiy e'tibor beriladigan jihati bu gapning turi va otning sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan ekanligini aniqlab olishdir.
ā ļø Grammar in Use darsligida many va a lot of barcha turdagi gaplarda ishlatila olishi ko'rsatilgan. Lekin DTM testlarida odatda many/much inkor va so'roq gaplarda, a lot of/lots of darak gaplarda degan qoida bo'yicha test tuziladi.
ā³ļø a lot - koŹ»p, tez-tez ma'nosida darak gaplarda, much esa inkor va soŹ»roq gaplarda ravish boŹ»lib kelishi mumkin.
šøShe had to study a lot to catch up with the rest. (...koŹ»p oŹ»qishiga toŹ»g'ri keldi)
šøThey don't go out much. (Ular tez-tez koŹ»chaga chiqmaydilar)
šøWe didn't enjoy the film much.
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
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| 7 | šDars #127 Some va any so'zlarining qo'llanishi II qism
ā³ļø Mazkur darsda some va any soŹ»zlaridan yasalgan olmoshlarning qoŹ»llanishini ko'rib chiqamiz. Ularning qo'llanishi ham oldingi darsdagi qoidalarga amal qiladi.
āŖļøsome so'zidan yasalgan olmoshlar:
ā
somebody - kimdir, birov
ā
someone - kimdir, birov
ā
something - nimadir
ā
somewhere - qayerdadir, qayergadir
āŖļøany so'zidan yasalgan olmoshlar
ā
anybody - kimdir, birov (so'roq gapda), hech kim (inkor gapda)
ā
anyone - kimdir, birov (so'roq gapda), hech kim (inkor gapda)
ā
anything - nimadir (so'roq gapda), hech narsa (inkor gapda)
ā
anywhere - qayergadir, qayerdadir (so'roq gapda), hech qayerda, hech qayerga (inkor gapda)
ā³ļø somebody/someone va anybody/anyone olmoshlari insonlar uchun qoŹ»llaniladi. Darak va soŹ»roq gaplarda birov, kimdir, inkor gaplarda hech kim degan ma'nolarda keladi.
šøI think there is someone at the door. (Menimcha, eshikda birov bor)
šøHave you seen anyone who can lift that stone? (Mana shu toshni koŹ»tara oladigan biror odamni koŹ»rganmisan?)
šøI didn't meet anyone from our school at the party. (Men ziyofatda maktabimizdan hech kimni uchratmadim)
ā ļø Anyone/anybody olmoshlari xohlagan odam ma'nosida darak gaplarda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøThe test was very easy. Anyone could have passed. (Test juda oson edi. Xohlagan odam undan oŹ»ta olardi)
ā ļøYuqoridagi gumon olmoshlari birlikdagi fe'l va koŹ»plikdagi III shaxs olmoshi bilan qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøSomeone has left their bag. (Birov oŹ»zining sumkasini qoldirib ketibdi)
šøIf anyone wants to leave, they can.
ā ļøKelajakdagi noaniq vaqtni bildiradigan sometime soŹ»zidan sometimes ba'zan soŹ»zini farqlash lozim.
šøI hope to meet you sometime in June. (Men iyunda siz bilan uchrashishni umid qilaman)
šøHe sometimes goes to the library. (U ba'zan kutubxonaga boradi)
ā³ļø somehow soŹ»zi bir amallab degan ma'noni bildiradi.
šøWe somehow got over the difficulties all by ourselves. (Biz bir amallab qiyinchiliklarni yengib oŹ»tdik)
ā³ļøsomeone olmoshi muhim/obroŹ»li shaxs degan ma'noda ham qoŹ»llanadi.
šøHe is someone in his country. (U oŹ»z yurtida katta odam)
ā ļø any va some soŹ»zlaridan keyin of soŹ»zi kelib ma'lum bir miqdorni bildirish uchun qoŹ»llanilishi mumkin. Ammo somebody/anybody/anything/something soŹ»zlari of soŹ»zi bilan kelmaydi va miqdorni bildirmaydi. Ularning oŹ»zi tugal ma'noli soŹ»z hisoblanadi.
šøSome of you must look after the children. (Sizlardan birortangiz bolalarga qarab turishingiz kerak...somebody of you emas.)
šøDoes any of you speak Spanish? (Sizlardan birortangiz ispancha bilasizmi?...anybody of you emas.)
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 2 774 |
| 8 | šDars #126 Some va any so'zlarining qo'llanishi I qism
ā³ļø some - biroz ma'nosida sanalmaydigan (Uncountable) , bir qancha ma'nosida sanaladigan koŹ»plikdagi otlar oldidan darak gaplarda keladi.
šøThere is some milk in the fridge.
šøI met some interesting people at the party last night.
ā³ļø any - hech qancha ma'nosida inkor gaplarda, biroz, birqancha ma'nosida esa soŹ»roq gaplarda sanaladigan ko'plikdagi va sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøI haven't got any stamps.
šøHave you got any money on you?
šøWe haven't any milk at home, you should buy some.
ā³ļøMazkur so'zlarga taalluqli qo'shimcha qoidalar:
1ļøā£ If qatnashgan shartli gaplarda any va undan yasalgan soŹ»zlar (anything/anybody...) ishtirok etadi.
šøIf you have any problems, you can discuss them with your group leaders. (Agar sizning biror muammoingiz boŹ»lsa, uni guruh rahbarlaringiz bilan muhokama qilishingiz mumkin)
šøIf you see anyone, tell them that Tom has arrived.
2ļøā£ Iltimos va taklif ma'nosidagi soŹ»roq gaplarda esa some qoŹ»llaniladi. Bu vaziyatda soŹ»roq gapdagi taklif va iltimos ohangini oddiy soŹ»roq gapdagi soŹ»rash ohangidan farqlay bilish lozim.
