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UPSC GEOGRAPHY
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This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc No copyright material allowed. Queries - @Upscgeographybot
显示更多📈 Telegram 频道 UPSC GEOGRAPHY 的分析概览
频道 UPSC GEOGRAPHY (@upsc_geography_notes_optional) 英语 语言赛道中的 是活跃参与者。目前社区聚集了 67 144 名订阅者，在 教育 类别中位列第 2 444，并在 印度 地区排名第 4 960 位。
📊 受众指标与增长动态
自 невідомо 创建以来，项目保持高速增长，吸引了 67 144 名订阅者。
根据 24 六月, 2026 的最新数据，频道保持稳定运转。过去 30 天订阅人数变化为 -1 073，过去 24 小时变化为 -53，整体触达仍然可观。
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- 互动率 (ER)： 平均受众互动率为 3.14%。内容发布后 24 小时内通常能获得 3.24% 的反应，占订阅者总量。
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作者将该频道定位为表达主观观点的平台：
“This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc
No copyright material allowed.
Queries - @Upscgeographybot”
凭借高频更新（最新数据采集于 25 六月, 2026），频道始终保持新鲜度与高覆盖。分析显示受众积极互动，使其成为 教育 类别中的关键影响点。
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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY
■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.
#Soil
1. PARENT MATERIAL.
◇ The rocks from which soils are formed are called parent materials.
◇ In most of the cases, the parent material determines the colouration, mineral composition and texture
of the soil.
◇ In some cases, the soil formed may or may not have the same physical properties as the parent rock.
◇ Climatic factors induce chemical changes which also affect the physical properties of the soil.
◇ The surface rocks are exposed to the process of weathering. In this process, the rocks are converted into
fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation.
◇ In Indian Conditions, parent material is generally categorized into :-
1. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
2. Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks.
3. Gondwana rocks.
4. Deccan basalts.
5. Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India {Rock System}.
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■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA.
#Soil
1. PARENT MATERIAL.
◇ The rocks from which soils are formed are called parent materials.
◇ In most of the cases, the parent material determines the colouration, mineral composition and texture
of the soil.
◇ In some cases, the soil formed may or may not have the same physical properties as the parent rock.
◇ Climatic factors induce chemical changes which also affect the physical properties of the soil.
◇ The surface rocks are exposed to the process of weathering. In this process, the rocks are converted into
fine grains and provide a base for the soil formation.
◇ In Indian Conditions, parent material is generally categorized into :-
1. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
2. Cuddapah and Vindhyan rocks.
3. Gondwana rocks.
4. Deccan basalts.
5. Tertiary and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of extra peninsular India {Rock System}.
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■ ALPINE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
◇ Altitudes ranging from 2,900 to 3,500.
◇ These forests can be divided into (1) sub-alpine; (2) moist alpine scrub and (3) dry alpine scrub.
◇ The sub-alpine forests occur as lower alpine scrub and grasslands.
◇ It is a mixture of coniferous and broad-leaved trees in which the coniferous trees attain a height of about 30 m while the broad-leaved trees reach only 10 m.
◇ Fir, spruce, rhododendron, etc. are important species.
◇ The moist alpine scrub is a low evergreen dense growth of rhododendron, birch etc. which occurs from 3,000 metres and extends up to snowline.
◇ The dry alpine scrub is the uppermost limit of scrub xerophytic, dwarf shrubs, over 3,500 metres above sea level and found in the dry zone. Juniper, honeysuckle, artemesia etc. are important species.
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■ HIMALAYAN DRY TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Precipitation is below 100 cm and is mostly in the form of snow.
□ CHARACTERSTICS.
◇ Coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs in which deodar, oak, ash, olive, etc are the main trees.
◇ Such forests are found in the inner dry ranges of the Himalayas where south-west monsoon is very feeble.
◇ Such areas are in Ladakh, Lahul, Chamba, Kinnaur, Garhwal and Sikkim.
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■ MONTANE WET TEMPERATE FORESTS.
#Naturalvegetation
□ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
◇ Grows at a height of 1800 to 3000 m above sea level.
◇ Mean annual rainfall is 150 cm to 300 cm.
◇ Mean annual temperature is about 11 to 14 °C.
□ DISTRIBUTION.
• Higher hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, in the Eastern Himalayan region.
Characteristics
◇ These are closed evergreen forests. Trunks have a large girth.
◇ Branches are clothed with mosses, ferns and other epiphytes.
◇ The trees rarely achieve a height of more than 6 metres.
◇ Deodar, Chilauni, Indian chestnut, birch, blue pine, oak, hemlock, etc. are important species.
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■ SUB TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN FORESTS.
#Natutalvegetation
□ DISTRIBUTION.
◇ Found in the Bhabar, the Shiwaliks and the western Himalayas up to about 1000 metres above sea level.
Climatic Conditions
□ CLIMATIC CONDITION.
◇ Annual rainfall is 50-100 cm (15 to 25 cm in December-March).
◇ The summers are sufficiently hot, and winters are very cold.
□ CHARACTERSTICS
◇ Low scrub forest with small evergreen stunted trees and shrubs.
◇ Olive, acacia modesta and pistacia are the most predominant species.
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