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Compound-complex sentences are typically the longest of all sentences. A coordinating conjunction typically joins the independent clauses in a compound sentence.
EXAMPLES:
A. After the students ate their lunch, they went to the classroom, and they started to do their
classworks.
(This sentence is a compound complex sentence, and it has three different clauses: one incomplete sentence and two complete sentences)
(1. After the students ate their lunch... ተማሪዎች ምሳቸውን ከበሉ በኋላ - incomplete sentence
(2. They went to the classroom. ወደ ክፍል ገቡ- complete sentence (3. They started to do their classworks.የክፍል ስራቸዉን መስራት ጀመሩ- complete sentence
B. Although modern technologies are making our today's life more easier, they have their own impacts and can affect our life if we use it carelessly.
(This sentence is a compound complex sentence, and it has four different clauses)
(1. Although modern technologies are making our life more easier.) ዘመናዊ ቴክኖሎጂዎች ህይወታችንን ቀላል አርጎታል።
(2. They have their own impacts.) የራሳቸው ጉዳት አላቸው።
(3. And can affect our life) እናም ህይወታችን ላይ ጉዳት ያመጣሉ።
(4. If we use it carelessly) ያለ ጥንቃቄ ከተጠቀምንባቸው
C. I went out for a walk yesterday, but I came back because I had forgotten my phone.)
(This sentence is a compound complex sentence, and it has three different clauses)
(1. I went out for a walk yesterday.)
(2. But I cameback)
(3. Because I had forgotten my phone)
D. Our teacher teaches us
English in an easy and understandable ways, but some students do not attend in classroom, so many of them failed the tests.
(This sentence is a compound complex sentence, and it has four different clauses)
(1. Our teacher teaches us English in an easy) እንግሊዝኛ መምህራችን በደንብ ያስተምረናል
(2. and understandable ways) በሚገባን መንገድ
(3. but some students do not attend in classroom) ነገር ግን አንዳንድ ተማሪዎች አይከታተሉትም
(4. so many of them failed the tests) በዚህ ምክንያት ብዙ ተማሪዎች ፈተናውን ወድቋል።
E. Even though she bought a new computer, she kept her old one, and she still uses it because it has some important files.
(Here, there are four clauses the above sentence has:
1. Even though she bought a new computer (dependent)
2. she kept her old one (independent)
3. and she still uses it (independent)
4. because it has some important files (dependent)
We can expand this sentence to five clauses: ከላይ ያለውን ዐ.ነገር የበለጠ ሰፋ ሲደረግ፣
Even though she bought a new computer, she kept her old one, and she still uses it because it has some important files that she didn't copy on the new one.
The clauses are: (ከላይ ያለው ዐ.ነገር እንዳነበባችሁት አምስት የተለያዩ ዐ.ነገሮችን የተለያዩ አያያዥ ቃላት በመጠቀም እንድ ተደርጓል።)
1. Even though she bought a new computer[አዲስ ኮምፒውተር የገዛች ቢሆንም] (dependent)
2. she kept her old one[አሮጌውን አልጣለችውም] (independent)
3. and she still uses it[እስካሁን እየተጠቀመችበት ነው] (independent)
4. because it has some important files.[ምክንያቱም ብዙ የምትፈልጋቸው ፋይሎች አለው] (dependent)
5. that she couldn’t install on the new one (dependent)
...........................
በአጠቃላይ ዐ.ነገሮች በአመሰራረታቸው[መዋቅራቸው](structures) በአራት ይከፈላሉ። እነሱም፣
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence እና
4. Compound complex ናቸው።
A Complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative pronouns (who, that, which). (Complex sentence ሁለት የተለያዩ ዐ.ነገሮችን በነዚህ አያያዥ ቃላት በማገናኘት አንድዐ.ነገር እናደርጋቸዋለን።)
EXAMPLES:
I lost the book that my father bought me.
(I lost the book: is an independent clause, so it doesn't depend on the clause the clause: 'that my father
bought me': this is a dependent clause)
My teacher appreciated the assignment which I submitted yesterday.
(My teacher appreciated the assignment: is an independent clause; so it doesn't depend on the clause 'which I submitted yesterday': it is a dependent clause)
She didn't find the person who took her textbook.
(She didn't find the person: is also an independent clause; so it doesn't depend on the clause: 'who took her textbook: this is a dependent clause)
They hadn't played football, because it had been raining.
(They hadn't played football: is an independent clause, so it doesn't depend on the clause 'because it had been raining: this is a dependent clause)
Before I went to school, I had eaten my breakfast.
(Before I went to school: is a dependent clause, so it depends on the clause 'I had eaten my dinner': it is
independent clause)
I had eaten my breakfast before I went to school.
(I had eaten my breakfast: is an independent clause, so it doesn't depend on the clause 'before I went to school: this is a ependent clause)
After I had eaten my breakfast, I went to school.
(After I had eaten my breakfast: is a dependent clause, it depends on the clause: 'I went to school')
Since English is an International language, everyone must study it.
(Since English is an International language: is a dependent clause; it depends on the clause: 'everyone must study it)
Although English is a universal language, many people can't read and write it.
(Although English language is a universal language: is a dependent clause. It depends on the clause: 'Some people can't read an write it'. This is an independent clause.
REMEMBER: አስታውሱ!
1. When an independent clause comes first, comma is NOT needed. (Independent clause/ራሱን ችሎ ሙሉ ሀሳብ መስጠት የሚችል ዐ.ነገር መጀመሪያ ላይ ስንፅፍ comma አይገባም/አንጠቀምም)
2. When dependent clause comes first, we use comma to separate the two clauses. (ራሱን ችሎ ሙሉ መልዕክት መስጠት የማይችል/ጥገኛው/ ዐ.ነገር አስቀድመን ስንፅፍ/መጀመሪያ ላይ ሲመጣ ሁለቱን ለመለየት comma መጠቀም
አለብን።)
4. COMPOUND- COMPLEX SENTENCE (በጣም የተወሳሰበ ዐ.ነገር)
Think about what kind of a SENTENCE is a COMPLEX SENTENCE?
What Structure makes the SENTENCE called as a COMPLEX SENTENCE?
STUDY THE FOLLOWING EXPLANATIONS AND EXAMPLES
A COMPOUND-COMPLEX sentence is a sentence which is also formed from two structures. It contains two or more independent clauses, and one or more dependent clause.
The compound-complex
sentence is a type of sentence that consists of at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause. It is a more complex sentence in its structures that formed from at least three different clauses.
ይህ 4ኛው እና የመጨረሻው ዐ.ነገር ከሌሎች የዐ.ነገር አይነቶች በጣም ውስብስብ፣ ከባድ እና ረጅም ዐ.ነገር ሲሆን አመሰራረቱ/መዋቅሩ
የሚመሰረተው ከሁለት እና ከዚያ በላይ ራሳቸውን ከቻሉ ዐ.ነገሮች እና አንድ እና ከዚያ በላይ ራሳቸውን ችሎ የተሟላ ሀሳብ(መልዕክት)መስጠት ከማይችሉ ዐ.ነገሮች ነው። እነዚህን በዛ ያሉ ዐ.ነገሮች እንደየ ዐ.ነገሮቹ አመሰራረት አስፈላጊውን የተለያዩ አያያዥ ቃላቶችን(conjunctions) በመጠቀም የተለያዩ ዐ.ነገሮች እና የተለያዩ ሀሳብ ያላቸውን ዐ.ነገሮችን በማገናኘት እና አንድ በማድረግ እንፅፋቸዋለን። በዚህ የዐ.ነገር አፃፃፍ ሂደት ውስጥ የተሟላ ሀሳብ ያለውን ዐ.ነገር ስናስቀድም comma አይገባም፣ ጎዶሎን(ሙሉ ሀሳብ የማይሰጠውን) ዐ.ነገር ስናስቀድም ግን ዐ.ነገሮቹን ለመለየት comma መጠቀም የግድ ይሆናል።)
When two or more than two sentences joined together by conjunction, that is called a compound- complex sentence.