šøHave you got any money? (Puling bormi?...oddiy soŹ»roq gap)
šøCan you lend me some money? (Menga biroz pul qarzga berolmaysanmi?...iltimos)
šøCould you post some letters for me? (Men uchun bir necha xatlarni joŹ»nata olasizmi?... iltimos)
šøWould you like some coffee? (Kofe ichasizmi?...taklif)
šøCan you give me some information about the hotels in Khiva?
3ļøā£ Savol berayotganda ijobiy (yes) javobi kutilganda ham soŹ»roq gaplarda some va undan yasalgan so'zlar (something/somebody...) soŹ»zlari qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøTom is on his hands and knees and looking for something under the table. You ask him: Why are you under the table? Have you lost something? (Nimaga stol tagidasan? Biror narsa yoŹ»qotib qoŹ»ydingmi?...Uning javobi ha boŹ»lishini kutib, shu savolni beramiz.)
4ļøā£ any xohlagan, xohlagan bir degan ma'noda birlikdagi otlar bilan darak gaplarda qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøI am free all day. Come any time you like. (Men kuni bilan boŹ»shman. Xohlagan paytingiz kelavering)
šøYou can buy these maps at any petrol station. They all have them. (Siz bu xaritalarni xohlagan AYOQSHdan sotib olishingiz mumkin. Ularning hammasida bor)
5ļøā£ some soŹ»zi ba'zi degan ma'noda hamma turdagi gaplarda, shu jumladan, inkor gaplarda ham qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
šøSome people don't like flying. (Ba'zi odamlar samolyotda uchishni yoqtirishmaydi)
6ļøā£ some + son birikmasida taxminan degan ma'noda ham qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøThere were some fifty people at the party. (Ziyofatda taxminan 50 tacha odam bor edi)
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 2 709 |
| 9 | šDars #125 Reflexive pronouns (o'zlik olmoshlari) II qism
ā³ļø by + oŹ»zlik olmoshi - yolg' iz, hech kimning yordamisiz ma'nosida qoŹ»llaniladigan birikma hisoblanadi. Bu birikma ish-harakat gap egasining yolg'iz oŹ»zi tomonidan bajarilishini bildiradi.
šøHe was sitting by himself. (U yolg'iz oŹ»zi oŹ»tirardi)
šøDid you go to the cinema by yourself? (Kinoga yolg'iz oŹ»zing bordingmi?)
šøShe lives by herself. (U yolg'iz oŹ»zi yashaydi...alone)
šøJimmy tied his shoelaces all by himself. (Jimmi tuflisining bog'ichini oŹ»zi bog'ladi...without help)
ā³ļø OŹ»zlik olmoshlarini birgalik olmoshlaridan (reciprocal pronouns) - each other, one another lardan farq qila olish lozim. Masalan:
šøTom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves. (Tom va Anna oyna oldida turishdi va oŹ»zlariga qarashdi)
šøTom and Ann looked at each other. (Tom va Anna bir-birlariga qarashdi)
ā³ļø each other - bir-birini/bir-biriga... ( ikkita shaxs yoki predmet uchun), one another - bir-birini/bir-biriga... ( ikkidan ortiq shaxs yoki predmet uchun)
šøTom and Ann love each other.
šøThese three boys help one another.
ā³ļø OŹ»zlik olmoshlari gapda ta'kidlash, ma'no kuchaytirish uchun ham qoŹ»llanishi mumkin. Bunday holatlarda oŹ»zlik olmoshlari ot yoki olmoshdan keyin yoki gap oxirida keladi.
šøYou yourself saw what happened. (Siz oŹ»zingiz nima boŹ»lganini koŹ»rdingiz)
šøYou saw what happened yourself. (Siz nima boŹ»lganini oŹ»zingiz koŹ»rdingiz)
šøThe film itself wasn't very good but the music was great. (Kinoning oŹ»zi yaxshi emas edi, ammo musiqasi zoŹ»r edi)
ā³ļøOŹ»zlik olmoshlari koāmakchilardan (predlogdan) keyin ham qoŹ»llanilishi mumkin.
šøLook after yourself.
šøTake care of yourself. (Ehtiyot boŹ»ling)
šøI am angry with myself.
ā ļøOŹ»zlik olmoshlari har doim oŹ»zi ishora qilayotgan otga /olmoshga mos boŹ»lishi lozim. Oldingi darsdagi diligence, kindness, goodness... so'zlari bilan ishlatilishi holatlari bundan istisno
šøWe enjoyed ourselves very much at the party. (we - ourselves)
šøSarah lives by herself. (she - herself)
ā ļøQuyidagi gapga e'tibor bering, bunday hollarda oŹ»zlik olmoshi qoŹ»llanilmaydi.
šøHave you got any money on you? (Sizda biroz pul bormi?)
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
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| 10 | šDars #124 Reflexive pronouns (o'zlik olmoshlari) I qism
ā³ļø Ingliz tilida ish-harakat bajaruvchisi va toŹ»ldiruvchisi bir shaxs yoki predmet boŹ»lmaydi, ya'ni ish-harakat boshqa birovga oŹ»tadi.
šøTom is talking to Ann. (Tom Anna bilan gaplashyapti)
šøTom is talking to her. (Tom u bilan gaplashyapti)
ā³ļø OŹ»zlik olmoshlari esa ish-harakat bajaruvchisi va ish-harakat qaratilgan shaxsni bitta shaxs sifatida bera oladi, ya'ni ish-harakat hech kimga oŹ»tmaydi va shaxsning oŹ»ziga qaytadi.
