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UPSC GEOGRAPHY
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This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc No copyright material allowed. Queries - @Upscgeographybot
Show more📈 Analytical overview of Telegram channel UPSC GEOGRAPHY
Channel UPSC GEOGRAPHY (@upsc_geography_notes_optional) in the English language segment is an active participant. Currently, the community unites 67 144 subscribers, ranking 2 444 in the Education category and 4 960 in the India region.
📊 Audience metrics and dynamics
Since its creation on невідомо, the project has demonstrated rapid growth, gathering an audience of 67 144 subscribers.
According to the latest data from 24 June, 2026, the channel demonstrates stable activity. Although there has been a change in the number of participants by -1 073 over the last 30 days and by -53 over the last 24 hours, overall reach remains high.
- Verification status: Not verified
- Engagement rate (ER): The average audience engagement rate is 3.14%. Within the first 24 hours after publication, content typically collects 3.24% reactions from the total number of subscribers.
- Post reach: On average, each post receives 2 109 views. Within the first day, a publication typically gains 2 175 views.
- Reactions and interaction: The audience actively supports content: the average number of reactions per post is 0.
- Thematic interests: Content is focused on key topics such as prelim, hindu, sanctuary, upsc, polity.
📝 Description and content policy
The author describes the resource as a platform for expressing subjective opinions:
“This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc
No copyright material allowed.
Queries - @Upscgeographybot”
Thanks to the high frequency of updates (latest data received on 25 June, 2026), the channel maintains relevance and a high level of publication reach. Analytics show that the audience actively interacts with content, making it an important point of influence in the Education category.
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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY
■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.
#Soil
1. PARENT MATERIAL.
◇ The rocks from which soils are formed are called parent materials.
◇ In most of the cases, the parent material determines the colouration, mineral composition and texture
of the soil.
◇ In some cases, the soil formed may or may not have the same physical properties as the parent rock.
◇ Climatic factors induce chemical changes which also affect the physical properties of the soil.
◇ The surface rocks are exposed to the process of weathering. In this process, the rocks are converted into
fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation.
◇ In Indian Conditions, parent material is generally categorized into :-
1. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
2. Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks.
3. Gondwana rocks.
4. Deccan basalts.
5. Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India {Rock System}.
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67 135
■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.
#Soil
1. PARENT MATERIAL.
◇ The rocks from which soils are formed are called parent materials.
◇ In most of the cases, the parent material determines the colouration, mineral composition and texture
of the soil.
◇ In some cases, the soil formed may or may not have the same physical properties as the parent rock.
◇ Climatic factors induce chemical changes which also affect the physical properties of the soil.
◇ The surface rocks are exposed to the process of weathering. In this process, the rocks are converted into
fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation.
◇ In Indian Conditions, parent material is generally categorized into :-
1. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
2. Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks.
3. Gondwana rocks.
4. Deccan basalts.
5. Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India {Rock System}.
67 135
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■ ALPINE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
◇ Altitudes ranging from 2,900 to 3,500.
◇ These forests can be divided into (1) sub-alpine; (2) moist alpine scrub and (3) dry alpine scrub.
◇ The sub-alpine forests occur as lower alpine scrub and grasslands.
◇ It is a mixture of coniferous and broad-leaved trees in which the coniferous trees attain a height of about 30 m while the broad-leaved trees reach only 10 m.
◇ Fir, spruce, rhododendron, etc. are important species.
◇ The moist alpine scrub is a low evergreen dense growth of rhododendron, birch etc. which occurs from 3,000 metres and extends up to snowline.
◇ The dry alpine scrub is the uppermost limit of scrub xerophytic, dwarf shrubs, over 3,500 metres above sea level and found in the dry zone. Juniper, honeysuckle, artemesia etc. are important species.
67 135
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■ HIMALAYAN DRY TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Precipitation is below 100 cm and is mostly in the form of snow.
□ CHARACTERSTICS.
◇ Coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs in which deodar, oak, ash, olive, etc are the main trees.
◇ Such forests are found in the inner dry ranges of the Himalayas where south-west monsoon is very feeble.
◇ Such areas are in Ladakh, Lahul, Chamba, Kinnaur, Garhwal and Sikkim.
67 135
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■ MONTANE WET TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Grows at a height of 1800 to 3000 m above sea level.
◇ Mean annual rainfall is 150 cm to 300 cm.
◇ Mean annual temperature is about 11 to 14 °C.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
• Higher hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, in the Eastern Himalayan region.
Characteristics
◇ These are closed evergreen forests. Trunks have a large girth.
◇ Branches are clothed with mosses, ferns and other epiphytes.
◇ The trees rarely achieve a height of more than 6 metres.
◇ Deodar, Chilauni, Indian chestnut, birch, blue pine, oak, hemlock, etc. are important species.
67 135
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67 135
■ SUB TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN FORESTS.
#Natutalvegetation
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Found in the Bhabar, the Shiwaliks and the western Himalayas up to about 1000 metres above sea level.
Climatic Conditions
□ CLIMATIC CONDITION.
◇ Annual rainfall is 50-100 cm (15 to 25 cm in December-March).
◇ The summers are sufficiently hot, and winters are very cold.
□ CHARACTERSTICS
◇ Low scrub forest with small evergreen stunted trees and shrubs.
◇ Olive, acacia modesta and pistacia are the most predominant species.
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