UPSC LAW Optional

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Explanation The correct answer is 2, 3 and 6 only. Key Points • Setting a minimum support price for all agricultural products and providing free electricity to farmers are both considered subsidies rather than governmental investments in agriculture. • The banking system's forgiveness of agricultural loans constitutes a concession or indirect support. It is not regarded as a public investment in agriculture as a result. • Since incentives and subsidies are not regarded as forms of public investment, statements 2, 3, and 6 are accurate codes. Additional Information • The government has announced Aatam Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan and made significant investments in agriculture. These include – ○ The Rs 1 lakh crore Agri Infra Fund, a programme for 10,000 farmer producer associations, for post-harvest infrastructure. ○ A concentrated effort to reach the 25 million farmers who still do not have Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) ○ constructing a digital agri-stack that will be an essential enabler for online markets and smart agriculture.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? 1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agriculture produce of all crops 2. Computerization of Primary Agriculture Credit Societies 3. Social Capital development 4. Free electricity supply of farmers 5. Waiver of agriculture loans by the banking system 6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments

Explanation The correct answer is 1 only. Key Points • The three seasons of Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid are used to grow pulses. As a result, statement 1 is true. • Gram is the most important pulse, however it only accounts for around 40% of the overall production, followed by Tur/Arhar (15–20%), Urad/Black Matpe (8–10%), and Moong (8–10%). As a result, assertion 2 is untrue. • Over the past three decades, there has been a rise in the output of pulses for both the Rabi and Kharif seasons. As a result, assertion 3 is untrue. Important Points • Of all the countries that produce, consume, and import pulses, India accounts for 25% of global output, 27% of global consumption, and 14% of global imports. • Pulses make up about 20% of the area planted with food grains and contribute 7–10% of the nation's overall grain production. • Although both the Kharif and Rabi seasons are used to grow pulses, the production of Rabi pulses accounts for more than 60% of the total. • The top five States that produce pulses are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka. Pulses are productive at a rate of 764 kg/ha.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) With reference to pulse production in India, consider the following sentences: 1. Black gram (Urad) can be cultivated as both Kharif and rabi crop. 2. Green gram (Moong) alone accounts for nearly halfof pulse production. 3. In the last three decades, while the production of kharif pulses has increased, the production of rabi pulses has decreased.

Explanation The correct answer is 2 and 3 only. Key Points • The government of the Union gives money to the factories that make urea. • For the cost of shipping to make it possible for urea to be sold all over the country at the same maximum price. • Also, the government helps keep the price of fertilisers low so that they can be used in agriculture. So, 1 is not the right answer. • High pressure and high temperature are used to make urea (NH CONH) from gaseous carbon dioxide (CO) and ammonia (NH). So, 2 is the right answer. • Sulfur is made when natural gas is processed and high-sulfur crude oils are refined. • Also, phosphoric acid fertiliser is made from Sulphur, which is a raw material. So, 3 is the right answer. Important Points • The government of India subsidises fertilisers so that farmers can get them easily and the country can continue to grow enough food to feed itself. • A lot of this has been done by controlling the price of fertiliser and how much is made. • For example, the government sets the price of urea on the market according to the New Urea Policy of 2015. • There is also a fixed subsidy part to this. • The Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme of 2010 gives a subsidy for Phosphorous and Potassium based on how much nutrient is in 1 kg of fertiliser. • Making fertilisers uses 1.2% of the world's total energy, 90% of which goes toward making ammonia, which is a key ingredient in making nitrogen fertilisers. Natural gas can be used to make ammonia. • Oil refining and gas processing both make a lot of Sulphur as a waste product. • Most types of crude oil have some Sulphur in them, and most of it has to be taken out during the refining process so that refined products don't go over strict Sulphur limits. • Sulfur is also used to make phosphoric acid fertiliser. This is done through a process called "The Wet Process."

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements : 1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government. 2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas. 3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer is a by-product of oil refineries.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements : 1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government. 2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas. 3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer is a by-product of oil refineries.

Explanation The correct answer is Neither 1 or 2. Key Points • With a share of 37.4%, commercial borrowings remained the main source of external debt, followed by NRI deposits (24.1%) and short-term trade credit (19.9%). Therefore, Statement 1 is untrue. • With a share of 45.9% at the end of December 2018, debt denominated in US dollars remained the highest portion of India's external debt, followed by debt denominated in Indian rupees (24.8%), SDR (5.1%), yen (4.9%), and euros (3.1%). ○ Hence Statement 2 is Not Correct.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) Consider the following statements: 1. Most of India’s external debt is owed by government entities. 2. All of India’s external debt is denominated in US dollars.

[In reply to Beandbyias] Explanation The Correct Answer is 3 only. Key Points • According to Article 3(J) of the Indian Patent Act, "plants and animals, in whole or in any part, other than microorganisms, including seeds, varieties, and species, and essentially biological processes for making or spreading plants and animals, are not patentable." So, Statement 1 isn't right. • The Government of India set up the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) in 2003 to hear appeals against the decisions of the registrar under the Indian Trademarks Act, 1999 and the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. So, statement 2 isn't right. • Plant variety protection gives a breeder the legal right to protect a plant variety in the form of Plant Breeder's Rights (PBRs). • In India, the Plant Variety Protection and Farmers Rights (PPVFR) Act, 2001 is a unique law that aims to protect plant varieties and protect the rights of plant breeders and farmers. • In India, there are no laws that let people patent plants. This means that Statement 3 is right.

Explanation The correct answer is 1 only. Key Points The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is compulsory for: • Specific electronics and IT products • Cement • Electrical goods for the home • Food items. • Steel components. • All varieties of tubes and tyres for automobiles. As a result, statement 1 is true. AGMARK vs FSSAI: • The Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, a department of the Government of India, has been authorized to issue the quality certification mark known as AGMARK. Therefore, assertion 2 is untrue. • The certification mark AGMARK is used on agricultural products. • The Food Safety and Standard Act of 2006 established the FSSAI as an organisation to oversee food product quality inspections. • AGMARK performs certification, whilst FSSAI is responsible for agency inspection.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) Consider the following statements: 1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes. 2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).