šøTom is talking to himself. (Tom oŹ»zi bilan gaplashyapti)
šøI am angry with myself. (Mening oŹ»zimdan jahlim chiqyapti)
ā³ļø Ingliz tilida o'zlik olmoshlari quyidagilardir:
ā
myself - o'zimni, o'zimga, o'zimdan...
ā
yourself - o'zingizni, o'zingizga, o'zingizdan...
ā
yourselves - o'zlaringizni, o'zlaringizga, o'zlaringizdan...
ā
ourselves - o'zimizni, o'zimizga, o'zimizdan...
ā
himself - o'zini, o'ziga, o'zidan...
ā
herself - o'zini, o'ziga, o'zidan...
ā
itself -o'zini, o'ziga, o'zidan...
ā
themselves - o'zlarini, o'zlariga, o'zlaridan...
ā³ļø Bundan tashqari umumiy shaxsga nisbatan qoŹ»llaniladigan oneself/oneselves olmoshlari mavjud.
šøSome things one must do oneself. (Ba'zi ishlarni insonning o'zi bajarishi kerak)
ā³ļøIngliz tilida oŹ»zlik olmoshi bilan qoŹ»llanishi shart boŹ»lgan fe'llar juda kam.
ā
absent oneself - yoŹ»q boŹ»lmoq
ā
pride oneself on - faxrlanmoq
ā
pull oneself together - oŹ»ziga kelmoq
ā
avail oneself - foydalanmoq
ā
familiarise oneself - tanishib olmoq, o'rganmoq
šøMonica absented herself from work.
šøJim prides himself on his cooking.
ā³ļø OŹ»zlik olmoshlari quyidagi fe'llar bilan qoŹ»llanishi koŹ»p kuzatiladi:
ā
amuse - hursand qilmoq, dam olmoq
ā
enjoy - zavqlanmoq
ā
blame - ayblamoq
ā
cut - kesmoq
ā
dry - artinmoq
ā
hurt - jarohatlamoq
ā
introduce - tanishtirmoq
šøI have cut myself with a knife. (Men qo'limni kesib oldim)
šøWe enjoyed ourselves very much at the party.
šøI dried myself. (Men artindim)
š” help yourself /yourselves iborasi oŹ»zbek tiliga 'oling, tortinmang' degan ma'nolarda taomga undash, taklif qilish uchun qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøIf you want more to eat, help yourselves. (Yana yeyishni xohlasangiz, tortinmay olaveringlar)
ā ļøbring sth with/take sth with iboralari oŹ»zbek tiliga oŹ»zi bilan olib kelmoq/olib ketmoq ma'nosini bersada, ingliz tilida oŹ»zlik olmoshi bilan emas, toŹ»ldiruvchi olmoshlar bilan qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøI didn't take an umbrella with me.
šøBring the dictionary with you.
ā³ļø Quyidagi fe'llarda ish-harakat bajaruvchisi va ish-harakat qaratilgan shaxs bir shaxs boŹ»lsa ham oŹ»zlik olmoshi ishlatilmaydi.
ā
shave - soqol olmoq
ā
dress - kiyinmoq
ā
wash - yuvinmoq
ā
relax - hordiq chiqarmoq
ā
feel - his qilmoq
ā
concentrate - fikrini jamlamoq
ā
meet - uchrashmoq
šøI washed, shaved and dressed. (Men yuvindim, soqolimni oldim va kiyindim)
šøDon't strain youself. Just relax. (OŹ»zingizni urintirmang. OŹ»zingizni boŹ»sh tuting)
šøPlease be quiet. I am trying to concentrate. (Iltimos jim boŹ»ling. Men fikrimni jamlashga harakat qilayapman)
ā ļø feel feāli baāzan oŹ»zlik olmoshi bilan ishlatilishi mumkin
šøI felt myself blush.
ā³ļø Adabiy ingliz tilida goodness/kindness/diligence/courtesy etc soŹ»zlari itself oŹ»zlik olmoshi bilan insonlarga nisbatan ham qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
šøHe is diligence itself. ( U juda mehnatkash)
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
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| 11 | šDars #123 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns
ā³ļøIngliz tilida -ning qoŹ»shimchali olmoshlar (my, your ...) egalik sifatlari va -niki qoŹ»shimchali olmoshlar (mine, yours ...) egalik olmoshlari sifatida qabul qilingan. Bunga sabab -ning qo'shimchali olmoshlar (my car) otning oldidan uning kimga tegishliligini bildirib keladi, to'liq otning o'rnini almashtira olmaydi. -niki qo'shimchali olmoshlar esa to'liq otning o'rnini almashtirib kela oladi.
ā³ļø-ning qoŹ»shimchali olmoshlar aniqlovchi vazifasida kelib, oŹ»zlaridan keyin ot talab qiladi.
ā
my - mening
ā
your - sizning, sizlarning
ā
our - bizning
ā
their - ularning
ā
his - uning
ā
her - uning
ā
its - uning
šøyour bicycle - sizning velosipedingiz
šømy car - mening avtomobilim
šøtheir decision - ularning qarori
šøher haircut - uning soch turmagi
šøMy car is much more expensive than Tom's.
šøJane has just had her hair cut.
šøTheir decision to move was made immediately after the floods.
ā³ļø Ingliz tilida inson tana aāzolari va kiyimlar uchun odatda possessive adjective ishlatiladi.
šøLucy twisted her ankle.
šøHe put on his jacket and his hat and left.
ā ļøLekin ingliz tilida hit, punch, slap, bite, touch, pat, sting kabi feāllar bilan tana aāzolariga biror narsa sodir boālsa (odatda ogāriqli), koāmakchili birikmalarda aniq artikl ishlatiladi.
