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Triboelectric effect 👉 Triboelectricity converts mechanical energy into electricity coupling triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. 👉 Electrostatic induction is the phenomenon of electrification by contact of two objects that become spontaneously charged. 👉 The general concept of TEG’s is that when two materials come into contact there is a charge transfer, one membrane becomes positively charged and the other negatively charged creating an electronic potential difference (EPD) with the presence of an air gap.

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Now the cycle repeats over and over again. So we got two thresholds, the high threshold at about 1.9 V and the low threshold at about 1.3 V.

Next, the voltage Vin at the base of the transistor T1 will start declining and it will turn the transistor off when the base voltage will be 0.7 V above the voltage of its emitter. This will happen as the current in the emitter will decline to a point where the transistor will get into forward-active mode. In this mode the collector voltage will increase, which will also increase the voltage at the base of the transistor T2. This will cause small amount of current to flow through the transistor T2 which will further drop the voltage at the emitters and will cause the transistor T1 to turn off. In our case the Vin input needs to drop to about 1.3 V to turn off the transistor T1.

So as we increase the Vin input and we cross this value of 1.98 the transistor T1 will start conducting. This will cause the voltage at the base of the transistor T2 to drop and will cut the transistor off. As the transistor T2 is no longer conducting the output voltage will go high.

So because the Transistor T2 is conducting the output voltage will be low and the voltage at the emitter will be about 0.7 V lower than the voltage at the base of the transistor, or that’s about 1.28 V.

Let’s suppose that the Vin input is 0 V. That means that transistor T1 is cut off and not conducting. On the other hand the Transistor T2 is conducting because we have a voltage of about 1.98 V at the B node as we can consider this part of the circuit as a voltage divider and calculate the voltage using this expressions.

Transistor based Schmitt Trigger The Transistor Schmitt Triger circuit contains two transistors and five resistors. For better explanation, let's see it's working by assign values to the components.

👉 Now by adjusting the values of the resistors we can set at what value of the VIN input the switch will occur using the following equations.  👉 The current “i” through this line equals VIN – VA divided by R1 as well as VA – VOUT divided by R2. So if we replace the VA with zero, as we need that value for the switch to occur, we will get that final equation. 

 👉 If we add a positive feedback by connecting the output voltage to the non-inverting input with a resistor between them and another resistor between the VIN and the non-inverting input we will get the Schmitt Trigger. 👉 Now the output will switch from VCC– to VCC+ when the voltage at the A node will cross 0 volts.

Operational Amplifier based Schmitt Trigger 👉 We have an op-amp which inverting input is connected to the ground or zero volts and the non-inverting input is connected to a voltage input, VIN. 👉 This is actually a comparator and compares the non-inverting input to the inverting input or in this case the input voltage VIN to 0 V. 👉 When the VINvalue is below 0 volts the output of the comparator will be the negative VCC and if the input voltage is above 0 volts the output will be positive VCC.

Types of Schmitt Triggers

For example, if we have a noisy input signal like this, that is meant to have 2 pulses, a device that has only one set point, or threshold, could get incorrect input and it could register more than two pulses as shown in this illustration. And if we use the Schmitt Trigger for the same input signal we will get a correct input of two pulses because of the two different thresholds. So that’s the primal function of the Schmitt Trigger, to convert noisy square waves, sine waves or slow edges inputs into clean square waves.

What is Schmitt Trigger ?? 👉 The Schmitt Trigger is a logic input type that provides hysteresis or two different threshold voltage levels for rising and falling edge. 👉 This is useful because it can avoid the errors when we have noisy input signals from which we want to get square wave signals.

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