KNOW Homoeopathy

Defintive diagnosis of pemphigus: Demonstration of Anti-desmoglein autoantibodies by Direct immunofluorescence on Skin biopsy

Dennie's line :- An accentuated line below the margin of the lower eyelid that is characteristic of atopic dermatitis. Also called Dennie's fold

Organs not involved in leprosy: 1. Ovary, 2. Lungs, 3. CNS

Darrier Sign :-- When a urticaria pigmentosa or mastocytoma lesion is stroked, it typically urticates, becoming pruritic, edematous, and erythematous. This change is referred to as the Darier sign, which is explainable on the basis of mast cell degranulation induced by physical stimulation.

The du Bois sign is a medical finding of shortness of the little finger in congenital syphilis

Calcinosis cutis is the accumulation of calcium salt crystals in your skin. The calcium deposits are hard bumps that don't dissolve. The shape and size of the lesions vary. This is a rare condition that has many different causes. These range from infection and injury to systemic diseases like kidney failure.

Berloque dermatitis is a type of photocontact dermatitis. It occurs after perfumed products containing bergamot (or a psoralen) are applied to the skin followed by exposure to sunlight. Striking linear patterns of hyperpigmentation are characteristic, corresponding to local application of the scented product.

Crutch paralysis is a form of paralysis which can occur when either the radial nerve or part of the brachial plexus, containing various nerves that innervate sense and motor function to the arm and hand, is under constant pressure, such as by the use of a crutch.

NERVES and RELATED TERMS • Ulnar nerve: o Positive card test, o Ulnar claw hand • Median nerve: o Carpal tunnel syndrome, o Pointing index • Radial nerve: Crutch palsy • Axillary nerve: o Anterior dislocation of shoulder, o Fracture surgical neck humerus

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME • CTS is associated with: o C: Compressed median nerve o A: Acromegaly o R: Rheumatoid arthritis o P: Pregnancy o A: Amyloidosis o L: Low thyroid (hypothyroidism)

OSTEOCHONDRITIS • Perthes disease: o Osteochondritis of femoral head o Adduction is unaffected o IOC for Perthes disease: MRI Osteochondritis of lunate: Kienbock's disease • Osteochondritis of tibial tubercle: OschGood's Schlatter's disease • Osteochondritis of calcaneum: Sever's disease

BONE TUMOURS:- Benign tumours of cartilage origin: Enchondroma, Osteochondroma, Chondroblastoma Benign tumour of bony origin: Osteoid osteoma, Osteoblastoma Location: Epiphyseal: Osteoclastoma Metaphyseal: Osteosarcoma

EWING SARCOMA • Location: Diaphysis • Age group: 2'd decade • X-ray appearance: Onion peel • May mimic: Osteomyelitis • Presence of fever, anemia, raised WBC, raised ESR and raised LDH suggests: Poor prognosis

OSTEOSARCOMA • Location: Metaphysis • MC site in body: Lower end of femur • X-ray appearance: o Sunburst appearance, o Codman's triangle • Special feature: Secondaries in lungs • Treatment: o Chemotherapy, o Limb salvage surgery

Russell bodies are eosinophilic, large, homogeneous immunoglobulin-containing inclusions usually found in a plasma cell undergoing excessive synthesis of immunoglobulin; the Russell body is characteristic of the distended endoplasmic reticulum. They are found in the peripheral areas of tumors.

MULTIPLE MYELOMA • Calcium levels: Raised • X-ray appearance: Geographic/ punched out (lytic lesion) • Special features: • MC primary malignant bony neoplasm, • Bence Jones proteins in urine, • Russel bodies

SKELETAL TB • MC site of skeletal TB: Vertebrae • In Spine, TB starts in: Vertebral body • MC subtype of spinal TB: Paradiscal (because blood supply of vertebrae is intersegmental) • MC region involved in spinal TB: T9 - L1 • Earliest symptom of spinal TB: Pain • Earliest X-ray sign in Pott's disease: Narrowing of disc space (loss of intervertebral disc)

RICKETS • Pathology: Defective mineralization of osteoid/ bones and cartilage • Features: o Craniotabes, o Wide open fontanelle, o Rachitic rosary (Enlargement of costochondral junction) • X-ray appearances: o Widening and thickening of epiphysis, o Cupping and fraying of metaphysis

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS • RA is a disease of: Synovium/ synovial membrane • RA starts in: Synovium • Body tissue mostly affected in RA: Synovium • Charactenstic feature: o Persistent inflammatory synovitis, o Peripheral joint, o Symmetrical distribution • Causes: o Immunological, o Familial, o Infective (implicated) • Mostly affects: Females (three times) • Earliest lesion in rheumatoid synovitis: o Microvascular injury, o Increase in number of synovial lining cells • Joints characteristically involved in RA: o MCP, o PIP (symmetric arthritis) • Boutonniere deformity: o Flexion contracture of the PIP o Extension of DIP • Criteria for diagnosis: Any 4 criteria must be present • Pathognomic feature: Rheumatoid nodule • Extra-articular manifestations are seen in: Individuals with high titres of RF (autoantibodies to the Fc component of IgG)

Shrinking lung syndrome (SLS):- It is a pulmonary complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) characterized by dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and progressive decrease in lung volumes with no evidence of pleural or interstitial disease on chest CT.