šøShe patted him on the shoulder.
šøHe has got a pain in the chest.
ā³ļø-niki qoŹ»shimchali olmoshlar oŹ»zlaridan keyin ot talab qilmaydi va ma'lum boŹ»lgan otni qayta takrorlamaslik uchun qoŹ»llaniladi.
ā
mine - meniki
ā
yours - sizniki
ā
ours - bizniki
ā
theirs - ularniki
ā
his - uniki
ā
hers - uniki
šøThis is your towel. Mine is over there. (Bu sizning sochig'ingiz. Meniki ana u yerda)
šøTheir flat and our flat may seem to be the same but theirs is different from ours. (Ularning kvartirasi bizning kvartira bilan bir xil ko'rinishi mumkin, lekin ularniki biznikidan farq qiladi)
ā ļø Egalik sifatlari artikl bilan qoŹ»llanilmaydi:
šøHer eldest son is a doctor.
ā³ļøown - oŹ»z soŹ»zi egalik sifatlari bilan qoŹ»llanilib, uni qoŹ»llashning ikki yoŹ»li bor.
1ļøā£ I have my own room. (Mening oŹ»z xonam bor)
2ļøā£ I have a room of my own. (Mening oŹ»z xonam bor)
šøFrank has started his own business. (Frenk oŹ»zining biznesini boshladi)
ā³ļøOn my own/on his own/on her own etc. - yolg'iz, bir o'zi degan ma'noda qoŹ»llaniladigan birikma hisoblanadi. Bu birikma ish-harakat bajaruvchisi yoki bajaruvchilari tomonidan yolg'iz (bir oŹ»z(lar)i tomonidan) bajarilishini bildiradi.
šøI went to the cinema on my own yesterday. (Men kecha kinoga bir o'zim bordim)
šøI enjoy being on my own. (Men yolg'iz boŹ»lishdan zavqlanaman)
šøA lady was sitting in the corner on her own. (Bir ayol burchakda yoālgāiz oŹ»tirgan edi)
ā ļø Egalik olmoshlari ingliz tilida yana boshqa holatlarda ham qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøMasalan: He is your friend gapini of qatnashgan birikma bilan
šøHe is a friend of yours sifatida berish mumkin.
ā ļøDemak, bu qurilmada of soŹ»zidan keyin egalik olmoshlari qatnashishi lozim.
šøYesterday I met a relative of yours/hers/ours/theirs.
ā ļøAgar yuqoridagi holatda egalik olmoshi emas, boshqa otlar (odatda atoqli ot) keladigan boŹ»lsa, ular bilan apostrof qoŹ»llanishi lozim.
šøHe is a friend of Tom's.
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
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| 12 | šDars #122 Personal pronouns as objects
ā³ļø Grammatikaga oid darsliklarda kishilik olmoshlari to'ldiruvchi sifatida ishlatilsa-da, ular personal pronoun hisoblanishi keltirilgan. Shuning uchun mavzu nomi ham aynan shunday nomlandi.
ā³ļø Ingliz tilida quyidagi to'ldiruvchi sifatida qo'llaniladigan kishilik olmoshlari mavjud:
ā
me - meni, menga, mendan ...
ā
you - sizni, sizga, sizdan ...
ā
us - bizni, bizga, bizdan ...
ā
them - ularni, ularga, ulardan ...
ā
him - uni, unga, undan ...(erkak)
ā
her - uni, unga, undan ....(ayol)
ā
it - uni, unga, undan ...(predmet)
ā³ļø Bu olmoshlar fe'ldan keyin uning toŹ»ldiruvchisi boŹ»lib keladi va olmoshlar gapda fe'lda ifodalangan ish-harakat yoŹ»naltirilgan predmetni bildiradi:
šøHenry is very selfish . We don't like him. (Henri juda xudbin. Biz uni (him) yoqtirmaymiz.)
šøThey were discussing the problem with us. (biz bilan)
šøWhere is Helen? Have you seen her? (uni)
ā³ļøBu olmoshlar koŹ»makchi (with/about/from/to/beside/between/for) lardan keyin keladi, bu koŹ»makchilar fe'ldan keyin yoki boshqa soŹ»z turkumlari (sifat, ot) keyin ham kelgan boŹ»lishi mumkin.
šøJust between you and me. I don't like his car.
šøTom was angry with me.
ā ļø Olmoshlar boŹ»yicha test qilinganida ularning gapda boshqa soŹ»z turkumlarini oŹ»rnini bosa olishi xususiyati soŹ»raladi . Masalan:
āŖļøChoose the correct answer.
šøThe colonel greeted the soldiers. (Polkovnik askarlar bilan salomlashdi)
A) He/itā
B) He/themā
C) She/themā
D) It/themā
š” The colonel - polkovnik, he olmoshiga toŹ»g'ri keladi, the soldiers - askarlar, toŹ»ldiruvchi, them olmoshiga toŹ»g'ri keladi.
āŖļøChoose the correct answer.
šøTom and I are close friends. Tom lives near the station.
A) We/he/itā
B) We/it/itā
C) He/I/he/itā
D) We/he/themā
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
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| 13 | šDars #121 Introduction to Pronouns - Personal pronouns
ā³ļø Ingliz tilida ham oŹ»zbek tilidagi kabi olmosh soŹ»z turkumi mavjud boŹ»lib, ular boshqa soŹ»z turkumlari oŹ»rnida ularni almashtirib keladigan soŹ»zlardir. Shuning uchun ham bu so'z turkumi nomi 'almash' so'zidan kelib chiqqan.
