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Some of the potential applications of FPGAs are : 👉 Cryptography 👉 ASIC prototyping 👉 Industrial, medical and Scientific Instruments 👉 Audio/Video and Image processing and broadcasting 👉 High-performance computing, AI, and Deep Learning 👉 Military and Space applications 👉 Networking, packet processing, and other communications.

Applications of FPGA 👉 Architecturally FPGAs are essentially a sea of gates which can be reconfigured to build almost any digital circuit that one can imagine. 👉 For example, deep learning, AI or application acceleration system can re-program a single FPGA with different algorithms at different times to achieve the best performance.  👉 An ASIC would not be as flexible in such situations. In certain applications, the number of individual units manufactured would be very small. Designing and manufacturing ASICs for these applications can be prohibitively expensive. In such situations, FPGA can offer very cost effective but robust solutions.

What is FPGA? 👉 FPGA stands for “Field Programmable Gate Array“. 👉 FPGA essentially is a huge array of gates which can be programmed and reconfigured any time anywhere. 👉 FPGA is indeed much more complex than a simple array of gates. 👉 Some FPGAs has built-in hard blocks such as Memory controllers, high-speed communication interfaces, PCIe Endpoints, etc. 👉 There are a lot of gates inside the FPGA which can be arbitrarily connected together to make a circuit of your choice.  👉 FPGAs are manufactured by companies like Xilinx, Altera, Microsemi, etc… 👉 FPGAs are fundamentally similar to CPLDs but CPLDs are very small in size and capability compared to FPGAs.

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ARMv7 architecture has the following features: 👉 CPU modes : Except in M-profile, the 32-bit ARM architecture specifies several CPU modes, as listed below. At any moment in time, the CPU can be in only one mode, but it can switch modes due to interrupts, or programmatically. 👉 User mode : Usual ARM program execution state 👉 FIQ mode : Mode that is entered whenever the processor accepts an FIQ interrupt 👉 IRQ mode : Mode that is entered whenever the processor accepts an IRQ interrupt 👉 Supervisor mode : Mode that is entered whenever the CPU is reset or an SVC instruction is executed 👉 Abort mode : Mode that is entered whenever a prefect abort or data abort exception occurs 👉 Undefined mode : Mode that is entered whenever an undefined instruction exception occurs 👉 System mode : Mode that is entered only by executing an instruction 👉 Monitor mode: Mode introduced to support TrustZone extension

ARMv7 ARMv7 is the most widely-used architecture in mobile devices. ARMv7, which defines the architecture for the first of the Cortex series of cores, defines three architecture profiles as follows: 👉 A-profile (application profile).  ARM Cortex-A cores are intended for application use and consist of ARM Cortex-A5, A7, A8, A9, A12, A15 and A17 MPCore. These are used in devices such as smartphones, tablet PCs, gaming consoles and routers. 👉 R-profile (realtime profile).  ARM Cortex-R cores are intended for robust realtime use and consist of Cortex-R4, R5 and R7. These are used in automotive systems, storage devices, medical instruments, digital TVs, blu-ray players and others. 👉 M-profile (microcontroller profile).  ARM Cortex-M cores are intended for microcontroller use and consist of Cortex-M0, M0+, M1, M3 and M4. These are used in automotives, gaming consoles, Bluetooth and ZigBee, touchscreen and power management.

ARMv6 • Media processing: SIMD • Enhanced exception handling • Overhaul of memory system architecture ARMv7 • Thumb-2 • TrustZone • Jazelle-RCT • NEON • Split into profiles ARMv8 • 64-bit architecture • Two main execution states: AArch32 and AArch64

ARMv4T • 16-bit instruction set was introduced alongside the 32-bit instruction set • Different execution states for different instruction sets ARMv5 • Better interworking between ARM and Thumb • DSP-focused additional instructions • Jazelle-DBX for Java byte-code interpretation in hardware

Evolution of ARM ARMv1-ARMv4. • 32-bit RISC architecture • Sixteen registers including the program counter • All instructions are executed conditionally • Can load/store multiple instructions • Original architecture had 26-bit address space augmented to 32 bits

Typical fibre-optic sensor applications: 👉 Measurement of physical properties, such as temperature, velocity, displacement, strain and more 👉 Real-time monitoring of health 👉 Testing of buildings, bridges, tunnels, dams, heritage structures and so on 👉 Night-vision cameras, electronic security systems and in measuring wheel loads of vehicles 👉 Industrial elements—such as furnaces of all kinds, sintering operations, ovens and kilns, automated welding and more—often generate large electrical fields where conventional sensors cannot be used. 👉 High temperature processing operations, as in refractories and chemical industries, often use optical-fibre sensors. 👉 These are also used in fusion, sputtering and crystal growth processes in semiconductor industries.

Major disadvantages that need solutions 👉 Complex detection system 👉 Expensive 👉 Non-familiarity to end user 👉 Requirement of precise installation procedures 👉 Usable measuring system’s development is complex