UPSC LAW Optional

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) Consider the following statements: 1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes. 2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

Explanation The correct answer is 2, 3 and 4 only. Key Points • Following the reform, the Indian economy's agricultural sector has gradually decreased in contribution. ○ Agriculture, the country of India's traditional occupation, now makes up only 15% of the GDP, down from 29% in 1991. om 29% in 1991. Therefore, assertion 1 is untrue. • Foreign direct investment (FDI -> by 150%) and foreign exchange reserves have increased quickly as a result of the economy's opening up (by 20 times). ○ From roughly US$ 100 million in 1990–1991 to US$ 150 billion in 2003–2004, international investment—which includes both foreign direct investment and foreign institutional investment—has expanded. Therefore, claims 3 and 4 are true. • Industry Reforms: ○ During the reform era, India is regarded as a productive exporter of engineering items, textiles, auto parts, and IT software. Therefore, claim two is true.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) Which of the following has/have occurred in India after its liberalization of economic policies in 1991? 1. Share of agriculture in GDP increased enormously. 2. Share of India's exports in world trade increased. 3. FDI inflows increased. 4. India's foreign exchange reserves increased enormously.

Explanation The correct answer is 2 only. Key Points • Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is an insurance programme for crops that is backed by the government and brings together many different groups on a single platform. • The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare started it up in 2016. • Under this plan, farmers will have to pay a 2% premium on all Kharif crops, 1.5% on all Rabi crops, and 5% on all commercial and horticultural crops grown every year. (Therefore, statement 1 is false.) • The PMFBY helps farmers get insurance against post-harvest losses caused by cyclones and rain that comes at the wrong time of year. So, the second statement is true. ○ Post-Harvest Losses coverage is only available for a maximum of two weeks after harvesting for crops that are left to dry in the field in a cut-and-spread state. This is to protect against specific risks like cyclones, cyclonic rains, and rains that don't happen at the right time of year.

Explanation The correct answer is 2 only. Key Points • Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is an insurance programme for crops that is backed by the government and brings together many different groups on a single platform. • The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare started it up in 2016. • Under this plan, farmers will have to pay a 2% premium on all Kharif crops, 1.5% on all Rabi crops, and 5% on all commercial and horticultural crops grown every year. (Therefore, statement 1 is false.) • The PMFBY helps farmers get insurance against post-harvest losses caused by cyclones and rain that comes at the wrong time of year. So, the second statement is true. ○ Post-Harvest Losses coverage is only available for a maximum of two weeks after harvesting for crops that are left to dry in the field in a cut-and-spread state. This is to protect against specific risks like cyclones, cyclonic rains, and rains that don't happen at the right time of year.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) With reference to ‘Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana’, consider the following statements: 1. Under this scheme, farmers will have to pay a uniform premium of two percent for any crop they cultivate in any season of the year. 2. This scheme covers post-harvest losses arising out of cyclones and unseasonal rains.

Explanation The correct answer is 1 and 3 only. Key Points • A sort of micro-irrigation technology called drip irrigation evenly distributes small amounts of fertiliser and water across a certain area. • Drip irrigation advantages: ○ All types of landscapes can use drip irrigation; ○ Minimal water losses can be achieved; ○ It is possible to minimise soil erosion. So, claim three is true. ○ Fertilizer and nutrients can be applied effectively; ○ Fertilizer/nutrient loss is minimised as water leaching is decreased. ○ Weed growth is decreased since nutrients and water are only given to the cultivated plant. As a result, statement 1 is true. • Drip irrigation disadvantages ○ The upfront expense is substantial. ○ If the water is not appropriately filtered, it could result in clogging. ○ Issues with the dispersion of moisture. ○ Raises the soil's salinity. As a result, assertion 2 is untrue.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) Which of the following is/are the advantage /advantages of practising drip irrigation? 1. Reduction in weed 2. Reduction in soil salinity 3. Reduction in soil erosion

Explanation The correct answer is 1 3 and 4 only. Key Points • The majority of cybersecurity insurance not only provide thorough protection against cyber dangers and frauds, but they also cover the associated fees and expenses. Therefore, statements 1 and 4 are accurate. • It also covers the costs associated with psychological counselling sessions for any post-traumatic stress disorder that may be brought on by cyberbullying or harassment. So, claim three is true. • However, if a miscreant purposefully damages a computer, insurance does not pay for the cost of a replacement. As a result, assertion 2 is untrue. Additional Information • A simple Standard Cyber Liability Insurance product is something that the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) is keen to develop. • The nine-person panel, with Consultant-Liability Insurance P. Umesh serving as chairman, has been given the responsibility of investigating the potential for creating standard coverages, exclusions, and optional expansions for different categories.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits ? 1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer 2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so 3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion 4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit

Explanation The correct answer is 3 and 4 only. Key Points • According to the NITI Ayog research, worker productivity has risen in both urban and rural areas. • Take a look at the facts below. In rural regions, it was Rs. 37273, and in urban areas, it was Rs. 120419. In rural areas, it was Rs. 101755, and in urban areas, it was Rs. 282515. As a result, statement 1 is untrue. • The percentage of rural workers in the workforce has decreased over time, from 77.8% in 1993–1994 to 70.9% in 2011–2012, due to a steady shift toward urbanisation. As a result, assertion 2 is untrue. • From 76.1% in 1999-2000 to 70.9% in 2011-2012, the rural workforce's share of the total workforce decreased steadily. • As seen in the table below, rural areas' share of the non-farm economy increased. ○ The percentage of rural areas in the total NDP and workforce is as follows: • So, answer 3 is right. • Rural employment growth also slowed down (becoming negative in 2005- 12). So, option 4 is right.

❔❔❔QUESTION❔❔❔ 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 (Q.) With reference to the Indian economy after the 1991 economic liberalization, consider the following statements: 1. Worker productivity per worker (at 2004-05 prices) increased in urban areas while it decreased in rural areas. 2. The percentage share of rural areas in the workforce steadily increased. 3. In rural areas, the growth in the non-farm economy increased. 4. The growth rate in rural employment decreased.

Explanation The correct answer is 1 and 2 only. Key Points • The weightage of items in WPI is as follows- ○ Primary article - 22.62 % ○ Fuel and Power - 13.51 % ○ Manufactured goods - 64.23 % • While weightage of items in CPI is as follows ○ Food and Beverages – 45.86 ○ Housing – 10.07 ○ Fuel and Light – 6.84 ○ Clothing and Footwear – 6.53 ○ Pan, tobacco and intoxicants – 2.38 ○ Miscellaneous – 28.32 Hence statement 1 is correct.