ā³ļø Olmoshlarning asosiy turlari darslarda o'rganamiz. Bugun Personal pronouns (Kishilik olmoshlari) haqidagi ma'lumotlarni o'rganamiz. Ingliz tilida hozirgi kunda quyidagi kishilik olmoshlari mavjud.
ā
I - men
ā
You - siz, sizlar
ā
We - biz
ā
They - ular
ā
He - u (erkaklar uchun)
ā
She - u (ayollar uchun)
ā
It - u (jonsiz predmet yoki hayvonlar uchun)
ā³ļø Bu olmoshlar gapda ega boŹ»lib qatnashadi va ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi hisoblanadi. Gap boshida hamma olmoshlar katta harf bilan yoziladi. Gap oŹ»rtasida esa I olmoshidan tashqari hamma olmoshlar kichik harf bilan yoziladi.
šø They are going on holiday next week, but we are staying at home.
šøShe was worried about Tom. He might have got lost.
šøThe dog is barking. It is very aggressive.
ā ļø she olmoshi davlat va kemalar (mashina) uchun qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
šøNow Britain needs new leadership if she is to play a significant role shaping Europe's future development.
šøThe ship's struck a rock. She is sinking!
ā ļø Ba'zan insonlar orasida uy hayvonlariga nisbatan he/she olmoshini ishlatilishi ham kuzatiladi. Mazkur holat majoziy obrazlar ishlatilgan ertak va hikoyalarda barcha hayvonlarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
šøLook at the cat! She is drinking the milk.
šøOnce upon a time, there was a rabbit called Joe. He lived in a forest.
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 2 053 |
| 14 | Hurmatli kanal a'zolari! Ingliz tili grammatikasi bo'yicha advanced darajaga chiqmoqchi bo'lganlar uchun maxsus tayyor kurs mavjud.
ā
Kurs Destination C1&C2 bo'yicha tuzilgan;
ā
Kitobdagi 26 ta unit bo'yicha 13 Grammar+13 Lexical Resource darslari mavjud;
ā
Har bir darsdan keyin advanced level testlar berilgan va ularning tahlillari ham keltirilgan. ( kitobdagi mashqlarni ishlovchilar uchun unit mashqlari yechimlari tahlil qilingan va tushuntirib berilgan)
ā
Demo dars: https://t.me/grammarnotesshop/376
š Kurs formati: maxsus Telegram kanalida olib boriladi (Slayd+Audio)
š³ Kurs to'lovi: bir martalik 150 ming so'm.
š Murojaat uchun: @kh_atajanov | 1 908 |
| 15 | šDars #120 Ingliz tilida qo'shma otlar (compound nouns) II
1ļøā£ Ba'zi qo'shma otlar fe'l+ko'makchi yoki fe'l+ravish qurilmasiga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Qiyoslang:
šøMansen broke out of the prison by dressing as a woman. (fe'l ibora - qochdi)
šøThere was a major break-out from the prison last night. (fe'l+ko'makchidan iborat qo'shma ot - qochish)
ā ļø Yuqoridagi shakl bilan yasalgan qo'shma otlarda ko'plik shakl ko'makchilarga -s qo'shimchasini qo'shish bilan yasaladi.
šø read-out(s)
šøpush-up(s)
šøintake(s)
šøoutcome(s)
ā ļøIstisnolar: looker(s)-on yoki onlooker(s), runner(s)-up, passer(s)-by, hanger(s)-on
ā ļøBundan tashqari otlar oldidan chiziqcha bilan ishlatilgan otlar ishlatilib, ularning belgisini bildirib kelishi mumkin.
šøa state-of-art (very modern) tablet PC
šøup-to-date information
2ļøā£ Ko'pchilik noun+noun shaklidagi qo'shma otlarda urg'u birinchi otga tushadi.
šøa 'bycicle factory
šøa 'fruit drink
šø'ski boots
šø'coffee beans
ā ļøIstisnolar: a garden 'chair, a fruit 'pie
ā ļø Ba'zan bir xil shakldagi birikmalarda urg'uning qaysi so'zga tushishi uning ma'nosini o'zgartiradi.
šøa 'French teacher - noun+noun, fransuz tili o'qituvchisi
šøa French 'teacher - adjective+noun, fransiyalik o'qituvchi
3ļøā£ Ko'pchilik noun+noun birikmalari otning nimadan yasalganligini ham bildirib keladi.
šøa silk dress
šøa stone bridge
šøa iron rod
šøa gold ring
ā ļø Ingliz tilida bir-biriga o'xshash so'zlar, masalan gold (ot) va golden (sifat) so'zlari otlar oldidan kelganda turli ma'no beradi. Bunday birikmalarda ot (gold) narsa-buyum nimadan yasalganligini bildirsa, sifat (golden) ko'pincha metafora sifatida ishlatiladi. Qiyoslang:
šø a gold watch (tilla soat) - golden memories (yorqin xotiralar)
šøsilk stockings (ipak paypoqlar) - silken skin (mayin teri)
šøa lead pipe (qo'rg'oshin quvur) - leaden sky (kulrang, yoqimsiz osmon)
šøa stone roof (toshdan qilingan tom) - stony silence (toshdek sokinlik)
ā ļøIstisnolar: woollen/wooden so'zlari jun/yog'ochdan yasalganlikni bildirib keladi.
4ļøā£ noun+noun birikmalari ingliz tilida o'lchov, miqdorni bildirishda ham qo'llaniladi. Bunday holatda ularning orasida (birinchi ot odatda son bo'ladi) chiziqcha (hyphen) (-) qo'yiladi va birinchi ot birlikda yoziladi.
