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Pub Med (First year activities)

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🧬 Amino Acids — Complete Summary 1. General structure | التركيب العام كل Amino acid يتكون أساسًا من: α-Carbon + Amino group + Carboxyl group + H + R group Amino group: NH₂ / NH₃⁺ Carboxyl group: COOH / COO⁻ R group: تحدد نوع وخواص الـ amino acid. 🧠 R group = Identity --- 2. Glycine ⭐ Glycine = أبسط Amino acid R group = H لا يحتوي على chiral center الوحيد من الـ20 amino acids الذي لا يمتلك optical activity بسبب وجود H كـR group. Glycine → R = H --- 3. Classification by polarity Type Amino acids Nonpolar Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan Polar uncharged Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine Acidic Aspartate, Glutamate Basic Lysine, Arginine, Histidine 🧠 للحفظ: Acidic = D, E Basic = K, R, H --- 4. Acidic amino acids Aspartate يحتوي على extra carboxyl group Glutamate يحتوي على extra carboxyl group أطول من Aspartate بذرة كربون واحدة. Aspartate + Glutamate = acidic amino acids --- 5. Basic amino acids Lysine يحتوي على amino group إضافية. Arginine يحتوي على guanidino group. Histidine يحتوي على imidazole ring. Lysine + Arginine + Histidine = Basic --- 6. Sulfur-containing amino acids ⭐ Cysteine يحتوي على –SH يسمى Sulfhydryl group يستطيع تكوين Disulfide bond Cys–SH + HS–Cys → Cys–S–S–Cys Methionine يحتوي على Sulfur لكنه لا يحتوي على –SH لذلك لا يكون disulfide bond مثل cysteine. 🧠 Cysteine = SH Methionine = S --- 7. Aromatic amino acids ⭐ الأحماض الأمينية العطرية: Phenylalanine – Tyrosine – Tryptophan Phenylalanine → Benzyl aromatic ring Tyrosine → Aromatic ring + phenolic OH Tryptophan → Indole ring 🧠 FYT = Aromatic --- 8. Hydroxyl-containing amino acids Serine → –OH Threonine → –OH Tyrosine → Phenolic –OH Serine + Threonine + Tyrosine = OH-containing --- 9. Special amino acids ⭐ Glycine R = H → No chiral center Proline → يحتوي على حلقة تربط الـ amino nitrogen بالسلسلة الجانبية → يسمى أحيانًا imino acid → يعطي انحناءات في polypeptide chain. Cysteine → Disulfide bonds Histidine → Imidazole ring Tryptophan → Indole ring --- 10. Branched-chain amino acids — BCAA BCAA = Valine Leucine Isoleucine 🧠 VLI وجميعها nonpolar. --- 11. Essential amino acids ⭐⭐⭐ Essential amino acids = الجسم لا يستطيع تصنيعها بكميات كافية، لذلك يجب الحصول عليها من الغذاء. أهمها: Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine 🧠 احفظها: H I L L M P T T V --- 12. Peptide bond ⭐⭐⭐ يتكون Peptide bond بين: Carboxyl group من amino acid و Amino group من amino acid آخر. أثناء تكوينه: H₂O is removed أي: Condensation reaction / Dehydration reaction --- 13. Zwitterion ⭐⭐⭐ عند physiological pH، توجد الأحماض الأمينية غالبًا كـ Zwitterions. يعني: NH₃⁺ — CH — COO⁻ لذلك يوجد: Positive charge على amino group Negative charge على carboxyl group والجزيء ككل قد يكون electrically neutral. --- 14. Important rings Amino acid Important structure Histidine Imidazole Tryptophan Indole Proline Ring structure Phenylalanine Phenyl ring Tyrosine Phenyl + OH --- 15. احفظ هذه العلاقات: Glycine → H → No chiral center Cysteine → SH → Disulfide bond Methionine → Sulfur but NO SH Histidine → Imidazole Tryptophan → Indole Proline → Secondary amino group / ring Tyrosine → Phenolic OH Aspartate + Glutamate → Acidic Lysine + Arginine + Histidine → Basic Leucine + Isoleucine + Valine → BCAA Phenylalanine + Tyrosine + Tryptophan → Aromatic Serine + Threonine + Tyrosine → OH Peptide bond → removes H₂O Physiological pH → Zwitterion --- 🧠 جدول الحفظ السريع السؤال الإجابة Simplest amino acid Glycine R group of Glycine H No chiral center Glycine –SH Cysteine Disulfide bond Cysteine Sulfur but no –SH Methionine Imidazole Histidine

MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 28. Which amino acid is both aromatic and contains a hydroxyl group?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 27. Which group contains only branched-chain amino acids?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 26. Which amino acid has a branched-chain side chain?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 24. At physiological pH, amino acids generally exist as:
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 23. Two cysteine residues can form:
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 21. Formation of a peptide bond results in the removal of:
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 17. Which amino acid is NOT essential in adults?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 16. Which of the following is an essential amino acid?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 15. Which amino acid contains an indole ring?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 14. Which amino acid has a phenolic –OH group?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 13. Which amino acid contains a hydroxyl group?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 12. Which amino acid is polar but uncharged?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 11. Which amino acid is nonpolar?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 8. Which amino acid contains an aromatic ring?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 7. Which amino acid has a secondary amino group?
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MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب 6. Which amino acid contains an imidazole ring?
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ولهذا هو حمض أميني

Which amino acid contains a sulfhydryl group (–SH)?
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The R group of glycine is:
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