REMEMBER again that a Compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and
at least one or more than one dependent clauses.
It is the more complex and complicated sentence
joined by different sentence connectors than other types of a sentence.
The Compound-complex sentence combines elements of compound and complex sentences. It is the most sophisticated type of sentence.All the following Statements are formed in COMPOUND SENTENCE STRUCTURES. All of the Sentences have two parts connected with Co-ordinating conjunction with two different Sentences(clauses). Both
the two clauses in each Sentence is an INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. Each clause in each Sentence has its own COMPLETE MEANING by its own. And each clause is separated by COMMAS.
Study the examples.
1. Some students like to study in the morning. 2. I don't like studying in the morning.
👉 Some students like to study in the morning, but I don't like.
1. Plants are very helpful for all living things. 2. We must protect them.
👉 Plants are very helpful for all living things, so we must protect them.
1. I studied hard. 2. I didn't pass the test.
👉 I studied hard, but I didn't pass the test.
1. She didn't study hard. 2. She failed the exams.
👉 She didn't study hard, so she failed the exams.
1. We are studying in the library. 2. Some students are disturbing.
👉 We are studying in the library, but some students are disturbing.
1. She loves her classmates. 2. Every students respect her.
👉 She loves her classmates, so every student respect her.
1. My father bought me a new book. 2. I forgot in the classroom.
👉 My father bought me a new book, but I forgot it in the classroom.
1. My mother went to shopping. 2. She didn't comeback.
👉 My mother went to shopping, she didn't comeback yet.
1. Misganaw practices English everyday. 2. I hope he will be a fluent English speaker.
👉 Misganaw practices English everyday, and I hope he will be a fluent English speaker.
I will go to home. 2. I will help my parents.
👉 I will go to home, and I will help my parents.
REMEMBER again that a Compound sentence has two independent clauses. An independent clause is a
part of a sentence that can stand alone, because it contains a subject and a verb and gives a complete thought, has a complete meaning and idea.
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED ABOUT A COMPOUND SENTENCE
1. A compound sentence contains two independent clauses and expresses more than one complete thought.
2. Independent clauses of a Compound sentences are joined by a comma and coordinating conjunctions
or a semicolon without a coordinating conjunction.
3. A Compound sentence means two Simple sentence joined by Coordinating conjunctions.
4. Each of the two clause of a Compound sentence is a complete sentence having a Subject, Verb and Object Sentence structures.
5. Each of the
two Independent clause in Compound sentence gives a Complete information, a
Complete meaning and idea about the Subject.
3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE
Think about what kind of a SENTENCE is a COMPLEX SENTENCE?
What Structure makes the SENTENCE called as a COMPLEX SENTENCE?
A Complex sentence is one of the types of a SENTENCE that contains an one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. It usually contains a subordinating conjunction to help it flow more
smoothly and to help make the sentence’s meaning clear. A simple sentence plus a subordinate clause which adds information to the sentence.
The clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence.
A Complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. The dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought.
A Complex sentence has one independent clause and one or two dependent clauses. A Complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction (because, since, after, although, when, before, eventhough etc) or a pronoun (who, which, and that). If a dependent clause has a subordinating conjunction and is located at the beginning of the sentence, a comma should be used to separate it from the independent clause.
EXAMPLES:
Complex sentences using subordinating conjunctions
When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
The teacher has arrived after we finished the homework.
The class was started when the students arrived.ELIC - ኤሊክ:
TYPES OF SENTENCES: DEPEND ON THEIR STRUCTURES
የዐ.ነገር አይነቶች: እስትራክቸራቸውን መሰረት በማድረግ
Every SENTENCE is classified in to Four types depending on their structures. መዋቅራቸውን መሰረት በማድረግ ዐ.ነገሮች በአራት ይከፈላሉ።
These are: እነሱም፣
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE
(ቀላል ዐ.ነገር)
2. COMPOUND SENTENCE (ድብልቅ ዐ.ነገር)
3. COMPLEX SENTENCE (ውስብስብ ዐ.ነገር)
4. COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE (በጣም የተወሳሰበ ዐ.ነገር) ናቸው።
...................
በዝርዝር እናያቸዋለን።
............
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE
Think about what kind of a SENTENCE is a SIMPLE SENTENCE?
What Structure makes the SENTENCE called as a SIMPLE SENTENCE?
STUDY THE FOLLOWING EXPLANATIONS AND EXAMPLES
A SIMPLE SENTENCE is a group of words that can stand independently to express a complete thought or idea. It has a subject and a Predicate(a Verb) and may have added phrases.
A Simple sentence is an independent clause, NOT Dependent clause. It doesn't depend on other clauses, or it doesn't need other clause to give a complete meaning or idea. It contains a subject (the
person or thing doing the action) and a verb (a doing word or action word.)
A Simple sentence only has one independent clause. An independent clause has a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought, has a complete meaning and tells a complete idea.
(Simple sentence የመጀመሪያው የዐ.ነገር አይነት ሲሆን ቀላል ዐ.ነገር ወይም ውስብስብ ያልሆነ ዐ.ነገር ነው። አንድ ራሱን ችሎ መልዕክት ማስተላለፍ የሚችል ነው። ይህ ዐ.ነገር ብዙን ግዜ አጠር ያለ ዐ.ነገር ሲሆን ስለ አንድ ነገር/ሀሳብ የምንፅፍበት እና የምንናገርበት
ነው። ያልተወሳሰበ ዐ.ነገር፣ ብዙ አያያዥ ቃላት የሌለው ዐ.ነገር ነው።
EXAMPLES:
All the following Sentences are SIMPLE SENTENCES and contains a Subject, Verb and an
Object. Each of them tells us one single idea (ስለ subject አንድ ሀሳብ/መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው) about the Subject mentioned in each Sentence.
- Some students like to study in the morning.
- The dog is barking.
- Plants are very helpful for all living things.
- English is a universal language.
- I didn't pass the test. You should practice English everyday.
- We are studying in the library. - - Yonas is an English teacher.
- She loves her classmates. My father bought me a new book.
1. A Simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and expresses one complete idea. (S+V+O)
2. A Simple sentence can stand on its own. It doesn't depend on other clause or sentence. (ሌላ ዐ.ነገር ላይ ጥገኛ አይሆንም። ራሱን ችሎ ሙሉ ሀሳብ ያስላልፋል።)
3. A Simple sentence has a complete meaning by its own.
4. A simple sentence is also called an independent clause.
4. In a Simple sentence, the subject, verb, or both may be compound (more than one).
EXAMPLE:
- Adanech slept. (Adanech- singular subject, and slept- singular verb)
- Adanech and Chaltu slept. (Adanech and Chaltu- compound subject, and slept- singular verb)
- Adanech and Chaltu ate and slept. (Adanech and Chaltu- compound subject, and ate and slept are
compound verbs.) 'The Verb 'slept' is the past tense of the
Verb 'sleep.'
2. COMPOUND SENTENCE
Think about what kind of a SENTENCE is a COMPOUND SENTENCE?
What Structure makes the SENTENCE called as a COMPOUND SENTENCE?
STUDY THE FOLLOWING EXPLANATIONS AND EXAMPLES
A Compound sentence is one type of Sentences that formed from two or more independent clauses. A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so). Except for very short sentences, a comma used before a coordinating conjunction.
