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✅Tourette Syndrome (TS) 🧠

Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by sudden, repetitive, involuntary movements and sounds known as tics. It typically begins in childhood between ages 5 and 10 and is three to four times more common in males.

✅Types of Tics

- Motor Tics: Sudden movements such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, or head jerking. - Vocal Tics: Sounds or words like throat clearing, sniffing, grunting, or rarely, involuntary swearing (coprolalia, seen in only 10–15% of patients).

✅Key Clinical Features:

- Premonitory Urge: An uncomfortable physical sensation or tension that precedes the tic and is relieved once the tic is performed. - Triggers: Symptoms typically worsen with stress, anxiety, or fatigue, and improve during sleep or focused activities. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5) - Combined Tics: Presence of both multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic (not necessarily at the same time).

- Duration:

Tics must persist for more than 1 year. - Onset: Symptoms must appear before 18 years of age. Pathophysiology & Comorbidities

- Mechanism:

Linked to basal ganglia dysfunction and hyperactivity of the neurotransmitter dopamine. - Associated Conditions: Strongly associated with ADHD (50–60%) and OCD (30–50%).

✅Management:

- Behavioral Therapy: Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) is the first-line treatment. - First-Line Medications: Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (Clonidine or Guanfacine), especially useful when ADHD is present. - Severe Cases: Dopamine antagonists/modulators (Aripiprazole, Risperidone, or Haloperidol) and VMAT2 inhibitors (Tetrabenazine). #CNS

What is Tourette syndrome? ....

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