šøa five-litre can - besh litrlik idish
šøa ten-pound note - o'n funtlik banknota
šøa three-mile walk - uch milyalik yo'l
šøa five-day course - besh kunlik kurs
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 2 094 |
| 16 | šDars #119 Ingliz tilida qo'shma otlar (compound nouns) I
1ļøā£ Ingliz tilida qo'shma otlar 'noun+noun' birikmasidan tashkil topadi. Mazkur holatda birinchi ot ikkinchi otning belgisini bildirishga xizmat qiladi, ya'ni sifatga o'xshab ishlatiladi. Qo'shma otdagi ikkinchi ot umumiyroq ma'noda ishlatiladi, birinchi ot esa uning qaysi tasnifga kirishini ko'rsatadi.
šø milk chocolate - (sutli shokolad, shokolad turi)
šø chocolate milk - (shokoladli sut, sut turi)
šø a horse race - (ot poygasi - poyga turi)
šø a race horse - (poyga oti - ot turi)
2ļøā£ Bunday holatlarda birinchi ot odatda birlikda qo'llaniladi.
šøan address book (a book for addresses, not an addresses book)
šøa shoe shop (poyabzal do'koni)
šøa glass case (shisha idish)
šøan art festival (tasviriy san'at festival=painting, drawing, sculpture)
ā ļø Yuqoridagi qoidaga istisno holatlari ham mavjud:
šøa savings account (omonat hisobvarag'i)
šøa customs officer (bojxona xodimi)
šøa clothes shop (kiyim-kechaklar do'koni)
šøthe arms trade (arms=qurollar degan ma'noda)
šøa glasses case (glasses - ko'zoynak degan ma'noda)
šøan arts festival (san'at festivali=music, drama, film, dance, painting etc.)
šøthe building materials industry (qurilish materiallari sanoati)
šøthe publications department (nashrlar bo'limi)
3ļøā£ Qo'shma otlarning ko'plik shakli ikkinchi otni ko'plik shakliga aylantirish orqali yasaladi.
šøcoal mine - coal mines
šøoffice worker - office workers
šøtea leaf - tea leaves
4ļøā£ Ba'zan 'noun+noun' qurilmasidagi qo'shma otlarni yasashda mujmallik va g'alizliklar kelib chiqishi mumkin. Ushbu holatlarda 'noun+'s+noun' yoki 'noun+of+noun' qurilmalari ishlatiladi.
ā agar birinchi otdagi shaxs yoki hayvon ikkinchi otning foydalanuvchisi bo'lsa:
šøa baby's bedroom
šøa lion's den
šøa women's clinic
šøa girls' school
šøa birds' nest
ā agar ikkinchi ot birinchi ot tomonidan ishlab chiqariladigan bo'lsa:
šø goat's cheese
šøduck's eggs
šøcow's milk
ā ļø Istisnolar: lamb chops, chicken drumsticks
ā agar ikkinchi ot birinchi otning qismini birdirsa (shaxs yoki hayvonlarda)
šø a woman's face
šø a boy's arm
ā ļøIstisnolar: a pen top, a computer keyboard
5ļøā£ noun+preposition+noun' qurilmalari afzal ko'riladiga holatlar:
āagar ichidagi narsa bilan uning idishi nazarda tutilgan bo'lsa;
šø a cup of tea - bir finjon choy ( lekin a tea cup-choy finjoni)
šøa box of matches - bir quti gugurt ( lekin a matchbox- gugurt qutisi)
āagar hamma ma'lum bo'lgan umumiy tur nazarda tutilmagan bo'lsa;
šøincome tax - daromad solig'i (umumiy soliq turi) lekin
šøa tax on children's clothes (maxsus soliq turi)
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 2 281 |
| 17 | šDars #118 Artikl qo'llashning aralash holatlari (III qism)
ā³ļø Ingliz tilida artikl ishlatishining aralash holatlarini o'rganishda davom etamiz.
1ļøā£ Shaxs nomlari oldidan artikl qoŹ»llanilmasligini avvalgi darslardan bilamiz:
šø I'm āļøBond, āļøJames Bond.
ā ļø Ammo nazarda tutilayotgan shaxs bizga va tinglovchiga notanish ekanligini bildirmoqchi boŹ»lsak, shaxs nomlari oldidan noaniq artikl qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
šø A Mr Brown is at the door. (Mr Brown ismli shaxs)
ā ļøShuningdek, shaxs nomlari mualliflikni bildirib, shu sanāatkorga yoki yozuvchiga oid asarni bildirish uchun qoŹ»llanilganda birlikda noaniq artikl qoŹ»llaniladi.
šø I'm fond of painting, especially landscapes. A Levitan picture is hanging in my living-room.(Levitan qalamiga mansub)
ā ļø Agar bir nechta bir xil ismli shaxs mavjud boŹ»lib, ular orasidan bittasini ajratib koŹ»rsatmoqchi boŹ»lsak, shaxs nomlari oldidan aniq artikl qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
šø The Mr. Brown who lives next door is very friendly.
2ļøā£ Hafta kunlari va oy nomlari oldidan hech qanday artikl qoŹ»llanilmaydi.
šø I'll see you on āļøSaturday.
ā ļø Ammo haftaning aniq kunini aytmoqchi boŹ»lsak, ular oldidan aniq artikl qoŹ»llanishi mumkin. Bunda aniqlovchi gap yoki birikma mavjud bo'ladi.
šø They arrived on the Saturday after my birthday party.
3ļøā£ Tartib sonlar oldidan aniq artikl qoŹ»llanilishini bilamiz.
šø It is the third time Ann has been late this week.
šø She was the first person to know about it.
ā ļø Ammo tartib sonlari 'yana (bir)' degan ma'noda noaniq artikl bilan qoŹ»llaniladi
šø A third man entered the room. (Uchinchi (yana bir) odam xonaga kirdi)
ā ļø a first night - premera, a first prize - birinchi o'ringa mukofot iboralari ham noaniq artikl bilan qoŹ»llanadi.