In a Compound sentence, co-coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, so, yet) or a semicolon(;) is used to join these two equal clauses; because in a Compound clause, usually more than one action is mentioned. In short, a Compound sentence means two Simple sentences that are joined by “and”, “but”, "or", "so", "for", or "yet". (ይህ ዐ.ነገር ሁለት ራሳቸውን የቻሉ ዐ.ነገሮች፣ ሙሉ መልዕክት ማስተላለፍ የሚችሉ ዐ.ነገሮች አያያዥ
ቃላቶችን በመጠቀም በአንድ ዐ.ነገር ውስጥ ይገናኙና ሁለቱ ዐ.ነገሮች አንድ ሆነው ስለ አንድ ጉዳይ ሀሳብ ይሰጣሉ። ሁለቱ ራሳቸውን የቻሉ ዐ.ነገሮችን እንደየ ዐ.ነገሮቹ ሀሳብ እነዚህን አያያዥ ቃላት 'and, but, nor, yet, so for' በመጠቀም) ሁለት የተለያዩ ዐ.ነገሮችን
በማገናኘት አንድ ስናደርጋቸው Compound sentence ይሆናል ማለት። ሁለት ዐ.ነገር አንድ ማድረግ፣ በምን አገናኝተን? ከላይ በጠቀስኳቸው አያያዥ ቃላት በመጠቀም። የሚከተሉትን ምሳሌዎች በትኩረት አንብቡት።
EXAMPLES:
Let's Summarize yesterday's points regardless of Sentences.
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Yesterday, I tried to explain the four basic Types of SENTENCES depending on the the ideas and purposes a Sentence has in Speaking and Writing.
These are:
1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
(Statement)
2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
(Question)
3. IMPERATIVE and
(Command)
4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
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These four types of Sentences have their basic purposes while using in Speaking and Writing to give information.
1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
- Is regular Statement
- Is used to introduce information.
- Is used to give facts, ideas and opinions about someone or something.
- It always ends with Full stop.
- Is used to tell activities or actions take place.
- መረጃን፣ ሀሳብን ለመስጠት የምንጠቀምበት ዐ.ነገር፣
- የተደረጉ፣ የተፈፀሙ ድርጊቶችን ለመግለጽ፣
- መጨረሻው ላይ full stop ማስቀመጥ።
EXAMPLES:
የሚከተሉት ዐ.ነገሮች የ Declarative Sentence ምሳሌዎች ናቸው።
1. I like coffee.
2. She is a student.
3. My father is an accountant.
4. We are playing football.
5. The boy ate his dinner.
6. They have been watching football.
7. We were going to school.
8. I don't like horror movies.
2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
- is question statement
- is used to ask questions
- uses a question mark at the end.
- ጥያቄዎችን ለመጠየቅ የምንጠቀምበት ዐ.ነጠር ነው።
EXAMPLES:
Do you like your school?
Do you tell me where the Abebech Gobena Hospital is?
Have eaten your lunch?
Did you pass the test?
How long do you visit your grandmother?
Have they stopped playing?
How many countries are there in Africa?
Which city is the most beautiful in Ethiopia?
3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
- is used to give commands, requests, instructions, warnings and orders.
- usually used full stop(for less strong commands) and exclamation mark(for strong commands) at the end of the statements.
EXAMPLES:
Get out of the room.
Run away!
Stop!
Go!
Leave!
Don't speak loudly.
Respect your families.
4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
- is used to tell internal feelings and emotions.
- uses emotional and feeling words.
- uses exclamation mark at the end.
EXAMPLES:
It was amazing time!
What interesting movies!
Wow, really amazing palce!
Oh, surprise!
- It is not a complete sentence. (የተሟላ ዐ.ነገር አይደለም።)
- It cannot stand by its own. (በራሱ የማይቆም ዐ.ነገር ነው።)
- It's an incomplete sentence. (ጎዶሎ ዐ.ነገር፣ የተሟላ መልዕክት አያስተላልፍም)
- It needs other clause to give enough and complete meaning. (ሙሉ ዐ.ነገር የሚሆነው እና የተሟላ መረጃ ሊሰጥ የሚችለው ሌላ ዐ.ነገር ላይ ጥገኛ ሆኖ ነው።)
- It depends on other clause to be a complete sentence with a complete meaning. (የተሟላ ሀሳብ መስጠት የሚችለው ሌላ ዐ.ነገር ላይ ጥገኛ በመሆን ነው።)
- It begins with a subordinating words, such as when, because, if, before, when, after, although, since, and and etc.
EXAMPLES:
All the following clauses are DEPENDENT CLAUSES and they CANNOT introduce a Complete meaning.
They begin or end with Subordinating words. They are incomplete sentences. ከታች ምሳሌ የሰጠኋችሁ ዐ.ነገሮች ተጀምሮ ያላለቁ፣ ሙሉ ያልሆኑ ዐ.ነገሮች
(dependent clause) ናቸው። እናም ሙሉ ሀሳብ ልንረዳባቸው አንችልም።)
When the dog barks (ውሻው ሲጮህ)
When the birds are singing (ወፎቹ ሲዘምሩ)
I ate the apple, because (አፕሉን በላሁት ምክንያቱም)
Although she is a beautiful girl (የምታምር ልጅ ብትሆንም)
If they are Ethiopians (ኢትዮጵያውያን ቢሆኑ)
When the students are going to school (ተማሪዎቹ ወደ ት/ቤት ሲሄዱ)
After I go to home (ወደ ቤት ከሄድኩ በኋላ)
Although he studied hard (ጠንክሮ ቢያጠናም)
Since we are students (ተማሪዎች እስከሆነን ድረስ)
Before I go to school (ትምህርት ቤት ከመሄዴ በፊት)
After she washed her uniform (ዩኒፎርሟን ካጠበች በኋላ)
If I have enough money (በቂ ገንዘብ ቢኖረኝ)
እነዚህ ከላይ የፃፍኳቸው ዐ.ነገሮች ሙሉ ባለ መሆናቸው አንብበን ሙሉ ሀሳብ ማግኘት ወይም የእያንዳንዱን ዐ.ነገር መረጃ ማወቅ አንችልም። ሁሉም የተጠቀሱት ዐ.ነገሮች ሙሉ መልዕክት ለመስጠት ሌላ ዐ.ነገር ይፈልጋሉ። ሌላ ዐ.ነገር ላይ ጥገኛ በመሆን በዐ.ነገሮቹ
ውስጥ የተጀመሩት ሀሳቦች ከሌላ ዐ.ነገር ጋር በመገናኘት ሙሉ ሀሳብ የሚሰጥ ዐ.ነገር ይሆናሉ።
ለምሳሌ የመጀመሪያውን ዐ.ነገር አስተካክየ ላሳያችሁ፣
When the dog barks, my father wakes up. (ውሻው ሲጮህ፣ አባቴ ይነቃል።) አሁን የተሟላ ሀሳብ የሚሰጥ ዐ.ነገር አደረኩት ማለት ነው።
ስለዚህ dependent clauses ጥገኛ የሆኑ ዐ.ነገሮች ናቸው። በራሳቸው ቆሞ የማንጠብቀውን ሙሉ ሀሳብ አይሰጡንም።
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በሚቀጥለው ግዜ፣
TYPES OF SENTENCE: DEPENDING ON THEIR STRUCTURES: ዐ.ነገሮች በአወቃቀራቸው ያላቸው ክፍል እና ልዩነታቸውን እናያለን።
የምንጠቀምበት ነው። ከሌሎች ዐ.ነገር አይነቶች የተለየ የሚያደርገው subject የላቸውም። እንደ ዐ.ነገር አመሰራረታችን አንዳንዶቹ object ሲኖራቸው፣ አንዳንዶቹ ግን ጭራሹኑ subjectም objectም የላቸውም። ይህ ማለት አንድ verb ብቻ ሆኖ የሚፈለገውን
የተሟላ ትዛዛዊ ሀሳብ ግን ማስተላለፍ ይችላሉ። በዐ.ነገሩ መጨረሻ እንደየ ዐ.ነገሩ ትዕዛዛዊ መልዕክት ቃል አጋኖ(ለከባድ ትዕዛዝ ወይም
ማስጠንቀቂያ) ወይም full stop እንጠቀማለን።) ከታች የሰጠኋችሁን ምሳሌዎች እዩት።
It gives a command or makes a request usually begins with a verb and ends with a period or full stop, and if the command is strong, it can end with an exclamation mark. And if the statement is strong command or warning, the subject of the sentence is not mentioned in the statement and it is obviously understood.
