Pub Med (First year activities)
Kanalga Telegram’da o‘tish
ماذا ستجد في القناة؟ 📚 ملخصات وتبسيط للمواد: شرح وتلخيص للمحاضرات والصعوبات الأكاديمية. 💡 نصائح وتجارب: للتكيف مع الحياة الجامعية وتدير وقتك بذكاء. 📄 نماذج واختبارات: حل أسئلة وتدريبات سابقة لمساعدتك في المذاكرة للتواصل @PubMed_first_bot
Ko'proq ko'rsatishMamlakat belgilanmaganToif belgilanmagan
592
Obunachilar
+1524 soatlar
+607 kun
+7930 kun
Postlar arxiv
🧬 Amino Acids — Complete Summary
1. General structure | التركيب العام
كل Amino acid يتكون أساسًا من:
α-Carbon + Amino group + Carboxyl group + H + R group
Amino group: NH₂ / NH₃⁺
Carboxyl group: COOH / COO⁻
R group: تحدد نوع وخواص الـ amino acid.
🧠 R group = Identity
---
2. Glycine ⭐
Glycine = أبسط Amino acid
R group = H
لا يحتوي على chiral center
الوحيد من الـ20 amino acids الذي لا يمتلك optical activity بسبب وجود H كـR group.
Glycine → R = H
---
3. Classification by polarity
Type Amino acids
Nonpolar Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan
Polar uncharged Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine
Acidic Aspartate, Glutamate
Basic Lysine, Arginine, Histidine
🧠 للحفظ:
Acidic = D, E
Basic = K, R, H
---
4. Acidic amino acids
Aspartate
يحتوي على extra carboxyl group
Glutamate
يحتوي على extra carboxyl group
أطول من Aspartate بذرة كربون واحدة.
Aspartate + Glutamate = acidic amino acids
---
5. Basic amino acids
Lysine
يحتوي على amino group إضافية.
Arginine
يحتوي على guanidino group.
Histidine
يحتوي على imidazole ring.
Lysine + Arginine + Histidine = Basic
---
6. Sulfur-containing amino acids ⭐
Cysteine
يحتوي على –SH
يسمى Sulfhydryl group
يستطيع تكوين Disulfide bond
Cys–SH + HS–Cys → Cys–S–S–Cys
Methionine
يحتوي على Sulfur
لكنه لا يحتوي على –SH
لذلك لا يكون disulfide bond مثل cysteine.
🧠 Cysteine = SH
Methionine = S
---
7. Aromatic amino acids ⭐
الأحماض الأمينية العطرية:
Phenylalanine – Tyrosine – Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
→ Benzyl aromatic ring
Tyrosine
→ Aromatic ring + phenolic OH
Tryptophan
→ Indole ring
🧠 FYT = Aromatic
---
8. Hydroxyl-containing amino acids
Serine
→ –OH
Threonine
→ –OH
Tyrosine
→ Phenolic –OH
Serine + Threonine + Tyrosine = OH-containing
---
9. Special amino acids ⭐
Glycine
R = H
→ No chiral center
Proline
→ يحتوي على حلقة تربط الـ amino nitrogen بالسلسلة الجانبية
→ يسمى أحيانًا imino acid
→ يعطي انحناءات في polypeptide chain.
Cysteine
→ Disulfide bonds
Histidine
→ Imidazole ring
Tryptophan
→ Indole ring
---
10. Branched-chain amino acids — BCAA
BCAA =
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
🧠 VLI
وجميعها nonpolar.
---
11. Essential amino acids ⭐⭐⭐
Essential amino acids = الجسم لا يستطيع تصنيعها بكميات كافية، لذلك يجب الحصول عليها من الغذاء.
أهمها:
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
🧠 احفظها:
H I L L M P T T V
---
12. Peptide bond ⭐⭐⭐
يتكون Peptide bond بين:
Carboxyl group من amino acid
و
Amino group من amino acid آخر.
أثناء تكوينه:
H₂O is removed
أي:
Condensation reaction / Dehydration reaction
---
13. Zwitterion ⭐⭐⭐
عند physiological pH، توجد الأحماض الأمينية غالبًا كـ Zwitterions.
يعني:
NH₃⁺ — CH — COO⁻
لذلك يوجد:
Positive charge على amino group
Negative charge على carboxyl group
والجزيء ككل قد يكون electrically neutral.
---
14. Important rings
Amino acid Important structure
Histidine Imidazole
Tryptophan Indole
Proline Ring structure
Phenylalanine Phenyl ring
Tyrosine Phenyl + OH
---
15.
احفظ هذه العلاقات:
Glycine → H → No chiral center
Cysteine → SH → Disulfide bond
Methionine → Sulfur but NO SH
Histidine → Imidazole
Tryptophan → Indole
Proline → Secondary amino group / ring
Tyrosine → Phenolic OH
Aspartate + Glutamate → Acidic
Lysine + Arginine + Histidine → Basic
Leucine + Isoleucine + Valine → BCAA
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine + Tryptophan → Aromatic
Serine + Threonine + Tyrosine → OH
Peptide bond → removes H₂O
Physiological pH → Zwitterion
---
🧠 جدول الحفظ السريع
السؤال الإجابة
Simplest amino acid Glycine
R group of Glycine H
No chiral center Glycine
–SH Cysteine
Disulfide bond Cysteine
Sulfur but no –SH Methionine
Imidazole Histidine
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
28. Which amino acid is both aromatic and contains a hydroxyl group?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
27. Which group contains only branched-chain amino acids?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
26. Which amino acid has a branched-chain side chain?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
24. At physiological pH, amino acids generally exist as:
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
23. Two cysteine residues can form:
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
21. Formation of a peptide bond results in the removal of:
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
17. Which amino acid is NOT essential in adults?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
16. Which of the following is an essential amino acid?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
15. Which amino acid contains an indole ring?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
14. Which amino acid has a phenolic –OH group?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
13. Which amino acid contains a hydroxyl group?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
12. Which amino acid is polar but uncharged?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
11. Which amino acid is nonpolar?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
8. Which amino acid contains an aromatic ring?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
7. Which amino acid has a secondary amino group?
MedPulse 🫀 | 🇵🇸 نبض الطب
6. Which amino acid contains an imidazole ring?
Which amino acid contains a sulfhydryl group (–SH)?