ā ļø Ravish boŹ»lib kelgan first/at first iboralarida artikl qo'llanilmaydi.
šø āļøFirst, you must shake the bottle well, then drink the water.
4ļøā£ next soŹ»zi kelajak zamon payt ravishini bildiradigan birikmalarda artiklsiz qoŹ»llaniladi.
šø He is going to learn French āļønext year.
ā ļø next soŹ»zi oŹ»tgan zamon payt ravishini bildiradigan birikmalar yoki ot bilan 'keyingi' degan ma'noda qoŹ»llanilganda har doim aniq artikl bilan qoŹ»llaniladi.
šø He suddenly arrived the next morning.
šø When is the next bus?
5ļøā£ Undalmalarda nutq qaratilgan ot oldidan artikl qoŹ»llanilmaydi.
šø āļøStudents, hand in your tests!
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 1 941 |
| 18 | š Dars #117 Artikl qo'llashning aralash holatlari (II qism)
ā³ļø Ingliz tilida ba'zi so'zlar bilan artikl qo'llashning har xil qoidalari mavjud, bu ularning qaysi ma'noda yoki qanday so'z bilan qo'llanayotganiga bog'liq.
1ļøā£ very - juda soŹ»zi sifat bilan birlikdagi ot oldidan kelganida uning oldidan noaniq artikl qoŹ»llaniladi. Bu yerda very daraja-miqdor ravishi hisoblanadi.
šøBill has bought a very expensive car.
ā ļøvery - naq, ayni, aynan oŹ»zi degan ma'nolarida kelganida aniq artikl bilan qoŹ»llaniladi. Bunday holatlarda very sifat so'z turkumi hisoblanadi va o'zidan keyin ot talab qiladi.
šøYou are the very person I need.
2ļøā£ most - eng degan ma'noda sifatning orttirma darajasini hosil qilganda aniq artikl bilan qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøThat was the most boring film I've ever seen.
ā ļømost soŹ»zi ba'zan juda (very) degan ma'noda ham keladi. Bunday hollarda birlikdagi otlar oldidan og'zaki nutqda noaniq artikl bilan qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
šøIt was a most interesting story.
ā ļø most soŹ»zi koŹ»pchilik degan ma'noda ham keladi, bunday holatlarda bu soŹ»z umumiy ma'noda hech qanday artiklsiz qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøāļøMost people learn to swim at an early age.
3ļøā£ Ovqatlanish paytlarini bildiruvchi dinner/lunch/breakfast/supper soŹ»zlari bilan hech qanday artikl qoŹ»llanilmaydi.
šøTom has invited me to āļødinner on Thusday.
ā ļø Ammo, yuqoridagi soŹ»zlar oldidan sifat qatnashib, tasvirlash qoidasi qo'llanilsa noaniq artikl qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøThey had a nice dinner at the Red Lion.
šøI usually have a big breakfast.
ā ļø Yuqoridagi soŹ»zlar bilan aniqlovchi ibora yoki gap qatnashgan hollarda ular oldidan aniq artikl qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøThe dinner we had yesterday was great. (we had yesterday - aniqlovchi gap)
4ļøā£ Kun paytlarini bildiruvchi dawn/sunrise/sunset/dusk/midnight/night soŹ»zlari at predlogi bilan qoŹ»llanilganda hech qanday artikl qo'llanilmaydi.
ā
at dawn - erta tongda
ā
at sunrise - kun chiqqanda
ā
at noon - tushlikda
ā
at sunset - kun botganda
ā
at night - tunda
ā ļø morning/afternoon/evening/night soŹ»zlari in predlogi bilan qoŹ»llanilganda odatda aniq artikl bilan qoŹ»llaniladi.
ā
in the morning - ertalab
ā
in the afternoon - tush paytda
ā
in the evening - kechqurun
ā
in the night (during the night) - tunda, tun davomida
ā ļø Yuqoridagi soŹ»zlardan oldin sifat va on predlogi kelganda, ular oldidan birlikda noaniq artikl qoŹ»llanishi mumkin.
ā
on a rainy morning - yomg'irli tongda
ā
on a rainy night - yomg'irli tunda
5ļøā£ Fasllar umumiy ma'noda qoŹ»llanilganda ular oldidan hech qanday artikl qoŹ»llanilmagani ma'qul.
šøBirds migrate in āļøautumn and in āļøspring.
ā ļøAgar joriy yilning yoki biror bir aniq yilning bahori/yozi/kuzi/qishi nazarda tutilgan hollarda fasllar nomlari oldidan aniq artikl qoŹ»llanadi.
šøThe winter was cold this year.
šøI am going to have a long holiday in the summer. (this summer)
ā ļø Agar fasllar oldida sifat qatnashgan boŹ»lsa, birlikda noaniq artikl qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøIt was a cold winter.
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 2 215 |
| 19 | šDars #116 Artikl qo'llashning aralash holatlari (I qism)
ā³ļø Ingliz tilida ba'zi so'zlar bilan artikl qo'llashning har xil qoidalari mavjud, bu ularning qaysi ma'noda yoki vazifada qo'llanayotganiga bog'liq.
1ļøā£Ingliz tilidagi quyidagi soŹ»zlar oŹ»z vazifasidan kelib chiqib qoŹ»llanilganda hech qanday artikl qoŹ»llanilmasligi lozim.