EXAMPLES: All of the following Statements are Imperatives and they don't have Subjects
Bring me some sugar. ('Who'? in this sentence, the subject is not written, but we can easily understand that the Subject is 'You'- a person we are telling 'to bring some sugar.')
Buy some bread and milk from the Supermarket.
Respect your elders. (ታላላቆችህን አክብር።)
Shut the door. (በሩን ዝጋው።)
Don't touch! (አትንካው!)
Go away! (ወደዛ ሂድ!)- verb ብቻ
Don't throw rubbish in the park.
Stop!(አቁም!)- verb ብቻ
Stop talking so loudly! (እንደዚህ ጮክ ብለህአታውራ!)
Run away! (ሩጥ!)- verb ብቻ
Open the windows to let the smoke out!
Do your homework. (የቤት ስራህን ስራ.)
The Imperative Sntence functions as follow:
1. To give a direct order
E.g: Wear your school uniform.
Stand up.
Tell me the truth.
2. To give instructions
Close your book.
Drink two glasses of water every morning.
Turn the computer on and then wait for a few minutes.
3. To make an invitation.
Come in and sit down.
Make yourself at home.
Join me at home. It's my birthday.
Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.
4. To make signs and notices. (ምልክቶችን፣ አቅጣጫዎችን እና ማሳሰቢያዎችን ለመስጠት)
5. To give friendly informal advice
E.g: Speak to him.
Tell him how you feel.
Have a quiet word with her about it.
Don't go. Stay at home and have a rest. Get some sleep and recover.
4. EXCLAMATORY
It is used to express strong emotions or feelings. (ውስጣዊ ስሜት ወይም አድናቆትን/አግራሞትን/ ለመግለጽ የምንጠቀምበት የዐ.ነገር አይነት ነው።) በዐ.ነገሩ መጨረሻ ቃል አጋኖ እንጠቀማለን።
It ends with an exclamation mark(!) (ከዐ.ነገሩ መጨረሻ ቃል አጋኖ እንጠቀማለን።)
በዚህ የዐ.ነገር አይነት ውስጥ የአድናቆት ወይም የአግራሞት ቃላቶችን እንጠቀማለን።
EXAMPLES
What a beautiful hair she has! (እንዴት የሚያምር ፀጉር አላት!)
Wow, what an amazing place! (ዋው እንዴት የሚያምር ቦታ ነው!)
How clever student he is! (እንዴት ያለ ጎበዝ ተማሪ ነው!)
Really what an interesting book! (በእውነት እንዴት ደስ የሚል መፅሐፍ ነው!)
How strong the boy is! (እንዴት ጠንካራ ልጅ ነው!)
Amazing! I have never seen such player! (በጣም አስገራሚ ነው! እንደዚህ አይነት ተጫዋች አይቼ አላቅም!
How fast the car is! Wow! (ዋው! እንዴት አይነት ፈጣን መኪና ነው!)
She is really beautiful baby. (በእውነት የምታምር ልጅ ናት!)
How wonderful is the film! (እንዴት አይነት ገራሚ ፊልም መሰለህ!)
You have no ideas how much I appreciate her! (እንዴት እንደማደንቃት አትጠይቀኝ!)
What amazing movie!
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ስለዚህ በአጠቃላይ እነዚህ ከላይ የጠቀስኳቸው አራቱም የዐ.ነገር አይነቶች እያንዳንዳቸውን በንግግር ወቅት እና በፁሁፍ ለተለያየ አላማ እንጠቀምባቸዋለን ማለት ነው።
........................
ሌላ ስለ ዐ.ነገር(Sentence) ስናነሳ እና አንዱ የዐ.ነገር አካል የሆነው "CLAUSE" ነው።
........................
A CLAUSE: A clause is a sentence formation that contains at least one subject and one verb. (Clause የዐ.ነገር አካል ነው።) ራሱ ዐ.ነገር ነው ማለት እንችላለን።
There are two types of clauses:
1. AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE- ራሱን ችሎ የተሟላ ሀሳብ የሚሰጥ፣
2. A DEPENDENT CLAUSE- ያልተሟላ ዐ.ነገር፣ ጥገኛ የሆነ ዐ.ነገር
1. AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
- It is a complete sentence that gives a complete meaning and idea about a subject.
- It stands by its own
as a sentence, and doesn't need any clause to be a complete sentence, and to give a complete information or idea. (በሁሉም የዐ.ነገር ፎርም የተሟላ የሆነ እና ራሱን ችሎ የሚቆም፣ ሙሉ ዐ.ነገር የሆነ፣ የሚፈለግበትን የተሟላ
መልዕክት/ሀሳብ መስጠት የሚችል ዐ.ነገር ነው።) ሌላ ዐ.ነገር ላይ ጥገኛ አይሆንም።
EXAMPLES:
The dog barks.
The birds are singing.
I ate the apple.
She is a beautiful girl
We are Ethiopians.
The students are going to school.
My father is an accountant.
Her mother was a pilot.
She passed the exams.
He studied hard.
2. DEPENDENT CLAUSE
- It doesn't give a complete meaning. (ሙሉ መረጃ መስጠት አይችልም።)
ELIC - ኤሊክ:
TYPES OF A SENTENCE: DEPEND ON THEIR PURPOSES
(የዐረፍተ ነገር አይነቶች: በአላማቸው[መልዕክት፣ ሀሳብ] መሰረት)
There are four types of English sentence, according to their purpose or idea. ማነኛውም ዐ.ነገር አላማቸውን መሰረት በማድረግ ወይም በሚሰጡት መረጃን መሰረት በማድረግ በአራት ይከፈላሉ።
These are: እነሱም፣
1. A Declarative Sentence (Statement) መደበኛው ዐ.ነገር) ልንለው እንችላለን
E.g: - I am studying, She lives in Adama.
- We respect our teachers.
2. An Interrogative(Question)
(ጥያቄያዊ/ጥያቄ/ ዐ.ነገር
E.g: - What are you doing here? -Do you speak Afan Oromo?
3. An Exclamation((አጋኖ/የአድናቆት/ ዐ.ነገር
E.g: - I’m so excited!
- What a beautiful flower!
4. Command( Order) ትዕዛዝ/ትዕዛዛዊ/ ዐ.ነገር
E.g: - Stop!
- Respect your teachers.
- Go away.
እነዚህን አራቱን የዐ.ነገር ክፍሎች በዝርዝር እናያለን።
1. DECLARATIVE(STATEMENT) SENTENCE
- It tells us information about someone or something.(ይህ የዐ.ነገር አይነት ቀለል ያለ ዐ.ነገር ሆኖ ስለ አንድ ነገር መረጃን ወይም
ሀሳብን ለመሰጠት የምንጠቀምበት የዐ.ነገር ታይፕ ነው። በአጭሩ መደበኛ/ተራ/ ዐ.ነገር ሊባል ይችላል።
- It gives a fact about someone or something.(ስለ ሰው፣ ስለ ሌሎች ነገሮች/ስለ አንድ ድርጊት እውነታን
ይነግረናል፣ መረጃ ይሰጣል። ስለ አንድ ነገር ወይም ሀሳብ/ድርጊት ለመግለጽ እንጠቀማለን።
- It is a statement always end with with a period or full stop.(የተሟላ ዐ.ነገር በመሆኑ ስንፅፍ ስንጀምር የመጀመሪያውን ቃል የመጀመሪያውን ፊደል በcapital letter፣ ስንጨርስ መጨረሻው ላይ full stop ማድረግ፣
- It is a Sentence to give information or to make normal statements.(መደበኛ የሆነ ዐ.ነገር)፣
- It tells us or gives information about what someone does, did or will do.(ስለ አንድ ድርጊት ለመፃፍ)
- It tells us an activity or an action that is happening or took place. (የተደረገውን ድርጊት፣ የተፈፀመውን ነገር ለመግለጽ)
EXAMPLES: All the following Sentences are DECLARATIVE SENTENCES and they tell us information about someone or something. They are just NORMAL statements.
1.John waters the flowers every day. (ጆን አትክልቶቹን በየቀኑ ውሃ ያጠጣቸዋል።)
2. Tigist is a clever student. (ትዕግስት ጎበዝ ተማሪ ናት።)
3. The boy is singing. (ልጁ እየዘፈነ ነው።)
4. The train has arrived on time. (ባቡሩ በግዜ መጣ/ደረሰ።)
5. The man went home happily. (ሰውየው ደስ እያለው ወደ ቤቱ ሄደ።)
6. My mother went to market. (እናቴ ገበያ ሄደች።)
7. I will go to school tomorrow. (ነገ ወደ ት/ቤት እሄዳለሁ።)
8. The boy and the girl are twins. (ልጁ እና ልጅቷ መንታ ናቸው።)
9. The students are doing their classworks. (ተማሪዎቹ የክፍል ስራቸውን እየሰሩ ነው።)
10. Many Ethiopians eat vegetables. (ብዙ ኢትዮጵያውያን አትክልት ይመገባሉ።)
11. Yonas teaches English on ELIC Telegram Channel. (ዮናስ በELIC ቴሌግራም ቻናል ላይ እንግሊዝኛ
ያስተምራል።)
2. INTERROGATIVE
An Interogative sentence is a sentence used to ask questions. (ይህን የዐ.ነገር አይነት ጥያቄዎችን ለመጠየቅ የምንጠቀምበት
ነው።)
- It is every statement that formed in a question with question words and phrases. (እንደ ዐ.ነገሩ
ሀሳብ ጥያቄ ለመጠየቅ የሚጠቅሙንን የጥያቄ ቃላቶችን በመጠቀም ጥያቄ የሆነ ዐ.ነገር መመስረት።)
- It ends in a Question mark(?). (ዐ.ነገሩ ጥያቄ በመሆኑ በመጨረሻ ጥያቄ ምልክት መጠቀም ነው።)
EXAMPLES:
Does John water the flowers every day? (ጆን አትክልቶቹን በየቀኑ ውሃ ያጠጣቸዋል?
Has the train arrived on time? (ባቡሩ በግዜ ደረሰ?
Is the boy singing? (ልጁ እየዘፈነ ነው?
Did my mother go to market? (እናቴ ገበያ ሄደች?
Did the man go home happily? (ሰውየው ደስ እያለው ነው ወደ ቤቱ የሄደው?
Are the boy and the girl twins? (ልጁ እና ልጅቷ መንታ ናቸው?
Will you come to my house tomorrow? (ነገ ወደ ቤቴ መምጣት ትችላለህ?
Do many Ethiopians eat vegetables? (ብዙ ኢትዮጵያውያን አትክልቶችን ይመገባሉ?
Were they doing their classwork? (የቤት ስራቸውን እየሰሩ ነበር?
Is Tigist a clever student? (ትዕግስት ጎበዝ ተማሪ ናት?
Does teacher Yonas teaches English on Telegram? (ዮናስ በቴሌግራም እንግሊዝኛ ያስተምራል?
Do you study on ELIC? (ELIC ላይ እንግሊዝኛ ታጠኚያለሽ?/ታጠናለህ?
What did you study last night? (ማታ ምን አጠናህ?/ አጠናሽ?
How do you come to school? (ወደ ትምህርት ቤት የምትመጣው/ የምትመጪው በምንድን ነው?
Where did the Adwa Battle take place? (የአድዋ ጦርነት የት ተደረገ?
How many Nations are there in Ethiopia? (ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ስንት ብሄሮች አሉ?
May I talk to the school principal? (የትምህርት ቤቱን ርዕሰ መምህር ማናገር እችላለሁ?
Must I wake up early in the morning? (በጠዋት መነሳት አለብኝ?
3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
An Imperative sentence is one of types of sentence that used to give or tell a command, order, direction, instruction or warning. (ይህ የዐ.ነገር አይነት ትዕዛዝን፣ ማስጠንቀቂያን፣ መመሪያን እና የመሳሰሉትን ሀሳቦች ለማስተላለፍ
Before getting forward to THE TYPES OF SENTENCES, it's better to summarize an overall points be considered that we were learning about a SENTENCE.
ወደ TYPES OF SENTENCES ከመሄዳችን በፊት፣ እስካሁን ስለ ዐ.ነገር(SENTENCE) ያየናቸውን ነጥቦች በአጭሩ ማወቅ እና ማስታወስ ያለብንን ጠቃሚ ነጥቦች ማጠቃለያ ማየት አስፈላጊ ነው። ስለዚህ እነዚህን 8 ነጥቦች ማስታወስ ያስፈልጋል።
እነሱም፣
1. Sentence is a group of words that give a complete meaning. ዐነገር ሙሉ መልዕክት(ሀሳብ) የሚሰጥ የቃላት ስብስብ ነው።
2. Every Sentence must have Subject and Verb. ማነኛውም ዐ.ነገር Subject እና Verb ሊኖረው ይገባል። Subject- tells us the doer of the Action and Verb tells us what happened. "Subject" የድርጊቱን (Action) ባለቤት የምናውቅበት ቃል ሲሆን፣ Verb ደግሞ የተደረገውን ድርጊት የሚነግረን ቃል ነው።
3. Every Sentence must have an Object, EXCEPT Intransitive Verbs. Object tells us the receiver an Action. ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር Object ሊኖረው ይገባል። Object- በዐ.ነገር ውስጥ የድርጊቱ ተቀባይ ወይም ድርጊቱ የተፈፀመበት አካል የሚነግረን ነው።
4. Every Sentence must be structured (constructed) having: 1. S+V+O- for Transitive Verbs, and 2. S+V- for Intransitive Verbs. ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር በዐ.ነገሩ ውስጥ የሚፃፉትን የቨርቦች ቅደም ተከተላቸው(Order) ተጠብቆ በ 1. S+V+ O- ለTransitive Verbs እና 2. S+V- ለ Intransitive Verbs መፃፍ አለባቸው።
5. Every Sentence must be Complete, and give(introduce) a Complete meaning and Complete idea(thought). መንኛውም ዐ.ነገር ሙሉ ዐ.ነገር እና ሙሉ(የተሟላ) ትርጉም እና የተሟሉ ሀሳብ ማስተላለፍ አለበት።
6. Every Sentence must be Grammatically written correctly. ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር በትክክለኛው ግራመር አጠቃቀም መፃፍ አለባቸው፣ በተለይ ግዜን የሚገልጹ የቬርቦች አጠቃቀም ላይ ጥንቃቄ በማድረግ።
7. A Sentence must Begin with a Capital Letter, and End with with a Full stop(if it is a Statement), Question mark(if it is a Question) and Exclamation mark(if it is an Exclamatory Sentence). ማንኛውንም ዐ.ነገር ሲፃፍ የመጀመሪያው ፊደል በ Capital Letter, ሲያልቅ በ Full Stop(መደበኛው ዐ.ነገር ከሆነ)፣ በጥያቄ ምልክት(ጥያቄ ከሆነ) እና በቃል አጋኖ(አድናቆትን ወይም ውስጣዊ ስሜትን) የሚገልጽ ከሆነ፣ በእነዚህ በትክክል መፃፍ አለባቸው።
8. Every Sentence must be connected with the right conjunctions. ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር በትክክለኛው አያያዥ ቃላት(Conjunctions) ተያያይዞ(ተገናኝቶ) መጻፍ አለባቸው።
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በአጠቃላይ ከላይ በአጭሩ ያስቀመጥኳቸው ነጥቦች በእንግሊዝኛ ዐ.ነገር ትምህርት እና ዐ.ነገር አፃፃፍ ውስጥ ማወቅና ማስታወስ ያለባችሁ ናቸው።
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ስለዚህ እስካሁን ስለ ዐ.ነገር ለእናንተ ትምህርት ለመስጠት የሞከርኳቸው ስለሚከተሉት የተሻለ ትምህርት እና ዕውቀት አግኝታችኋል።
1. Definition and Concept of a Sentence
2. Parts of a Sentence:
A. Subject
B. Verb and
C. Object
3. Types of a Verb:
A. Transitive and
B. Intransitive Verbs
4. Types of an Object
A. Direct
B. Indirect Objects
Nobody writes letters these days. (በአሁኑ ግዜ ደብዳቤ የሚፅፍ የለም።) letters- direct object
Does she play tennis? (ቴኒስ ይጫወታል?) tennis- direct object
The child turned on the TV. (ህፃኑ ቴሌቪዥኑን ከፈተው።) the TV- direct object
Semira spoke to her teacher. (ሰሚራ ከመምህሯ ጋር ተነጋግራለች።) her teacher- direct object
Mike started doing his assignment. (ማይክ አሳይመንቱን መስራት ጀምሯል።) his assignment- direct obj.