ā
university - universitet
ā
college - kollej
ā
school - maktab
ā
prison - turma
ā
hospital - kasalxona
ā
church - cherkov
ā
court - sud
ā³ļøMasalan, quyidagi iboralarda bu soŹ»zlar oŹ»z vazifadan kelib chiqib qoŹ»llangan:
āŖļøgo to āļøschool/āļøuniversity/āļøcollege - maktab/universitet/kollejga oŹ»qishga bormoq
āŖļøbe at āļøschool/āļøuniversity/āļøcollege - maktab/universitet/kollejda oŹ»qishda boŹ»lmoq
āŖļøbe in āļøprison/be sent to āļøprison - jinoyat qilganlik uchun qamoqda boŹ»lmoq/qamoqqa yuborilmoq
āŖļøgo to āļøchurch - ibodat uchun cherkovga bormoq va hakozolar.
šø Bill is ill in āļøhospital.
šøWhen I leave āļøschool, I want to study engineering at āļøuniversity.
ā ļø Yuqoridagi soŹ»zlar oŹ»z vazifasida emas, bino yoki joy sifatida qoŹ»llanilganda artiklning umumiy qoidasi qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøExcuse me, how can I get to the university? (shahardagi universitet binosi)
šøSarah is a nurse. She works at the hospital. (kasalxona uning ish joyi)
šøThe workmen went to the church to repair the roof. (shahardagi cherkov binosi)
2ļøā£ work -ish, home - uy, bed - yotoq soŹ»zlari ham odatiy, oŹ»z ma'nosida qoŹ»llanilganda artikl olmaydi. Quyidagi iboralarni yodlab oling:
ā
be at work
ā
start work
ā
finish work
ā
go to work
ā
be at home
ā
come home
ā
arrive home
ā
get home
ā
go to bed
ā
in bed
šøI like reading books in āļøbed.
šøIs Tom at āļøhome? No, he is at āļøwork.
ā ļøYuqoridagi soŹ»zlardan bed soŹ»zi krovat (jihoz) sifatida tushunilganda, artiklning umumiy qoidasiga binoan qoŹ»llaniladi .
šø I enjoy sleeping on a soft bed. (tasvirlash qoidasi)
šøHe sat on the bed and began his story. (xonadagi aniq krovat)
3ļøā£ Musiqa instrumentlari nomlari oldidan, agar ular oŹ»z vazifasida qoŹ»llanilganda, aniq artikl qoŹ»llaniladi.
āŖļøthe piano/the guitar/the flute/the trumpet
šø Can you play the piano?
4ļøā£ Axborot manbasi sifatida radio, Internet soŹ»zlari aniq artikl, television (TV) soŹ»zi hech qanday artiklsiz qoŹ»llaniladi.
ā
to listen to the radio - radio tinglamoq
ā
on the radio/Internet - radioda/Internetda
ā
to watch TV - televizor koŹ»rmoq
ā
on TV - televizorda
šøI enjoy listening to the radio in the evenings.
šøWhat's on āļøTV today?
ā ļø Ammo bu otlar jihoz sifatida umumiy qoidaga koŹ»ra qoŹ»llaniladi.
šøCan you turn off the TV? (xonadagi televizor jihozi)
5ļøā£ Quyidagi soŹ»zlar the...of+noun birikmalarida aniq artikl bilan qoŹ»llanadi:
āŖļøback/beginning/bottom/end/middle/side/top/front
šøThere was a table in the middle of the room.
šøWe are leaving for London at the beginning of July.
ā ļøBiroq from āļøbeginning to āļøend - boshidan oxirigacha, in āļøfront of - oldida iboralari artiklsiz qoŹ»llanadi.
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2026 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 2 299 |
| 20 | šDars #115 Artiklsiz qo'llaniladigan turg'un birikmalar (II qism)
ā³ļø Quyidagi birikmalar ingliz tilida artiklsiz qo'llaniladi. Ularni bilish testlarni ishlashda juda foydali hisoblanadi.
ā
for hours/ages - soatlab/ koŹ»p vaqtdan beri
ā
for sale - sotuvda
ā
from head to toe - boshidan oyogāigacha
ā
live from hand to mouth - qiyinchilikda yashamoq
ā
from head to foot - boshidan oyogāigacha
ā
from memory - esdan
ā
at last - nihoyat
ā
from side to side - u yoqdan bu yoqqa
ā
get into trouble - muammoga duch kelmoq
ā
out of mind - esdan chiqqan
ā
beyond understanding - tushunish qiyin
ā
out of sight - koŹ»zdan yiroqda
ā
hand in hand - qoŹ»lma qoŹ»l
ā
have breakfast - nonushtda qilmoq
ā
have lunch - tushlik tanovul qilmoq
ā
have fun - maza qilmoq
ā
in case - har ehtimolga qarshi
ā
in cash - naqd pulda
ā
in connection with - bogāliq
ā
in contact with - aloqada
ā
in detail - atroflicha
ā
in fact - haqiqatda
ā
in search of - qidirib
ā
Itās high time - vaqti boŹ»ldi
ā
itās fun - maza, zoŹ»r
ā
lose control - nazorat qoŹ»ldan chiqmoq
ā
on behalf of - nomidan
ā
on foot - piyoda
ā
on fire - yongāinda
ā
at hand - yonida
ā
on holiday - taātilda
ā
on business - ish bilan
ā
for pleasure - dam olish uchun
ā
out of breath - halloslab qolgan
ā
out of control - nazoratsiz
ā
pay attention to - eātibor bermoq
ā
step by step - qadam baqadam
ā
day by day - kundan kunga
ā
take offence - hafa boŹ»lmoq
ā
take action - chora koŹ»rmoq
ā
in practice - amalda
ā¤ļøIf you want to do some good to your friends š just share this post @grammarnotes #2025 #newlessons
š Kanalga qo'shiling šhttps://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA | 2 539 |