ከላይ በተጠቀሱት ዐ.ነገሮች ከተለያዩት ቬርቦች በኋላ ያሉት የተሰመሩበት ቃላት object ናቸው። የዐ.ነገሮቹ ባለቤት(subject) ምን እንዳደረጉ መሰጃ ይሰጡናል።)
2. INDIRECT OBJECT
An Indirect object is usually a person or an animal, and it receives or is affected by the direct object. An indirect
object always needs a direct object with it and always comes before the direct object.
(Indirect object በዐ.ነገር ውስጥ ያለው ሚና ድርጊትን መቀበል ወይም ድርጊት ተቀባይ ነው ብያለሁ፣ አናም ሰው፣ እንስሳ ወይም ሌሎች ነገሮች
ሊሆን ይችላል።ነገር ግን ብቻውን ሆኖ የተሟላ ሀሳብ ወይም መረጃን መስጠት አይችልም፣ በዐ.ነገር ውስጥ ሆኖ። ስለዚህ የተሟላ ዐ.ነገር ሆኖ ሙሉ መልዕክት ለማስተላለፍ direct object ያስፈልገዋል።)
ለምሳሌ:
I gave him. (የተሰመረበት ቃል indirect object ሲሆን፣ 'I gave him' 'ሰጠሁት።' ብለን ብንተወው ምን? የሚል ጥያቄ ይመጣብናል። መፅሐፉን ሰጠሁት። I gave him the book. (him- indirect object, the book- direct object)
The indirect object is the recipient of the direct object. Or in other words, it identifies to or for whom or what the action of the verb is performed. An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?" (Indirect object ለማን? ለሚለው ጥያቄ መልስ የሚሰጠን የዐ.ነገር አካል ነው።)
There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In other words an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object.
EXAMPLES:
They sent him a postcard. ፖስት ካርድ ላኩለት።(እነሱ)- him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did they send a postcard?)
He bought his son a bike. ብስክሌት ገዛ።(እሱ)- his son is the indirect object of the verb bought. (For whom did he buy a bike?)
John passed Yonas the book. ጆን መፅሐፉን ለዮናስ አስተላለፈለት።
Let her take it . ትውሰደው።
Hanna gave them a new pencil. ሀና አዲስ እርሳስ ሰጠቻቸው።
My brother bought me a bike. ወንድሜ አዲስ ብስክሌት ገዛ።
The mother read her child a story. እናቱ ለልጇ ተረት አነበበችላት።
He threw the ball to Samy. [He threw what? The ball. To whom? To Sam.]
She gave the phone to her mother. [She gave what? The phone. To whom? To her mother.]
The direct object and indirect object will be different people, places or things. An indirect object is the noun or pronoun that receives the direct object. It answers the question “to/for
what?” or “to/for whom?” Let’s start with a sentence without a direct object:
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED ABOUT A SENTENCE
1. A new sentence begins with a capital letter. ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር መጀመሪያ በ capital letter መጀመር አለበት።
He obtained his degree.
2. A sentence ends with punctuations (a period(full stop)- for statements, a question mark- for questions or an exclamation point)- for exclamatory statements.
He helps his parents after school.
Do you like coffee?
What amazing player he is!
3. A sentence contains a subject that is only given once. ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር ባለቤት(subject) ሊኖረው ይገባል።
Bontu and Tirhas help their parents.
4. A sentence contains a verb. (ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር ግስ(verb) ሊኖረው ይገባል።
Bontu and Tirhas help their parents.
5. A sentence follows Subject + Verb + Object word order. (ከ intransitive verbs(object የማይወስዱ) ውጭ ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር የ S+V+O structure አለው።
Bontu and Tirhas(subject) help (verb) their parents (object).
6. A sentence must have a complete idea that stands alone. This is also called an independent clause.
አንድ ዐ.ነገር ሙሉ ሀሳብ(መልዕክት/መረጃ/ መስጠት አለበት።
They are playing football. (an independent clause with a complete idea)
4. TYPES OF A SENTENCE: DEPEND ON THEIR PURPOSES(የዐረፍተ ነገር አይነቶች: በአላማቸው መሰረት)
ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር ሲነገርም ሆነ ሲፃፍ፣ የተፃፈበት እና የተነገረበት አላማ(purpose) አለው።
ማለትም፣
- Statement(መደበኛ ዐ.ነገር) ከሆነ- መረጃ ወይም ሀሳብ ለመስጠት/ለማስተላለፍ
- Question(ጥያቄያዊ ዐ.ነገር) ከሆነ- መረጃ ለማግኘት
Imperative(ትዕዛዛዊ ዐ.ነገር) ከሆነ- ትዕዛዝን፣ ማሳሰቢያን፣ ማስጠንቀቂያን ወዘተ ለማስተላለፍ
- Exclamatory statement(አድናቆታዊ(የአድናቆት፣ አግራሞት) ከሆነ- ውስጣዊ ስሜትን ለመግለጽ ነው ማለት ነው።
ለዚህም ነው ማንኛውም ዐ.ነገር የራሱ መልዕክት እና አላማ አለው ያልኩት።
..............................
ነገ በስፋት እንቀጥልበታለን።
...............................
The boy bought a present for his mother. ልጁ ለእናቱ ስጦታ ገዛ። ለማን? For whom? ለእናቱ፣ for his mother. ስለዚህ በዚህ ዐ.ነገር ውስጥ ሁለት objects አሉ ማለት ነው፣ 1. present, 2. his mother. This sentence uses a direct object to tell what the subject bought; a “a present. ”The boy bought a present for his friend. This sentence adds an indirect object also tell to whom the
subject bought the present for; the "his friend.”
The boy gave a present to his friend at school. This sentence adds an object of the preposition to tell where this is all happening; the “school.”
Everyone likes her. She knows everyone. ('her' and 'everyone' are objects of these sentences.)
They didn’t take their mountain bikes with them. ('mountain bikes' and 'them' are objects.)
Have you seen the car keys? 'the car keys' is object of the sentence.)
Direct objects are the person or thing that receives the action by the effect of a verb. They answer the question "what" or "whom." In contrast, indirect objects answer the question "for what," "of what," "to what," "for whom," "of whom," or "to whom".
3.1 TYPES OF OBJECTS (የObject ዓይነቶች)
There are two types of objects:
1. A Direct object(ቀጥተኛ) and
2. An Indirect(ቀጥተኛ ያልሆነ) object
A sentence may have one, none, or a combination of the two objects. (እንግሊዝኛ ዐ.ነገሮች እንደ አመሰራረታቸው እና እንደ ቬርብ አጠቃቀማችን አንድ object፣ አንድ እና ከዚያ በላይ object ሊኖራቸው ይችላል። እንዲሁም ከላይ እንዳብራራሁላችሁ ምንም አይነት object ላይኖራቸውም ይችላል (ማለትም እንደነ intransitive verbs አይነቶቹ ማለት ነው።) በዚህ መሰረት በእንድ ዐ.ነገር ውስጥ ሁለት አይነት objects ሲኖሩ፣ አንዱ direct object፣ ሁለተኛው indirect object ተብለው ይጠራሉ። እስቲ በአዲስ
መስመር እነዚህን ወደ ማብራራት በምሳሌዎች ልቀጥል።
The following sentences are formed with a direct objects and indirect objects. A direct object (in bold) is the thing or person that is affected by the action of the verb. (Direct object ማለት ድርጊቱ የተፈፀመበት አካል ሲሆን፣
indirect object ማለት ደግሞ ድርጊቱን ተቀባይ አካል ነው። በአጭሩ direct object- ምን? ወይም 'What?' ለሚለው ጥያቄ መልስ የምናገኝ ሲሆን፣ indirect object ደግሞ 'ለማን?' ወይም 'For whom?' or 'To whom?' ለሚለው ጥያቄ መልስ የሚሰጠን ነው።)
An indirect object (underlined) is usually a person (or animal) who receives a direct object.
(ለምሳሌ፣ እኔ መፅሐፍ ለወንድሜ እየሰጠሁ ከሆነ፣ እኔ subject ስሆን እየሰጠሁት ያለሁ መፅሐፉ direct object ይሆናል፣ የመፅሐፉ
ተቀባይ ወንድሜ ደግሞ indirect object ነው ማለት ነው። 'I am giving the book to my brother.' በዚህ ዐ.ነገር ውስጥ 'the book'- direct object', 'to my brother' - indirect object ይሆናል።
Now, Identify the Direct and Indirect objects from the following statements. እስኪ ከሚከተሉት ዐ.ነገሮች Direct object እና Indirect object ለዩት።
They gave her a present when she left.
The teacher gives us many homeworks.
Can you get me some butter?
Did you give the letter to your parents?
She gave the book to her classmate.
I eat my dinner with my father.
1. A DIRECT OBJECT
A Direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the verb’s action. A Direct object answers the questions “what?”. Look at the following sentence; it has no direct object.
The boy played. (ልጁ ተጫውቷል።) ምን ተጫወተ? ብለን ብንጠይቅ መልስ አናገኘውም። ዐ.ነገሩ ሙሉ ባለመሆኑ object ይፈልጋል።
We may ask, “what did the boy play?” By adding a direct object, we can add more information to a sentence. Let’s add a direct object to answer that question: (እስቲ object ጨምረንለት በአዲስ መስመር እንየው።)
The boy played football (ልጁ ኳስ ተጫውቷል/ተጫውቶ ነበር።/
In this sentence, the verb is “played.” So, the direct object should be what is receiving the verb’s action—in other words, what is being played? “football” is the direct object, because it gets played(verb).
A Direct object answers the question "what?" or "who?"
EXAMPLES:
Dawit finished his homework. (his homework is the direct object of the verb finished. (What did Dawit finish?) 'ዳዊት የቤት ስራውን ጨርሷል።' ምኑን? የቤት ስራውን(his homework- object.
He invited Mary to the lunch. እሱ ሜሪን ለምሳ ጋበዛት። (Mary is the direct object of the verb invited. (Who did he invite?)
A Direct object shows who or what the action of the verb affects.A Direct object is the receiver of the action within a sentence and it answers the question "who?" or
"what?".
EXAMPLES:
That boy hasn’t eaten the apple. (ልጁ አፕሉን አልበላውም።) the apple- direct object
ELIC - ኤሊክ:
3. OBJECT: What is an Object in a sentence?
An OBJECT is the word affected by the verb in a sentence. Objects are usually nouns or pronouns that answer questions like “whom?,” "to whom?", “what?,” "to what?", “where,” and “when?”. Overall, they add more details to a sentence, which makes it more interesting and informative.
An Object of a Sentence can be stated by: person, animal, place, thing, or concept that receives the action. We can easily identify an Object in a sentence by asking the question “The subject did what?” or “To whom?/For whom?”
👉Object የአንድ ዐ.ነገር ድርጊት ተቀባይ ነው፣ እና ድርጊቱ(action) የተፈፀመበት የዐ.ነገር አካል ነው።
👉 Object ድርጊቱ፣ ሀሳቡ ማን ላይ
ተደረገ? ምን ላይ ተፈፀመ? ለማን ተደረገ? ለማን ተነገረ? ለማን ተላለፈ? ምን ላይ ተከናወነ ለሚሉት ጥያቄዎች እና ለሌሎች ሀሳባዊ ጥያቄዎች ምላሽ ይሰጡናል።
👉 Object ማለት የዐ.ነገሩ ወይም የድርጊቱ ተቀባይ ማለት ነው። ስለዚህ ከአንድ ዐ.ነገር ድርጊቱ(action)
መፈፀሙ ወይም መደረጉ ብቻ ሳይሆን ድርጊቱ ማን ላይ ወይም ምን ላይ እንደተፈጸመ ኦብጀክቱን በመለየት መረዳት እንችላለን ማለት
ነው። በዚህ ሂደት ውስጥ መገንዘብ ያለባችሁ ግን ሁሉም የእንግሊዝኛ ቃላት object ይወስዳሉ ማለት አይደለም፣ object የሌላቸው ወይም object የማይወስዱ ቨርቦች አሉ። ለዚህም ነው የእንግሊዝኛ ቃላት በሁለት የሚከፈሉት፤ እነሱም፣
1. Transitive verbs: are types of verbs that take an object. የverb ዓይነት ሆኖ object የሚወስዱ ናቸው፣ ማለትም (ዐ.ነገሩ ሙሉ የሚሆነው ግዴታ የተጠቀምንበት verb object ሲኖረው ነው። ያ verb object ስለሚያስፈልገው በዐ.ነገሩ ውስጥ ካልተጠቀሰ ሙሉአይሆንም። እስቲ በአዲስ መስመር ምሳሌ ላስቀምጥ። ተከተሉኝ።
ለምሳሌ፣
My sister gave. (በዚህ ዐ.ነገር ውስጥ 'gave' የሚል ቃል ያለ ሲሆን ይህ verb transitive verb [ግዴታ object የሚፈልግ verb ነው]፣ ስለዚህ ከቨርቡ(gave) ቀጥሎ object መኖር ነበረበት። ነገር ግን አልተሰጠም፣ ስለዚህ ዐ.ነገሩ የተፈለገውን የተሟላ ሀሳብ መስጠት አልቻለም። 'My sister gave. 'gave what?' No answer(No bject). 'እህቴ ሰጠች።' ምን? ምላሹ ዐ.ነገሩ ውስጥ አልተሰጠም። 'My sister gave me the apple.' My sister gave me what? 'the apple- object. 'እህቴ አፕሉን ሰጠችኝ።' ምን ሰጠች? 'አፕሉን'- object. አሁን ዐ.ነገሩ የተሟላ ዐ.ነገር ሆኖ ሙሉ መረጃ ሰጠን ማለት ነው። ስለዚህ የምንፅፈው ዐ.ነገር ውስጥ transitive verbን የምንጠቀም ከሆነ የS+V+O structure እንከተላለን ማለት ነው።
ተጨማሪ ምሳሌ ልስጥ፣
He bought a new book. (እሱ አዲስ መፅሐፍ ገዛ።) He- subject, bought- verb, a new book- object
They are playing football. (እነሱ ኳስ እየተጫወቱ ነው።) They- subject, are playing- verb, football- object
She ate the dinner. (እራቱን በላችው።) She- object, ate- verb, the dinner- object
He has broken his leg. (እግሩን ተሰበረ።) He- verb, has broken- verb, his leg- object
I am looking for my pen. (እስክርቢቶየን እየፈለኩ ነው።) I- subject, am looking- verb, my pen- object
The student lost the book. (መፅሐፉን ጣለችው።) The student- subject, lost- verb, the book- object
እነዚህ ከላይ የተለዩት ቨርቦች ሁሉ የtransitive verbs ናቸው፣ ከሁሉም ቨርቦች በኋላ object አላቸው። ስለዚህ የSUBJECT+ VERB+ OBJECT structure አላቸው።
2. Intransitive verbs: are types of verbs that do not take an object. The verb in the sentence gives a complete meaning without an object.
👉 Intransitive verbs ማለት object የማይወስዱ የVerb ዓይነት ናቸው። እነዚህ የverb ዓይነቶች ምንም አይነት object ሳያስፈልጋቸው አንድን ዐ.ነገር የተሟላ በማድረግ የሚጠበቅባቸውን ሙሉ ሀሳብ መስጠት ይችላሉ።
ስለዚህ intransitive verb የS+V structure አላቸው ማለት ነው። በአዲስ መስመር ምሳሌ ላሳያችሁ። ተከተሉኝ።
EXAMPLES: ምሳሌዎች
He runs. (እሱ ይሮጣል።) He- subject, runs- verb
The child sleeps. (ልጁ ይተኛል።)
The child- subject, sleeps- verb
The dog died. (ውሻው ሞተ።) The dog- subject, died- verb
The sun rises. (ፀሐይዋ ትወጣለች።) The sun- subject, rises- verb
She laughs. (ትስቃለች።) She- subject, laughs- verb
The baby smiled. (ለጁ ፈገግ አለ።) The baby- subject, smiled- verb
The car stopped. (መኪናው ቆመ።) The car- subject, stopped- verb
በሌላ በኩል ከላይ ባሉት ዐ.ነገሮች ውስጥ የተለዩት ቨርቦች ሁሉ የIntransitive verbs ዓይነት(type) ናቸው። ስለዚህ ከቨርቦቹ ቀጥሎ object የላቸውም። እስኪ ዐ.ነገሮቹን
በድጋሚ እዩት፣ ምን አስተዋላችሁ? ከተለዩት ቨርቦች በኋሉ ምን አለ? ምንም። በሁሉም ዐ.ነገሮች ውስጥ ያለው የዐ.ነገር structure
SUBJECT+ VERB ብቻ ነው። No object. ከቨርቦቹ ቀጥሎ object የለም፣ ቨርቦቹ intransitive verbs በመሆናቸው፣ object ስለማያስፈልጋቸው። ነገር ግን ቨርቦቹ object ሳይኖራቸው ዐ.ነገሩን ሙሉ ዐ.ነገር(complete sentence) እና የተሟላ ሀሳብን ማስተላለፍ እንዲችሉ አድርጎታል።
ተጨማሪ ምሳሌዎች ስለ object:
Here are a few basic examples of how objects work in sentences:
The boy bought a present. ልጁ ስጦታ ገዛ። The boy- subject, bought- verb, a present- object. ልጁ ስጦታ ገዛ። ለማን? አልተጠቀሰም፣ ነገር ግን ዐ.ነገሩን የተሻለ ሙሉ ለማድረግ ለማን? ለሚለው ጥያቄ ሌላ ተጨማሪ object መጨመር ይቻላል።
ለምሳሌ፣
The category of verbs is one of the parts of speech.
EXAMPLES
Yonas teaches English. (ዮናስ እንግሊዝኛ ያስተምራል።) 'teaches' is a verb, and it tells us what Yonas does.
(በዚህ ዐ.ነገር ውስጥ 'teaches' verb ሲሆን ዮናስ ምን ያደርጋል? ለሚለው ጥያቄ ምላሽ ይሰጠናል ማለት ነው። 'ዮናስ ምን ያደርጋል'?
'ያስተምራል' ምን? 'እንግሊዝኛ'። 'English' is the object of the sentence. Object gives an answer for the
question 'What?' Yonas teaches 'What?'- English. 'ዮናስ ምን ያደርጋል?' 'teaches'- verb 'ያስተምራል'፣ ዮናስ ምን
ያስተምራል? 'English'- object of the sentence.
She scored a good result. እሷ ጥሩ ውጤት አስመዘገበች። ('scored' is a verb, and tells us what she did.) ምን አደረገች? አስመዘገበች- 'scored'(verb)፣ ምን አስመዘገበች? 'ጥሩ ውጤት'(a good result)- object.
My mother speaks three languages. (እናቴ ሶስት ቋንቋዎችን ትናገራለች።) ሶስት ቋንቋዎችን ምን? ትናገራለች- speaks- verb
Why don't you study in the library? (ለምን ላይብረሪ ውስጥ አታጠናም?) ለምን ላይብረሪ ውስጥ ምን? አታጠናም- study- verb
Many people visit Entoto park everyday. (ብዙ ሰዎች በየቀኑ እንጦጦ ፓርክን ይጎበኛሉ።) ብዙ ሰዎች እንጦጦ ፓርክን ምን ያደርጋሉ? ይጎበኛሉ- visit- verb
He will be a father of a child this year. (በዚህ ዓመት የልጅ አባት ይሆናል።)
We have planted the trees. (ዛፎቹን ተክለናል።)
He is cleaning the room. (እሱ ክፍሉን እያፀዳ ነው። ወይም በአጭሩ ክፍሉን እያፀዳ ነው።
Generally,
- Verbs are essential part of a sentence. (ቨርቦች ወሳኝ የዐ.ነገር አካል ናቸው።)
- Without a Verb, any sentence CANNOT introduce a complete meanings and ideas. (ያለ verb
አንድ ዐ.ነገር ሙሉ ሊሆን አይችልም፣ ዐ.ነገር ሊባልም አይችልም፣ የተሟላ ሀሳብ ማስተላለፍ አይችልም።)
- ቨርቦች በዐ.ነገር ውስጥ ድርጊት ገላጭ ናቸው።
- A sentence without a VERB is meaningless sentence, and even cannot be called as sentence.
A Verb can be used in different sentences with different Tense forms and structures. (ቨርቦች
በዐ.ነገር ውስጥ በተለያዩ የtense structure እንደየ ድርጊቱ ግዜ እና እንደየ ዐ.ነገሩ ዓላማ የተለያዩ ሀሳቦች፣
መልዕክቶች እና መረጃዎችን ይሰጣሉ።
3. OBJECT
